Biography
UMaria sklodovskaya-curie yinkqubo ye-polish ovule izinto zekhemikhali ze-radium ne-polon.
UMaria wazalwa ngo-07.11.1867 eWarsaw. Ungumntwana wesihlanu nowaselula obafundisi-ntsapho bakwaBronisdava kunye ne-vladislav sklodovsky. Abazalwana noodade abaPhezulu uMariya (obizwa ngokuba yi-Mania) - uSophia (1862-181), i-josi (1863-1939, i-Bronislav iZiko ") kunye ne-radia (1866 -1961, utitshala kunye nenani loluntu). Intsapho yayiphila kakubi.
Xa uMariya wayeneminyaka eli-10 ubudala, umama wakhe wasweleka esifo sephepha, kwaye utata wakhe wagxothwa ngendlela ocinga ngayo kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba athathe indawo ehlawulwa kakhulu. Ukufa kukamama, kwaye kungekudala kwaye bangoodade baseSofia, yayisisizathu sokuba le ntombazana yakha ubuKatolika kwaye yaba ngumntu onamandla.
Kwiminyaka eli-10 ubudala, uMaria waqalisa ukuya kwisikolo sokukhwela, kwaye emva koko umthambo wamantombazana, waphumelela ngembasa yegolide. UMaria akakwazanga ukufumana imfundo ephezulu, kuba ngamadoda kuphela ayamkela iiyunivesithi zePoland. Emva koko uMaria noDade uBronislav bagqiba kwelokuba baye kwizifundo zeDyunivesithi ezingaphantsi komhlaba, apho basamkelayo khona abafazi. UMariacece ucebe ukuba ufunde, ancedene ngemali.
Eyokuqala kwiYunivesithi ingena eBronislav, kwaye uMaria wafumana inkoliso. Ekuqaleni kuka-1890, uBronislav, owayetshata ugqirha kunye nentliziyo yeCastri Dfani, wamema uMaria ukuba amfudukele eParis.
Ukuqokelela imali yoqeqesho kwikomkhulu laseFrance, i-sklodovskaya ifuna unyaka onesiqingatha kuba lo maria iphinde yaqala ukusebenza nerhuluneli eWarsaw. Kwangelo xesha, le ntombazana yaqhubeka ifunda eyunivesithi, kunye nokuqalisa i-Internar yesayensi kwilabhoratri, eyayikhokelwa ngumzala wakhe uYuzef Buzef Bimef, Mendery MendeleeV.
Isayensi
Ekupheleni kuka-1891, uSklodovskaya wafudukela eFrance. EParis, uMaria (okanye uMarie, njengoko uza kubizwa kamva) aqeshise kwi-Attic kwiYunivesithi yaseParis, apho le ntombazana ifunde khona i-physics, chemistry kunye nemathematics. Ubomi eParis abululanga: UMaria wayedla ngokuphoswa, elahlekile kwindlala kwaye engenalo ithuba lokuthenga iimpahla ebusika kunye nezihlangu.
Indawo yokugcina iimpahla ifundwe emva kwemini, kwaye ngokuhlwa wayekufundisa, ukufumana i-penny ephilayo. Ngo-1893, uMarie wafumana isidanga kwi-physics kwaye waqala ukusebenza kwilebhu yemveliso kaNjingalwazi Gabriel Lippman.
Ngoku-oda ngoMbutho wezoMveliso, uMaria waqala ukuphonononga iipropathi zemagneti zentsimbi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakuloo nyaka, i-sklodovskaya yenzekile nePierre Curie, eyayingabi kuphela kwelabayara, kodwa neqabane lakhe.
Ngo-1894, uSklodovskaya wafika ehlotyeni eWarsaw ukubona usapho. Wayesasondla iimpazamo ukuba wavunyelwa ukuba asebenze kwilizwe lakhe, kodwa intombazana yanqatshelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseKrakow - ngamadoda kuphela athatha umsebenzi. I-sklodovskaya ibuyiselwe eParis kwaye yaqhubeka nokusebenza kwi-PHD Dissertation.
Irediyo
Ichukunyiswe kukuzifunyaniswa kabini kwe-wilihelm x-ray kunye ne-henri capquer, uMarie wagqiba kwelokuba afundele i-uranium njengesihloko esinokwenzeka se-dissertation. Ukufundisisa iisampulu, iqabane likaCudie lasebenzisa itekhnoloji yokufumana itekhnoloji yelo minyaka. Inkxaso-mali kuphando yezazinzulu ifunyenwe kwiinkampani zentsimbi kunye nembise.
