Biography
USocrates - Esona sithandi sobulumko esikhulu sakudala, abafundi bakhe yayinguPlato, uAlkiviad, Xenophon, i-Euclide. Imfundiso yeSocrime yaphawula inqanaba elitsha ekuphuhlisweni kwentanda-bulumko yakudala, xa kugxilwe kuyo yayingesomvelo kwaye uxolo, kodwa umntu kunye nemilinganiselo yokomoya.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ngokwemithombo eyahlukeneyo, isithandi-sobulumko sazalwa ngonyaka ka-470-469 BC, kumaGrike aseAthene, kwintsapho ye-thanfrens kunye nemiqobo ye-FelwenirTets. Ikamva eliyiNgemva eliKhulu lalinomzalwan 'uPatroli oPhezulu, ozuze impahla kayise njengelifa, kodwa uSocrates akazange ahlale ebuhlwempu.
Oku kunokugwetywa ngento yokuba emfazweni kunye neSparta, intanda-bulumko yaya kwiyunifomu yegorha elinzima, kwaye yakwazi ukuyibhatala kuphela kubantu abakhuselekileyo. Kulandela isiphelo sokuba uBawo Scrads yayingummi osisityebi kwaye wafumana kakuhle, imipu kunye nezinye izixhobo.
USocrates uthathe inxaxheba kathathu kwimbandezelo, ebonisa inkalipho nenkalipho kwidabi. Ngakumbi ubuqaqawuli besithandi-sobulumko kunye negorha eliboniswe ngomhla wokusindisa ekufeni kweMfamo yakhe, uAlkiviadiad.
UMCINTKI wazalwa i-6gelion, kwi "" engahlambulukanga ", nto yamisela kwangaphambili ikamva lakhe. Ngokwemithetho yamandulo yamaGrike, uSocrates waba ngumgcini weyona mibutho yaseAtheni kunye noRhulumente, kwaye simahla. Kwixa elizayo, uxanduva lukawonke-wonke lwesithandi-sobulumko olwenziwe ngenzondelelo efanelekileyo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza, kwaye sihlawule ubomi ngenxa yokugwetywa, ukunyaniseka nokuqina.
Ebutsheni bakhe, uSomayeli wafunda eDamon noKonon, uZeno, iAanyusa kunye neArcheli, enxibelelana neengqondo ezinkulu kunye neenkosi zelo xesha. Akayishiyanga incwadi enye, okanye ubungqina obubhaliweyo bobulumko nentanda-bulumko. Ingcaciso malunga naloo mntu, imbali yobomi, ibhayiloji, intanda-bulumko kunye nemibono iyaziwa kwinzala yabafundi, ngexesha eliphakathi kunye nabalandeli. Omnye wabo yayinguAristotle omkhulu.
Intanda-bulumko
Phantsi kobomi, isithandi-sobulumko sasingakhange sirekhodishe ukubonisa, sikhetha ukuya enyanisweni, sisebenzisa intetho yomlomo. USocrates wayekholelwa ukuba igama elithi irekhodi libulale inkumbulo kwaye lilahlekelwe yingqondo. Intanda-bulumko yentlalo yakhiwa kwikhonsepthi yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ilungile kwaye inesidima, eyayibangela ukuba ulwazi, isibindi, ukunyaniseka.
Kwangaxeshanye, ulwazi, kwiSocrional, kwaye kukho isidiliya. Ukungazi umxholo weekhonsepthi, umntu akanakwenza okuhle, ukuba nesibindi okanye abe nobulungisa. Kuphela ulwazi olwenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba lube njalo, njengoko kwenzekayo ngesazela.
Ukuphikisana kokutolikwa komxholo wobubi obufunyenwe nguSocrates, okanye endaweni yoko, ukukhankanywa kwabo kwimibhalo kaPlato kunye ne-xenophon, abafundi bentanda-bulumko ezukileyo. NgokukaPlato, uSocracy wayengahambi kakubi kobubi, nokuba kubi, loo mntu wenza iintshaba. I-Xenophon inoluvo olwahlukileyo ngalo mbandela, ukuhambisa amagama eSocrates ngobubi obufanelekileyo ngexesha lokungqubana ngexesha lokungxama, ngokubhekisa ukukhuselwa.
