Biography
Ukuba ngamazwe aseYurophu, i-Kovalevskaya ithathe esona sikhulu seMathematics, emva koko kwilizwe labo, uncuthu lwengoma lwalumkisa emva kokufa. UKevalevskaya waba ngumfazi wokuqala emhlabeni, ofumene isikhundla sonjingalwazi, kunye nomfazi wokuqala-inzululwazi eRussia, owayezukiswe ukuba lilungu elingqinayo le-St.Ubomi bukaSofya bufana nomzabalazo ongapheliyo: Ilungelo lezemfundo, ukuze ithuba lokuzibandakanya kwiMathematics kwaye ufundise umxholo owuthandayo, ngokukhetha umsebenzi wesayensi endaweni yokuba ngumgcini wesayensi.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umfazi obalaseleyo wezibalo wazalelwa kwiSixeko saseMoscow ngoJanuwari 15, 1850 kwintsapho esisityebi yeLiseutenant jikelele vasily krvin-krokovsky no-Elizabeth Schubert. Ukongeza kwiSophia, abazali bakhulisa abantwana abaninzi: Umntakwabo Fydor noDade Ana. Emva koko, unyana othandwayo wacoca intetho katata wakhe kwaye wasamkela ngenzondelelo i-bolsheviks, ngelixa uAnna waba yinguqulelo kwaye ethathe inxaxheba kwi-paris commar.
Utata nonina babefuna ukuba nomnye unyana, ke imbonakalo yeSophia ayizange ibangele uvuyo. Le ntombazana yaziva abazali abangathandi abazali besuka kubudala bamancinci kwaye bazama ukubafumana indumiso. Ukuziva ulahlwa ngabantu bomthonyama, uSophia wayedla ngokukhethwa isizungu, awayefumana igama lesidlaliso "iDicaarya".
Intombazana yakhulela kwindawo yokuba ngumzali we-polybino, eyayikwiphondo le-vitebsk. Okokuqala, bobabini oodade babeyi-nanny, kwaye ke uqeqesho lwabo lwalunikwa utitshala wasekhaya uJoseph Jatavich. Kwiminyaka esibhozo, uSophia wafunda zonke izinto ezifundiswe ngelo xesha kwii-Gymnusiums ezingamadoda. Utitshala uyaluthandabuza ubuchule bentombazana, ukungcola, ukulungiselela okufanelekileyo kwisifundo ngasinye kunye nokufunda ngokukhawuleza kwento entsha. Kwangelo xesha, ubuchule beSophia bakwiindlalifa, kuba bekwiindlalo zikaTaphi, ngotatomkhulu uFern Ivanovich Schubrer, kwaye uSanta Fedorovich Schubert, wangena ibali njengesixhobo esinetalene kunye ne-geodesist.
Indwendwe elihlala lihleli lendlu kaBawo, uNjingalwazi Nikolai Thitov, waphawula ubuchule beMathematics. Isicamango sitshone neSophia "iPasika emitsha" waza wacela utata wakhe ukuba anike intombi imfundo yemathematics. Kodwa i-Old Jekelele yayiqinisekile ukuba umfazi wayenendlela enye ebomini - otshatileyo. Utata wayengafuni ukuthumela iintombi phesheya kuqeqesho, kwaye kwiiyunivesithi zaseRussia zavalwa ngabafazi.
IMathematics
Ngo-1866, uSophia wafudukela eSt. Petersburg waqala ukufunda kwiAlexander Strannyibyky, utitshala waziwa ngelo xesha. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, le ntombazana yafumana ilungelo lokumamela iintetho ze-Ivan Sechenov, kunye nokufunda i-anatomy kwiZiko lezonyango lomkhosi.
Ukususa izithintelo zabazali ezingapheliyo, uSophia utyhilwe umtshato wentsomi noVladimir Kovalevsky, emva koko ushiya umda ukuya kufunda kwiYunivesithi yaseHeidelberg. Ngeli xesha, le ntombazana yomeleza iMathematics, ukumamela iintetho zaseHelmagolz, uGustav Kirchhoff, njl njl. Umzekelo wakhe wanikela ingqalelo kwiqabane lakhe elineminyaka eli-18 ubudala, wazi iilwimi ezininzi kwaye uzibandakanya kwiMathematics.
Ngo-1870, usapho lukaKovalevsky lugqiba kwelokuba luhlale eBerlin, apho uSophia wayefuna ukufunda kwiYunivesithi yaseKhaya kwaye waya eziklasini ze-charles wiges. Kodwa kwavela ukuba abafazi abazange bamkele abafazi kweli ziko lemfundo. UKovavskoy wahlala kuphela ukuba abuze isayensi malunga nezifundo zabucala. Ukususa intombazana ecaphukisayo, i-Weerhtringsed igqibe ekubeni icele uSophie inani lemisebenzi ephambili. Kodwa emva kwethuba elithile, uKovalevskaya wabuyela kwinzululwazi ngezisombululo ezenziwe ngenjongo.