Ngaphandle kokufumana ilabhoratri, ukusebenza kwigumbi lokugcina iziko, emva koko kwi-Storn Barn, iminyaka emine yeminyaka emine ikwazile ukuphinda isebenzise iitoni eziyi-8 ze-iranalication. Isiphumo sokuvavanywa kwesampulu ye-ore evela kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech yayikukucinga ukuba izazinzulu zijongana nenye izazinzulu zerediyo ukongeza kwi-Uranium. Abaphandi batyhila iqhezu, i-radiaged radious, endaweni ye-uranium ecocekileyo.
Ngo-1898, i-curi ivuliwe i-radium kunye ne-polon-yokugqibela yabizwa ukuba ihlonike i-marie yaseMarie uMama. Izazinzulu zagqiba kwelokuba zingayifumaniyo i-discovery yazo - nangona inokuzisa i-qabane ezininzi ezongezelelweyo.
Phakathi kwe-1898 nowe-1902, i-curie yapapashwa ngokudibeneyo nangakumbi, i-32 amanqaku, kubandakanya enye, apho kwaxelwa ukuba xa ityhilwe kwi-radium, i-Tumor-forling ye-Tumor itshatyalalisiwe kwi-radium, iiseli zokwenza i-tumar
Ngo-1910, uMary kunye nenzululwazi yesiFrentshi, uDeteriene waqaphela ukuba abonakale i-radaum ecocekileyo. Emva kweminyaka eli-12 yovavanyo, izazinzulu zikwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-radium yindawo ezimeleyo.
Ngehlobo lowe-1914, iZiko leRadium lasekwa eParis, kwaye uMaria waba yintloko yokwahlula ukusetyenziswa kwe-radioudicals kwi-Medicine. Ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, ukufakelwa kwe-radiographic ye-radiographic kwakhiwe impatho ye-curries enenxeba, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Petoies" ("encinci"). Ngo-1915, i-curie yeza neenaliti ezinamanqwanqwa "enesifo se-radium" - irhasi ye-radium engenabala ikhutshwe yiradium (echongwe njenge-radium), eyayisetyenziselwa ukwenza izicubu ezosulelo. Ngaphezulu kwesigidi emkhosi obenomkhosi owenzakeleyo ngempumelelo ngempumelelo nokusetyenziswa kwezi teknoloji.
Ibhaso le-Nobel
Ngo-1903, iRoyal Avemoedy yeSayensi yeSweden yanikezela i-CHET CHAT CHIIE kunye ne-HEONRE EQUAMELY NOBS kwiPhysics yeZifundo zeMitha yeMitha yeMitha yeMitha yeMitha yeMitha. Ekuqaleni, le komiti ijonge ukubhiyozela kuphela iPierre kunye ne-Betquikel, kodwa elinye lamalungu eKomiti kunye neMagither Gustav Letag Lettag, i-Gierre ngale meko. Emva kokuba isikhalazo sakhe, igama likaMariya longezwa kuluhlu lwelo bhaso.
UMarie ngumfazi wokuqala ofumene i-Nobel ibhaso. Intlawulo ivungele amaqabane okuqesha umncedisi welebhu kwaye axhobisele amalabhoratri ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo.
Ngo-1911, uMarie wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel kwi-chemistry kwaye waba ngowokuqala emhlabeni kabini kwi-prelsium. UMaria ukwanikwa iindono ze-7 zezenzululwazi ezifunyenweyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Xa wayesengumlawuli, uMaria wathandana nonyana kahostess wosapho, uKazimi Loravsky. Abazali bomfana babechasene neenjongo zakhe zokutshata uSklodovsaya, kwaye uKazekwimezi wayengenakuxhathisa ukuthanda kwabadala. I-gap yayibuhlungu kakhulu kubo bobabini, kwaye i-loravsky ukuya kubudala yazisola ngesigqibo sakhe.
Olona thando luphambili lobomi bukaMariya yayinguPierre curist, isicaka sogqirha kwiFransi.
Inzala ethengiswayo kwiNzululwazi yeNdalo ixuba abantu abancinci, kwaye ngoJulayi 1895, abathandi batshata. Omncinci wayila inkonzo yonqulo, kwaye endaweni yengubo yomtshato, uSklodovskaya wafaka kwisuti emnyama eblue apho wasebenza khona elabhoratri.
Amaqabane anentombi ezimbini - irene (1897-1955), iSayensi ye-chemistast, kunye no-Eva (1904-2007) - umculo kunye nombhali. I-Maria yaqesha i-Polish Golings ukuze iqeqeshe amantombazana ngolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe, kwaye kwakhona kwabathumela ePoland kotat'omkhulu.
amaqabane Curie baka-zokuzonwabisa ezimbini eziqhelekileyo, ukongeza kwinzululwazi: iindawo ezinika umdla aphesheya nehlala ixesha elide ukukhwela ibhayisikile - iifoto abalondolozwa amaqabane umi ecaleni iibhayisikile zithengelwe isipho, ndikwendisele uRakeli isalamane. EPierre Sklodovskaya bafumana uthando, kunye nomhlobo ongcono, kunye nomntu osebenza naye. Umlingane womntu (uPierre wacela iqela lamahashe ngo-1906) yayingunobangela woxinzelelo olunzima - kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, umfazi wakwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza.