Ukutolikwa okuchaseneyo kweengxelo kuchaziwe ngohlobo loqeqesho loqeqesho lwesikolo sikaScire. Isithandi-sobulumko esikhetha ukunxibelelana nabafundi ngohlobo lweencoko, ekukholelwa ukuba inyani yazalwa. Ke ngoko, kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba i-scherior yegorha incokole nomphathi-xoya ngemfazwe kwaye ichaze okubi ngomzekelo weengxabano zomkhosi notshaba kwibala lemfazwe.
UPlato wayengummi onoxolo eAthene, kwaye uSocrates noPlato wathetha ngemigangatho yokuziphatha eluntwini, kwaye yayimalunga nabanye abantu abasixhenxe, nokuba kuvumelekile ukwenza ububi kubo.
Incoko ayisiyiyo kwamendo kwintanda-bulumko yentlalo. Kwiinkalo eziqaqambileyo zokuqonda iinqobo zokuziphatha, iinqobo zokuziphatha ezibhaliweyo ngesithandi-sobulumko zibandakanya:
- oorhulumente, uhlobo lokukhangela inyaniso;
- Ukuzimisela kweekhonsepthi ngendlela yokungeniswa, ukusuka ngasese-ukuya kuthi ga ngoku ngokubanzi;
- Khangela iimpendulo kwimibuzo ngoncedo lweMaevitka.
USocrates Khangela indlela yokukhangela kweNyaniso yayikukuba intanda-bulumko yabuza ukuba irhoxile imicimbi ngenqaku elithile, ukuze ukuphendula kulahlekile kwaye ekugqibeleni weza kwizigqibo ezingalindelekanga. Ukucinga kunye nemibuzo ethembekileyo 'kumchasi ", ukunyanzela umdlali welinye iqela ukuba uza kuphikisana naye.
Utitshala ngokwakhe akazange enze isicelo sesihloko soMfundisi owazi konke. Ngale nkalo yokufundisa nge-Socialky, ibinzana elibizwa ngokuba lihambelana:
"Ndiyazi kuphela into endingazaziyo, kodwa abanye abazi ukuba."Isithandi-sobulumko sabuza, sityhala umnxibelelanisi kwiingcinga ezintsha kunye neefom. Kwizinto ngokubanzi, wadlulisela kwinkcazo yekhonkrithi: Yintoni inkalipho, uthando, ububele?
Indlela enesiphene yayigqitywe yiAristotle, eyabelwa ukuba azalwe emva kwesizukulwana emva kweSodrates kwaye waba ngumfundi wePlato. Ngokuka-Aristotle, oyena mntu uphambili kwezekona yentlalo funda: "Ulwalamano lomntu yimeko yengqondo."
USocrates wakhokelela kwindlela yokuphila yomoya, abantu beza kwazi, bekhangela inyaniso. Akazange afundise i-oratory kunye nezinye ubugcisa, kodwa wafundisa ukuba nomhle kwizihlobo: usapho, umthendeleko, abahlobo, izihlobo, izihlobo, izicaka, izicaka, izicaka.
Isithandi-sobulumko khange sithathe imali evela kubafundi, kodwa amaBomi abasebenza abasamkhulula eSophist. Elokugqibela, nayo yayiyithanda ngengxubusho ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nobuntu, kodwa azange zenzeke ukuze ifumane iingqekembe zemali kunye nezifundo zabo.
Isizathu sokungoneliseki kwinqanaba lokujonga uMbutho weGreen Greece kunye nabemi baseAthend Chees Scorates baboki kakhulu. Okwalolo xesha, kwakuthathwa njengoqhelekileyo ukuze abantwana abakhulileyo bafundisisa kubazali babo, kwaye kwakungekho zikolo zinjalo. Abantu abancinci baphefumlele ubuqaqawuli bendoda kunye noGornila kwiFilosofer odumileyo. Isizukulwana esidala sayekiswa yimeko yemicimbi, ukusuka apha yazalelwa ukubabulala ngenxa yeSorates isimangalo 'sokurhwaphiliswa kolutsha. "
Kubonakala ngathi abantu ukuba isithandi sobulumko sisongamela kakhulu iziseko zoluntu, zibeka abantu abancinci kubazali babo, ukonakalisa iingqondo ezikhawulezayo ngemfundiso elonakalisayo, iimfundiso ezitsha zamaGrike, ezinye iinjongo zamaGrike.
Enye inqaku, eliye labulala ngenxa yeSodrates kwaye lakhokelela ekufeni kokucinga, linxulunyaniswa nesityholo esingamkelekanga kwaye sinqula abanye oothixo endaweni yabo baziwa ngabantu baseAthene. USodration wayekholelwa ukuba kwakunzima ukuba umntu agwebe ngezenzo, kuba ububi buhamba ngokungazi. Kwangelo xesha, emphefumlweni womntu wonke, kukho indawo elungileyo, kwaye yonke imiphefumlo inedemon. Ilizwi ledemon yangaphakathi, enamhlanje sinokubizwa ngokuba yingelosi yomgcini, yazilungiswa nge-SCHET, indlela yokwenza imeko enzima.
Idemon yafika kuncedo lwesithandi-sobulumko kwezona meko zinqwenelekayo kwaye zihlala zichaziwe, ngenxa yoko kwakuphazamiseka yi-COSCRAGE eqatshelwe. Le demomon kwaye yamkelwe isithixo esitsha, umntu ocinga ukuba wayenqunyazwe.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka engama-30, ubomi besithandi-sobulumko khange sahluke ngokwezehlo esikhukhumeleyo. Emva koko, uCoca oPhezulu noSo Sodwa othatha inxaxheba kathathu kwimbandezelo, kwaye bazibonisa njengegorha elinesibindi. Kumlo omnye, wenzeka ukuba asindise ubomi bomfundi, umphathi weAlkiviadi, ophule ubugqwirha olunye oxhobileyo kumazinyo.
Oku kwakuphela kwakuphinda kugwetywe ngetyala nguSocrates, kuba iAlkiviad, sele ifikile eAthene, yasungula ulawulo lobuzwilakhe endaweni yedemokhrasi yakhe ethandekayo. Ukususwa kwimigaqo-nkqubo kunye nobomi boluntu kunye nokuzima ifilosofi kunye nokuxinanisa kweSodrical yeSodrates kwazo kuphumelela. Wazikhusela ngokungekho sikweni, kwaye kangangeendlela zolawulo lwabaphulaphuli abaza kumandla.
Emdalani, intanda-bulumko yamkela iXantantape, eyayinoonyana abathathu kuye. Ngokutsho kwamarhe, inkosikazi kaCorate ayizange iyixabise ingqondo enkulu yeqabane kwaye yahlulwe ngumsindo. Ayimangalisi loo nto: Utata wabantwana abathathu akazange abe nenxaxheba kwaphela ebomini bosapho, akazange afumane imali, akazange ancede izalamane zakhe. Ucinga ngokwakhe waneliseka zincinci: Wayehlala esitratweni, wahamba ngeengubo ezikrazulayo, weva isono-ntliziyo e-Eccentri, awamzisa kubazi abanobukumkani base-Aristofan.
Inkundla kunye nokubulawa
Ukufa kwesithandi-sobubosi esikhulu, sazi malunga nemibhalo. Ngokweenkcukacha, inkqubo yokuvavanywa kunye nemizuzu yokugqibela yabacinga ichaze iPlato kwi-Soo Scarates "kunye ne-xenon 'kukhuseleko lweSocrates enkundleni. Abantu baseAthene batyhola uSotes ekungafunekiyo koothixo nenkohliso yabantu abancinci. Isithandi-sobulumko sishiya umkhuseli kwaye sithe ukuzikhusela kwakhe, nokukhanyela izityholo. Akazange anikele kamnandi njengenye indlela eyohlwayayo, nangona ngokwemithetho yeAthene yedemokhrasi bekunokwenzeka.
USocrates akazange amkele uncedo lwabahlobo abamnika isindise okanye ukubamba entolongweni, kodwa wakhetha ukuhlangana nobuso kunye nekakheni. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukufa kuya kumfumana kuyo yonke indawo, naphi na apho kwenzeka khona izihlobo zayo, kuba ibimiselwe kakhulu. Olunye ukohlwaywa ngesithandi-sobulumko kwakugqala ityala kwaye akunakuzamkela. USocrates wakhetha ukubulawa kwakhe ngokwamkela ityhefu.
Iikowuti kunye nee-pharisms
- Akunakwenzeka ukuba uphile ngcono kunobomi obukhokelayo kumnqweno wokuphumelela ngakumbi.
- Ubutyebi nolwazi alwenzisi sidima.
- Mnye kuphela olungileyo-ulwazi kunye nobubi obunye kuphela kukungazi.
- Ngaphandle kobuhlobo, akukho nxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu lunexabiso.
- Kungcono ukuba uswele ukufa kunokuphila ngehlazo.