I-Weeerstuss yamangaliswa kukuchaneka kunye nokucinga kwezigqibo zeKovalevskaya kwaye yaba ngutitshala osisigxina. USona wathembela kumbono womcebisi kwaye waxoxa naye malunga nomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa unjingalwazi waphonononga kuphela imisebenzi yemathematics yasetyhini, kwaye zonke izimvo zezobaKevalevskaya.
Ngo-1874, uKovalevskaya waba ngugqirha wentanda-bulumko emva kokukhuselwa kwesifundo se-disseteyer "kwimfundiso ye-equation eyahlukileyo" kwiYunivesithi yaseGötten. Yeyona mpumelelo inkulu, phantsi kwembono yokuba usapho oluselula lwaluthatha isigqibo lokubuyela eRussia.
USophia wayephupha ngokufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, kodwa uluntu lwesayensi lwaseRussia lwalungakulungelanga ukuvula umnyango phambi komfazi onengqondo. Kwilizwe labo lemveli, iMathematics eMangeko engekhoyo inokusinika isikhundla sikatitshala kuphela kwi-Gymnasium yomkhosi.
Ukuphoxeka kunyanzelwe nguSophia ukuba ushiye isayensi iminyaka emithandathu. Uzamile ukuziqonda ngokwakhe ngokubhala kunye nokusebenza kwentathelele, edla ngokusebenza eCoubiscossi ogqirha kunye nabaphandi. Ngeli xesha, uKovalevskaya wazala intombi yaza eYurophu okwethutyana.
Ngo-1880, uSochia wabuyela eMoscow, emva konyaka waba lilungu lemibutho yezibalo yengingqi. Eli bhinqa lazama ukunikezela ngeemviwo zenkosi ngenxa yakhe, kodwa yafumana ukwala okucaphukisayo. Ngenxa yoko, uKovalevskaya waya eParis, apho wayefuna indawo yokufundisa kwezona zifundo ziphezulu zabasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, apha kwimathematics ebukhali ilindele ukuphoxeka.
Ukukhusela usapho, uVladimir Kovalevsky waphosa imisebenzi yesayensi kwaye wabandakanyeka kwishishini. Wayeyigcinile imali egciniweyo Sophia, kodwa akaphumelelanga. Le ndoda yayihlala ilahlekiswa ngamaqabane, kwaye ngo-1883 usapho lweenzululwazi lwaphulukana nempilo yabo. Kwangelo xesha, uKovavsky watyholwa ngokuqikelela, kwaye, ephulukene nethemba lokuphuma kwisikhundla esintsonkothileyo, le ndoda yabulala. Iindaba ezothusayo zathusa uSomoya, emva koko zabuya kungekudala eRashiya zaza zabuyisela igama lomyeni wakhe.
Utshintsho olubalulekileyo kubomi beSophia Kovalevskaya yenzeka emva kokuba ebiwe ngo-1884 ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseStockholm. Isixhobo sabafazi sesayensi sinegalelo kwi-Karl We We We We We We Weecysts kunye neMagnus Mittag Lefeler. Okokuqala, uSophia ufunda izifundo eJamani, kwasemva konyaka, wafudukela eSweden. Ukongeza, uKovalevskaya wabonisa italente yoncwadi, kwaye waqalisa ukubhala amabali kunye namabali.
Ngeli xesha kukho uninzi lokufunyanwa kwesayensi lwe-Kovalevskaya. Eli bhinqa lafunda inkqubo yokubetheka kwe-asymmetric ephezulu, kwaye yavula i-version yesithathu yokucombulula ingxaki ekujikelezisweni komzimba oqinileyo ukuba kukho indawo eqinileyo.
Ngo-1888, i-Parsis Academy yeSayensi ibhengeze ukhuphiswano lomsebenzi obalaseleyo kuphononongo lomzimba oqinileyo, olunendawo emiselweyo. Ngenxa yoko, ijaji inyule isifundo esibonisa ukubaluleka kwemathematics.
Umsebenzi wokhuphiswano uchukunyiswe kakhulu ziinzululwazi kangangokuba zandisa imbasa kwi-3 ukuya kwi-5 lamawaka francs. Emva koko, ijaji yavula imvulophu ngegama lemathematics eyabhala umsebenzi oqaqambileyo wesayensi. Umbhali wolu phononongo yayinguSophia Kovalevskaya - umfazi kuphela ngelo xesha, wafundisa iMathematics kwisithuba soNjingalwazi.
Ukuvulwa kweKevalevskaya kwavavanywa ngo-1889 nakwiiSayensi zeSayensi, ezibonakalise ipremiyamu kunye neprojekyuli kwiYunivesithi yaseStockholm (ubomi). Kwakuloo nyaka, i-Russian Academy yeSayensi yeSayensi ekhethiweyo Sophia ngelungu elifanayo.
Ubuqaqawuli neshishini olithandayo phesheya aluzange lulondoloze i-Kovalevskaya ukuba bangalilangazelela ilizwe labo. Eli bhinqa lalifuna ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, kwaye eli thuba lavela ngo-1890. USophia weza eRashiya, kodwa isayensi enetalente ayizange ithathe inxaxheba kwintlanganiso yeAkhademi. Esi sigqibo saxelwa yinto yokuba kwizithethe zentlanganiso yesayensi, ubukho babafazi bungafakwanga.
Ubomi Buqu
USophia Koravin-Krekovskaya utshatile ngo-1868 kwiVladimir Kovalevsky - Inzululwazi ye-biologist. Lo mtshato awuzange wakhelwe eluthandweni okanye ekuncanyaneni nako. Esona sizathu sokuba le ntombazana ithathe isigqibo sokutshata yayingumnqweno wokuphepha amandla katata opholileyo.
Umtshato we-ntsomi ongumtshato wezazinzulu ezimbini ngexesha baguqukela kwintsapho yokwenyani, kwaye abantu abancinci babathandana. Ngo-1878, isibini sazalwa njengentombi, esabizwa ngokuba yiSofia (kamva yaba ngugqirha). I-Kovalevskaya idluliselwe kakhulu ixesha lokukhulelwa, kwaye emva kokuzalwa olubandezeleka ngenxa yoxinzelelo.
Ubomi obudibeneyo beVladimir noSophia kwakunzima, ngokufuthi abantu abancinci bahlala ngaphandle komsebenzi nemali. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhloniphana kunye nokunyamekela omnye komnye entsatsheni. Ke ngoko, xa ngo-1883, uKovalevsky waqhekeka, wazibulala, uSolofi wayithatha le lahleka njengentlekele.
Emva kokusweleka komyeni wakhe, eli bhinqa ladibana nomntakwabo-Mnumsi-Maxim Kovalevsky, owayeyingcali yezentlalontle kwaye walandelwa ngurhulumente waseRussia. USophia umemele iMaxim ukuya eStockholm kwaye wanceda ukufumana umsebenzi eyunivesithi. UKevalevsky wade wagqiba kwelokuba enze umncedisi, kodwa waphendula ngokwala. Esi sibini isibini sahlukana ngo-1890 emva kokugqitywa kwehambo edibeneyo eRiviera.
Ukufa
USophia Kovalevskaya wakonwabela igunya kwiiyunivesithi eguquguqukayo eYurophu, waba yisosane esaziwayo kunye notitshala, kodwa uluntu lwesayensi lwelizwe lalingavumi umfazi. Nje ukuba kungenzeki eRussia, uKovalevskaya wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele kwistotolholm. Endleleni, uSofya wayebanda kakhulu kwaye wagula ngokusulela kwemiphunga. Oogqirha bajika bangenamandla okunceda iMathematics enkulu, kunye ngoFebruwari 10, 1891, uKovalevskaya wasweleka eneminyaka engama-41.
Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, abafazi abasuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoBukhosi baseRussia baqokelele imali kwilitye lesikhumbuzo kwi-contetriot. La manyathelo, avakalise ukufezekiswa kwempumelelo ye-Kovalevskaya kwicandelo lemathematics kunye negalelo lawo kumzabalazo wamalungelo abasetyhini kwimfundo.
Namhlanje, uSophia Kovalevskaya impumelelo ixatyiswa kakhulu ngurhulumente wenzululwazi. Kumbeko wakhe, i-crater yenyanga ibizwa i-Asteroid. Ifoto yeSofia iboniswe ngo-1951 kwisitampu seposi yesoviet. Ukusukela ngo-1992, iRussia i-Russian i-Russian kwiMathematics inikwe ibhaso elibhalwe emva kwe-S. Kovalevskaya. Kwizixeko ezininzi zendawo yasePosiet ehlonitshwa kwesona sizathu sibalulekileyo solwazi. Kwi-stockholm (Sweden), i-LUKI Enkulu (Russia) noVilnius (Lithuania), igama lakhe ngamaziko emfundo.
I-Bibliography
- "Nihistka"
- "Iinkumbulo zobuntwana"
- "Iinkumbulo zeGeorge Elliot"
- "Iintsuku ezintathu kwiYunivesithi yaseSweden"
- "Vae vuy"
- "Usapho lwe-vorontsov"
- "Yilwa ulonwabo. Iidrama ezimbini ezifanayo "