Ngo-1910-11, i-curie ilondoloze ubudlelwane bothando noMfundi kaPierre, ugqirha nguLanzhen, watshata ngelo xesha. Kumajelo akwamajelo axelela i-curie baqalisa ukubhala njengesifo samaJuda ". Xa kwaqhambuka isikhethe, uMaria wayekwinkomfa eBelgium. Ukubuya kwakhe phambi kwendlu yakhe, i-Cubie yafumanisa ukuba umfazi wabantu abanobunzima beentombi kuye kwafuneka azifihle kwintombi yakhe, uCamilla Marbo.
Ukufa
Nge-4 kaJulayi ngo-1934, uMarie oneminyaka engama-66 wasweleka kwi-sanatorium sananlemos edlula eFrance, empuma yeFrance. Unobangela wokufa yayingengulamosi elalapho, oluqolayo kumagqirha, lwabangelwa kukuvezwa ixesha elide kwimitha yomzimba womfazi.
Into yokuba imisebe ye-Ioir inefuthe elibi, yayingaziwa ngelo xesha le minyaka, iimvavanyo ezininzi zenziwa yi-ciri ngaphandle kwamanyathelo okhuseleko. UMaria wanxiba iityhubhu ezinee-radiopes epokothweni, wazigcina kwi-cawer yetafile yazo kwaye wavezwa kwii-X-rays kwizixhobo ezingafunekiyo.
Imitha ibeke izifo ezininzi ze-curief engapheliyo - ekupheleni kobomi wayephantse wangaboni kwaye wabandezeleka kwisifo sezintso, kodwa umfazi akazange acinge ngokutshintsha umsebenzi onobungozi. I-curie ingcwatywe emangcwabeni kwidolophu ye-CO, ecaleni kwengcwaba lasePierre.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu kamva, iintsalela zamaqabane zatshintshelwa eParis Pantheon, ingcwaba labantu ababalaseleyo baseFrance. UMaria ngumfazi wokuqala, umngcwabo owenziwe kwi-pantheon yeyakhe i-pirit (eyokuqala yaba nguSophie Berblo, wangcwatywa nomyeni wakhe, i-physico-chemist marthlo berlo).
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Ngo-1903, amaqabane kaCurie amenyelwa kwiRoyal Tritain ye-Great Britain ukwenza ingxelo ngerediyo. Abafazi babengavunyelwa ukuba bathethe neentetho, ke ingxelo inikezele kuphela i-pierre.
- Ama-French yooshiyalelwa i-curie, babonisa ukungakholelwa kuye kwaye isibakala sokuba wayengumphambukeli. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokufumana ibhaso lokuqala le-Nobel malunga ne-curie yaqala ukubhala njengeqhawe laseFrance.
- Igama elithi "i-radiound" laqalwa yi-curie.
- I-curie yaba lunjingalwazi wokuqala we-peris yeParis.
- Ngaphandle koncedo olukhulu ngexesha leMfazwe, uMarie akazange afumane umbulelo osemthethweni kurhulumente waseFrance. Ukongeza, kwangoko emva kokuqala kobutshaba, uMaria wazama ukuncama iimbasa zayo zegolide ukuba ixhase umkhosi waseFransi, kodwa iBhanki yeSizwe yangazange yamkele.
- Umfundi weCurie Margarita Prohey waba ngumfazi wokuqala weSayensi-le yenzeka kwi-1962, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane emva kwe-EDAR BRONLEY, UMNQOPHISO WENKONZO YABHALA MARCONI wanyulwa ukuba aphuhlise i-telegraph ngaphandle kwe-wireless.
- Phakathi kwabafundi bakaCuri bangama-Nobel Pozibele, kuquka nentombi ka-Irene neqabane lakhe uFrederick Jolio-curie.
- Iirekhodi kunye namaxwebhu akhokelele uMaria ngeminyaka yee-1890 ethathwa njengeyingozi kakhulu xa kusenziwa inqanaba eliphezulu longcoliseko oluphezulu. Nditsho nencwadi yokupheka ye-curie. Izazinzulu zePhepha zigcinwe kwiibhokisi ezikhokelayo, kwaye abo bafuna ukusebenza nabo kufuneka banxibe iimpahla ezizodwa.
- Ukuhlonitshwa kwe-curie, intetho yekhemikhali - yabizwa ngegama, iiyunivesithi ezininzi nakwizikolo, iziko le-Oncology eWarsaw, i-Anterodi, izinto ezinamafutha kunye ne-chematis ntyatyambo; I-potrait yakhe ehonjisiweyo, izitampu kunye neengqekembe zamazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathi.