Imbali yomlinganiswa
Incwadi kaDaniel Defo kwi-blink yeliso yaba ngumthengisi wayo kwaye waphawula ukuqala kwenoveli yesiNgesi yesiNgesi. Ukusebenza kombhali kunika impembelelo kumgaqo omtsha woncwadi kunye ne-cinema, kunye negama leRobinson Cruzo lanyulwa. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba lo mbhalo-mbhalo we-Defo ovela kwi-crust uye kwifiloti yefilosofi, wazivalelwa ngokuqinileyo kwabancinci: "Ukufika ngokuqinileyo kwabafundi:" Ukufika kukaRobinson Cruzo "wamkelekile ukuba abonwabileyo beeploxo Ilungele ukutyhobozela ukuba yi-adventhid engazange ibonwe kwiSiqithi esingatshatanga kunye neqhawe eliphambili.Imbali yendalo
Umbhali uDaniel defo wayiqonda eyakhe igama, ekhupha i-chilosophical nenoveli ye-Adventure "Robinson Kruzo" ngo-1719. Nangona umbhali wabhalwa kude kwincwadi enye, yayingumsebenzi wangoMhambi ngelishwa owela ngokuqinileyo xa wayesazi. Bambalwa abantu ababaziyo ukuba uDaniel ungakhohlisile kuphela iivenkile zencwadi, kodwa wazisa nabemi base-Interty engaqhelekanga kunye nohlobo olunjalo olunjengenoveli.
Umbhali obizwa ngokuba zii-bies zakhe ezibhaliweyo, ethatha iimfundiso zentanda-bulumko, iiprototypes zabantu namabali afanelekileyo njengesiseko. Ngenxa yoko, umfundi akapheleli nje ukubandezeleka namandla ayomvusi, kodwa aphoswa ecaleni kobomi, kodwa nomntu olwa nolwenziwe ngokuziphatha ekuziphatheni kwendalo.
I-defo yeza nalo msebenzi osisiseko ungabikho mondelwa; Inyani yile yokuba iinkosi zegama ziphefumlelwe ngamabali e-Bottchman Alexander Selkirk, ochithe iminyaka emine kwisiqithi esingafunekiyo se-mas-tierra kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.
Xa umatiloshe wayeneminyaka engama-27 ubudala, waya kwindawo yolwandle ukuya elunxwemeni loMzantsi Merika njengenxalenye yenqanawa. USelkirk wayeyindoda ephosakeleyo kwaye enamathele: Umkhweli we-advewler wayengazi ukuba angayigcina njani umlomo kwinqaba kwaye akazange abone ukuzithoba, umphathi wenqanawa, umphathi wenqanawa, wavusa imbambano. Ngesinye isihlandlo, emva kwengxabano elandelayo, uAlexander wacela ukumisa inqanawa kwaye wambeke emhlabeni.
Mhlawumbi i-boatwainey yayifuna ukuvutha umphathi wakhe, kodwa ngoko nangoko wazanelisa ngoko nangoko iimfuno zolwandle. Xa inqanawa yaqala ukuya kwisiqithi esingafunekiyo, uSelkirk watshintsha ingqondo, kodwa ukutshixiza kwaphela. Umatiloshe, ohlawule ulwimi olubukhali, wachitha iminyaka emine "kwiNdawo eqokelelekileyo", emva koko, xa wayekwazi ukubuyela ebomini kuluntu, waqala ukubhala amabali okufika kwe-seva.
UAlexander waphelelwa esiqithini esinomda wezinto ezincinci, yayingumgubo, i-ax, umpu kunye nezinye izinto. Ekuqaleni, umatiloshe waba nesizungu, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha wakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nezinto ezinobungozi. I-rimored yokuba, ibuyele kwizitrato ezinamatye ezidolophini nezindlu zamatye, isithandwa sokuphosa iphoswe kwindawo engatshatanga. Intatheli iRichard State, owamkela ukumamela amabali omhambi, ekhokelele la magama aseSelkirka:
"Ngoku ndineepawundi ezingama-800, kodwa andisoze ndonwabe, kwenzeka njani xa ndandingenawo umphefumlo."Isitayile saseRichard sipapashiwe amabali ka-Alexander eNgilane, ngokungathandanga ngokungathangameli wazisa i-United Kingdom nendoda eya kuthi ibizwa ngokuba yi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell kwi-Barrell ngexesha lethu. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba iphephandaba lathatha intetho entlokweni yakhe, ke le mpapasho yinyaniso okanye iyintsomi - ihlala kuphela ekuqageleni.
UDaniel deno akazange atyhile iimfihlo zenoveli yakhe eluntwini, ngoko ke ii-hypotheses phakathi kwababhali ziyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ekubeni uAlexander wayeyinxila elingafundanga, wayengafani nencwadi yakhe yencwadi emanzini ebusweni beRobhonson. Ke ngoko, abanye abaphandi bathanda ukubona ukuba uHenry Pitmen wakhonza njenge-prototype.
Lo gqirha wathunyelwa kwikhonkco eNtshona-eNtshona-India, kodwa akasamkeli ikamva lakhe kwaye, kunye namaqabane akhe, ukubaleka. Kunzima ukutsho ukuba ingaba ithamsanqa ecaleni kweHenry. Emva kwenqanawa yenqanawa, wazifumana kwisiqithi esingatshatanga setyuwa yetyuwa, nangona yonke into inokuphela okubi kakhulu.
Abanye abathandi beenoveli bathanda ukuba umbhali afundwe kwindlela yomphathi othile we-richard Nox, awayehlala ekuthinjweni iminyaka engama-20 eSri Lanka. Akukho mfuneko yokuba uyikhuphele ngaphandle kwe-defo reinter ekhundule kwiRobinson uqobo. Igama elithi MAYESO linobomi obutyebileyo, alikho kuphela ipeni ye-inkill, kodwa yazibandakanya kubuntatheli kunye neSpionage.
Biography
URobinson Cruzo wayengunyana wesithathu kusapho nasebusabeni ubuntwana obude baphupha i-marine adventures. Abazali benkwenkwe babefuna ukubetha ikamva labonwabisayo kwaye babengafuni ukuba ubomi bakhe bufane ne-biography ye-amerigo vessucci okanye elaseGalili yaseGalili. Ukongeza, umntakwabo ongumdala weRobinson wasweleka emfazweni eFlenders, kwaye uphakathi wanyamalala.
Ke ngoko, utata wabona kwiqhawe eliphambili lenkxaso kwixesha elizayo. Wacela abantwana ukuba bathathe iimvakalelo baze balwele ubomi obulinganayo noxolo lwegosa. Kodwa inkwenkwe ibingalungiselelwe nakuphi na ubugcisa, kodwa ichithe iintsuku zange, ukuphupha ukoyisa indawo yamanzi.
Imiyalelo yentloko yentsapho yatsala kancinci uthuli lwakhe oluphambili, kodwa xa le ndoda isethu iminyaka eli-18 ubudala, yaqokelela izinto ngasese izinto zasimahla kwaye yasungulwa ngumhlobo wakhe. Sele kusuku lokuqala kwinqanawa yayiyingcinezelo yeemvavanyo zexesha elizayo: Isaqhwithi esikhawulezayo savuswa kumphefumlo wenguquko yeRobinson, eyayidlula nemozulu yemvula kwaye ekugqibeleni sagxothwa iziselo ezinxilisayo.
Kufanelekile ukuthi yayingelilo iqela lokugqibela elimnyama ebomini beRobinson Cruzo. Lo mfana wakwazi ukuphuma emthengisi kwikhoboka elibi lokuphanga inqanawa yaseTurkey emva kokubanjwa kwe-Curkish Corchish Corchis Corchis Corchil Corzel emva koko watyelela inqanawa yesiPhuthukezi emtshatweni. Kuyinyani, iimeko zosindiso zazingqwabalala: Umphathi wathembisa inkululeko yakhe encinci emva kweminyaka eli-10.
EBrazil, iRobinson Crusoe ayisebenzi kwizandla kwicuba kunye neSpane. Owona mlinganiswa uphambili womsebenzi waqhubeka nokuhamba ngemiyalelo kayise, kodwa ukuthanda i-adventure yayithatha indlela ethe cwaka yobomi, ke ndabuya ndaba nenxaxheba kwi-Adventures. I-birnson's osebenza nabo kumasifundisane ivile amabali akhe malunga nokuya elunxwemeni lweGuinea, ngenxa yoko ayamangalisa ukuba aba batyali bagqibe kwelokuba bathuthiseza ngasese amakhoboka eBrazil.
Ukuhamba kwamakhoboka e-Afrika kwakunxulunyaniswa neengozi zenguqu yelwandle kunye nobunzima ukusuka kwicala elisemthethweni. URobinson uthathe inxaxheba kolu khetho olungekho mthethweni njengomthunywa wenqanawa. Inqanawa yayihamba ngenqanawa ngoSeptemba 1, 1659, oko kukuthi, kwiminyaka esibhozo emva kokubaleka endlwini.
Unyana wolahleko akazange anike intsingiselo kwi-Omen yekamva, kwaye alilize: Iqela lasinda kwisaqhwithi esomeleleyo, kwaye inqanawa yaqala ukuhamba. Ekugqibeleni, abathathi-nxaxheba abaseleyo abasebenzi baqhubeka nesikhephe, nto leyo ebhukuqa ngenxa yeshaft enkulu yentaba. I-raidlon ephelile iqalile ukuba yeyaliqela elijikelezileyo: umlinganiswa ophambili wakwazi ukungena emhlabeni, apho iminyaka yakhe ye-adventure yaqala.
Iyelenqe
Xa iRobinson Cruzo yaqonda ukuba ikwisiqithi esingafunekiyo, inkukhu kunye nosizi ngamaqabane afihliweyo bakhutshwa. Ukongeza, ii-hat ziphoswe elunxwemeni, ii-caps kunye nezihlangu zikhunjuzwa ngeziganeko ezidlulileyo. Ukoyisa uxinzelelo, i-protagonist yaqalisa ukucamngca ngendlela yokusinda kule nkozo kwaye ulityelwe nguThixo. I-gorha ifumana izinto kunye nezixhobo kwinqanawa, kwaye zibandakanyeke ekwakhiweni kweShalla kunye ne-Pilicoze zikujikelezile.
Eyona nto ifunekayo kweyona Robinson yaba yibhokisi yomchweli, ngelo xesha wayengayi kutshintshisela inqanawa yonke ezele ngegolide. UCryzo waqonda ukuba kuya kufuneka kwisiqithi esingafunekiyo. Ngewamele ukuba kude nenyanga enye kwaye angabi nalo nyaka iphela, ke waqala ukuxhobisa intsimi, kwaye i-roblon ihlwayele i-croups, kunye neebhokhwe zasendle zaya Umthombo wenyama nobisi.
Olo hambo lungelo ngelishwa lazive le ndoda yangaphambili. I-HERE CALLYS kwimpucuko kwakufuneka isebenzise umxube kunye nokusebenza nzima: wafunda ukubhaka isonka, ukwenza iimpahla kunye nokutshisa izitya zodongwe.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-birnson yambamba iintsiba kwinqanawa, iphepha, i-iK, iBhayibhile, kunye nenja, i-cat kunye neparati yakhe yokuthetha, eyabalasela ubukho bakhe bodwa. Ukunciphisa umoya wakho, "wawunciphisa umda we-protagonist, apho wabhalwa khona kwaye uyaphawuleka, kunye nemicimbi emincinci, umzekelo:" Imvula yawo namhlanje. "
Ukuhlola isiqithi, uCarlomo wafumanisa ukuba imikhondo yothusa lwe-cannibal, ehamba nomhlaba kwaye ilungiselele imithendeleko, apho isitya esikhulu siyinyama yomntu. Ngenye imini, iRobinson igcina i-savage ethenjiweyo, eyayimele ukuba ifike kwii-cannads etafileni. Ukuhamba ngenqanawa kufundise umntu oqhelene naye ngesiNgesi kwaye usibiza ngolwesiHlanu, kuba umntu omaziyo wabo wenziwe ngalo mhla weveki.
Kuhambo olulandelayo lwe-cannibal, ukuhamba ngenqanawa, kunye nolwesiHlanu, ukothusa okuhlasela kwaye kusindisa amabanjwa amabini amaninzi: NgoLwesihlanu utata kunye noSpanish, inqanawa yakhe iqhubile.
Okokugqibela, iRobinson ibambe ithamsanqa yomsila: Inqanawa yahamba ngesiqithi esiye kwisiqithi esithinjwe ngabavukeli. Amaqhawe omsebenzi omsebenzi akhulule umphathi kwaye amncede abuyele kwinqanawa. Yiyo loo nto, iRobinson Cruzo emva kweminyaka engama-28 yobomi kwisiqithi esiyinkqantosi ibuyela kwihlabathi lempucwe kwizalamane ezazimgqala ekufeni kwakhe. Incwadi kaDaniel inesiphelo esonwabisayo: eLisbon Cruzo ifumana inzuzo evela kwizityalo zaseBrazil, ezizenza ukuba zibe sisityebi.
URobinson akafuni ukuhamba ngaphezulu ngolwandle, ngoko uthutha ubutyebi bayo kwiNgilani emhlabeni. Apho ilinde ngolwesiHlanu: ngokuhlangana kwePyrenees, i-heroes ivimba indlela yebhere elambileyo kunye nomhlambi weengcuka ezinokulwa nabo.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Inoveli malunga nomhambi, owatshisayo kwisiqithi esingatshatanga, siqhubela phambili. Incwadi ethi "Ukufika ngakumbi kweRobinson Cruzo" yapapashwa ngo-1719 kunye nenxalenye yokuqala yomsebenzi. Kuyinyani, akazange afumane ingqalelo nozuko phakathi kwabafundi bokufunda. ERussia, le noveli yayingapapashwanga ngesiRashiya ukusuka ngo-1935 ukuya ku-1992. Incwadi yesithathu ethi "Ubonakaliso olunzulu lweRobinson Cruseo" awukaguqulelwa kwisiRashiya.
- Kwifilimu "Ubomi kunye ne-adventres emangalisayo yeRobinson Cruzo" (1972), uLeonid Kuravlev waya e-Leonid Kuranov, e-Alexey Sarrenokav, Vladimir Marren Kulik. Lo mfanekiso wase-USSR wajonga ababukeli abazizigidi abangama-26.3.
- Igama elipheleleyo lomsebenzi wezandi ze-Deufeke ngolu hlobo: "Ubomi, ubuchule obungaqhelekanga kwaye bumangalisayo be-rubinson, ovela eYowan, owayehlala yedwa kwiSiqithi esingatshatanga esijongene nomlomo we I-Orinoco River, apho waphoswa khona ngenqanawa yokutshiswa ngenqanawa, apho wasweleka kuyo, esweleke, kunye nenkcazo yeepirati zakhe zokungalindelekanga ezazibhalwe nguye. "
- URobinNonada luhlobo olutsha kuncwadi lwe-adventure noCinema, oluchaza ukusinda komntu okanye iqela labantu kwisiqithi esingafunekiyo. Inani lemisebenzi ifilwe kwaye ibhaliwe kwisitayile esifanayo, kodwa isahlulwe ngongcelelechunge oluqhelekileyo, njengoku "ukuhlala liphila", apho i-Evangeline idlalwa, i-Evangeline Lilly, i-navin ondrews kunye nabanye abadlali.
- Owona mlinganiswa uphambili kumsebenzi weDefo akazange kuphela kwifilimu, kodwa nomsebenzi opholileyo. Ngo-2016, abaphulaphuli babona iyeza lentsapho "leRobinson Cruzo: Isiqithi esingenami."