Biography
I-Imanuel Kant ngumcinga kaJamani, osisiseko sentanda-bulumko yeklasikhi kunye nethiyori ye-terimissim. Iingcaphutho zokungafiyo zingenise ibali, kwaye iincwadi zenzululwazi ziye zazaliseka intanda-bulumko kwihlabathi liphela.
UKant wazalwa ngo-Epreli 22, 1724 kwintsapho yenkolo kumadolophu eKönigsberg in Prussia. Utata wakhe uJohani uGeorg uKar wasebenza njengobugcisa kwaye wenza i-sardle, kwaye umama ka-Anna uRena wakhusela indlu.
Kwakukho abantwana abali-12 kwintsapho ye-kwabal, kwaye uImanuel wazalwa kwisine, uninzi lwabantwana lwabulawa kwasebusaneni kwizifo. Oodade abathathu kunye nabantakwabo babini bahlala bephila.
Indlu eyayiqhutywa khona umntwana ukuba iqhutywa kubuntwana kunye nosapho olukhulu, yayincinci kwaye ihlwempu. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, isakhiwo satshatyalaliswa ngomlilo.
Isithandi-sobulumko sexesha elizayo bachitha ubutsha bakhe ngaphandle kweSixeko phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye nabantu abanobugcisa. Ababhali-mbali baphikisana ixesha elide, apho uninzi lwe-k lunt, abanye babo babekholelwa ukuba izinyanya zentanda-bulumko - impumlo evela eScotland. Ingcinga enjalo iveziwe kwaye i-Imanuweli ngokwakhe ileta eya eBishop Lindblo. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwazi aluzange luqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni. Kuyaziwa ukuba utat'omkhulu katata-utata wayengumthengisi kummandla weMemelsk, kwaye izalamane kwibhodi yamalungu zazihlala eNünberg, eJamani.
Abazali bakaKant bafumana imfundo yokomoya kuNyana, babengabalandeli okhethekileyo kwi-Luthercy - iPietism. Eyona nto iphambili yale mfundiso kukuba umntu ngamnye uphantsi koThixo Oyom, ngoko ke kuye kwathandwa. U-Anna Reaurina wafundisa unyana wakhe iziseko zokholo, kwaye watyhileka kwilizwe elincinci ukuya eluthandweni lwehlabathi.
I-Anna ye-Anna iRenatina yathatha abantwana kwiintshumayelo nakwisifundo seBhayibhile. UGqr Toology Franz Schulz wayehlala etyelele usapho lwe-kant, wabona ukuba wayephumelele kwiManayily kufundo lweZibhalo Ezingcwele kwaye uyakwazi ukubeka ezakhe iingcinga.
Xa uKana wayeneminyaka esibhozo ubudala, kwimiyalelo kaSchulz, abazali bamthumela kwenye yezikolo ezikhokelayo zaseKönigsberg - i-Gymnasium ebizwa emva kwesifuba, ukuze inkwenkwe ifumane imfundo eguqukayo.
Esikolweni, uKen wafunda iminyaka esibhozo, ukusuka kwi-1732 ukuya kwi-1740. Iiklasi ezikwindawo yokuzivocavori zaqala ngo-7: 00 kwaye zaphela de kwayi-9: 00. Abafundi bafunda i-theologlogy, abasechithekileyo kunye neminqophiso entsha, isiLatin, isiJamani nesiGrike, iJografi, njl. Ifilosofi yafundiswa kuphela kwizikolo eziphakamileyo, kwaye uKan wayekholelwa ukuba le nto ifundwe esikolweni. Iiklasi kwiMathematics zihlawulwa kwaye isicelo sabafundi.
U-Anna Reagina noJohann Georg bafuna ukuba unyana abe ngumbingeleli kwixesha elizayo, kodwa inkwenkwe yachukunyiswa zizifundo zase-Latin, kodwa yayifundisa uHeidrey, ke wayefuna ukuba ngumfundisi we-verbost. Kunye nemithetho engqongqo kunye nokuziphatha kwisikolo senkolo, uKnta akazange alandele umphefumlo. Isithandi-sobulumko esizayo sasinempilo esibuthathaka, kodwa wafunda ngenkuthalo ngenxa yengqondo kunye nobukrelekrele.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu, cant ingena kwiDyunivesithi yaseKoenigsberg, apho umfundi wazisa kuqala izinto ezifunyaniswayo zeNewton, utitshala uMartin Kanutzen, waseChioint noWolfiana. Iimfundiso zikaIsaac zazinempembelelo ebonakalayo kwiWorld World Viateline. Ngenkuthalo baphatha izifundo zakhe, ngaphandle kobunzima. Iintandokazi zentanda-bulumko ziye zaba yiNdalo yeNdalo nechanayo: Ifilosofi, iFiziksi, iMathematics, iMathematics. Isifundo sezothando ze-cant zatyelelwa kube kanye kuphela ngenxa yokuhlonipha i-SCHYSU.
Abantu ababephila ngexesha abaze bafikelele kulwazi olusemthethweni abadweliswe kwi-Alberine, ngenxa yoko kunokwenzeka ukuba bafundise ubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha, kunokwenzeka ukuba kutshiwo kuphela.
Xa uKana wafumana iminyaka eli-13 ubudala, uAnna palaina wagula waza wasweleka kungekudala. Intsapho enkulu kwakufuneka inciphise iziphelo. I-Imanuel yayingeyonto yakunxiba, kwaye ingenamali yokutya, abo bafunda nabo befunda nabo. Ngamanye amaxesha abafana babengenazihlangu, kwaye kwafuneka babolekwe kubahlobo. Kodwa kubo bonke ubunzima, lo mntu wayephathwa ngembono yentanda-bulumko wathi izinto ziyathobela, kwaye hayi ezahlukileyo.
Intanda-bulumko
Izazinzulu zabelana ngentanda-bulumko ye-imanuel ye-imanuel i-kamanuel kangangexesha elibini: Ngaphambili imbi kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu. Ixesha elingaphambi kwe-crochet luqulunqwa kwengcinga yefilosofi kwaye ixolelwe kancinci kwisikolo sengcuka yamaKristu, intanda-bulumko eyayilawula iJamani. Ixesha elinobunzima bomsebenzi we-cant-ingcinga ye-metaphysics njengesayensi, kunye nokudalwa kwemfundiso entsha, esekwe kwithiyori yokungazi.
Isincoko sokuqala 'seengcinga ngovavanyo lokwenyani "kwimikhosi ephilayo" IMnubuli ibhala eyunivesithi phantsi kwempembelelo katitshala wempembelelo, nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi upapashwe ngo-1749 ngenxa yoncedo lwezinto eziluncedo lukamalume.
I-CADA ayiphumelelanga ukugqiba iyunivesithi ngenxa yobunzima bezinto eziphathekayo: ngo-1746, uJohann Georg uyafa, kwaye ukondla usapho, i-Imanuweli kufuneka isebenze njengabantwana kwiintsapho, nababingeleli abakhulu. Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, wabhala imifanekiso yentanda-bulumko, eyaba sisiseko somsebenzi wakhe.
Ngo-1755, i-Itanuel kant yabuyela kwiDyunivesithi yaseKönigsberg ukukhusela i-dissertation "emlilweni" kwaye ufumane isidanga se-Master. Endleleni, i-hevosopher ifumana isidanga se-doctoral kwicandelo lethiyori yolwazi "Ukufikelela kwimigaqo yokuqala yolwazi lokuqala" kwaye iqala ukufundisa ingcinga kunye neMetaphysics eyunivesithi.
Kwisithuba semisebenzi ka-Imanuel Kant, inzala yezazinzulu itsalele umsebenzi we-cosmogonic "imbali yendalo iphela kunye nemfundiso yesibhakabhaka", apho i-Kant isixelela ngemvelaphi yendalo yonke. Kwisincoko sakhe, i-kant ayixhomekekanga kwimfundiso, kodwa i-physics.
Ngeli xesha, i-ky ifunda ithiyori yendawo ukusuka kwindawo ebonakalayo kwaye iqinisekisa ubukho besizathu esiphakamileyo, apho zonke izinto eziphilayo ziqala khona. Inzululwazi yayikholelwa ukuba, ukuba ikhona, oko kuthetha ukuba uThixo ukhona. Ngokutsho kwesithandi-sobulumko, umntu kufuneka ayazi imfuneko yokuba ubekho umntu obekho nabani na ongemva kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Le ngcinga yokuthaka ichaza umsebenzi wayo ophambili "okuphela kwesibonelelo sobudlelo kaThixo."
Ixesha elinobunzima bomsebenzi we-cant lavela xa waqala ukufundisa i-Logic kunye neMetaphysics eyunivesithi. I-Immanuli's Hypothesis itshintshile kwangoko, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ekuqaleni uImanuel watshintsha izimvo ngendawo kunye nexesha.
Kwakusekwe kwixesha lokugxekwa kwekant ababhalele umsebenzi obalaseleyo wokugaya, iindlela zokuziphatha kunye ne-aesthetics: Imisebenzi yesithandi-sobulumko yaba sisiseko semithambo yehlabathi. Ngo-1781, i-Imanuel yandisa i-bigraphy yesayensi ngokubhala omnye wabasebenzi wakhe osisiseko 'wokucoca uRazus', apho umbono wokunyanzeliswa kwetyala ochazwe ngokweenkcukacha.
Ubomi Buqu
UKan akazange ahlukane nobuhle, wayekhula okuphantsi, wayenamagxa anqabileyo kunye nesifuba. Nangona kunjalo, i-Itanuel izamile ukuzixhasa ngokulandelelana kwaye ihlala ityelele i-tailor kunye nomthengisi weenwele.
Isithandi-sobulumko sakhokelela indlela yokuphila kwakhona kwaye saze satshata, ngokoluvo lwakhe, ubudlelwane bungathintela imisebenzi yesayensi. Ngesi sizathu, inzululwazi ayizange iqale usapho. Nangona kunjalo, i-Kant yabuthanda ubuhle bobhinqileyo kwaye bayonwabele. Kwixesha elidala i-imanuel yangamenywanga kwiliso lasekhohlo, xa ngemini ebuze ubuhle obuncinci bahlala ngasekunene kwakhe.
Akukaziwa ukuba ngaba i-Sociest iluthando: Louise Rebecca Fritz kubudala ukhunjulwe ukuba uyithandile i-kant. Kwakhona, uBorovsky watsho ukuba isithandi-sobulumko sithandwa kabini kwaye sasifuna ukutshata.
I-IMmaniel ayizange ifike emva kwexesha kwaye ibone inkqubo yosuku ngokuchaneka kwemizuzu. Wahamba yonke imihla kwi-cafe, ukuze asele ikomityi yeti. Ngaphezu koko, i-Kant yeza kwangaxeshanye: abalindi babenganyanzelekanga ukuba bajonge abalindi. Eli nqaku lesithandi-sobulumko lixhalabisa ngokuhamba kwesiqhelo.
Inzululwazi yayiyimpilo ebuthathaka, kodwa yakhula ngococeko lomzimba, ngenxa yoko waphila ekukhuleni. Rhoqo kusasa uEmanuel waqala ngentsimbi yesi-5. Ngaphandle kokususa eofisini yasebusuku, i-Kant iye e-ofisini, apho umkhonzi wePhilosofin Matin Lample walungiselela umniniyo ikomityi yeti yeti yeti yeti yeti elubuthathaka kunye netyhubhu yokutshaya. Ngokutsho kwenkumbulo kaMartin, i-Kant yayinenqaku elingaqhelekanga: Xa wayese-ofisini, inzululwazi ibeka i-triangom ngaphezulu kwekepusi. Emva koko waqhuba kancinci, wafumana icuba kwaye wafunda isicwangciso sentetho evakalayo. Kwidesika yomsebenzi, i-Itanuel ichithe iiyure ezimbini.
Ngo-7 kusasa, i-Kant iguqukile kwaye ihla kwiholo yokufundisa, apho babelinde abaphulaphuli: ngamanye amaxesha bade bangenazitulo. Wafunda ngokuthe ngcembe, ethambisa imibono yentanda-bulumko ngokuhlekisa.
I-Imanuel ihlawule ingqalelo nakwiinkcukacha ezincinci kwimifanekiso yonxibelelwano, akazukunxibelelana nomfundi owayenxibe kancinane. UKant wayelibele into awabalibala ngayo abaphulaphuli xa wabona ukuba omnye wabafundi wayenamaqhosha kwihempe.
Emva kwesifundo seyure ezimbini, isithandi-sobulumko sibuyele eofisini saza salala ubusuku babuyela ebusuku, i-cap kwaye safaka i-tri-anthem ukusuka phezulu. Kwidesika, i-Kant ichithe iiyure ezi-3 imizuzu engama-45.
Emva koko i-Imanuel yayilungiselela ukwamkelwa kokutyela kwaye yaxelela ikhitshi ukuba ilungiselele itafile: Isithandi-sobulumko sithiyile iingqumbo zodwa, ngakumbi isayensi kanye ngosuku. Itheyibhuli yaphuphuma kukutya, ekuphela kwento eyayingekabikho kwisidlo yibhiya. I-Kant ayizange ithande isiselo se-malt kwaye sikukholelwa ukuba ibhiya, ngokungafani newayini, incasa embi.
Isipuni esithandekayo seKant's Spoon, egcinwe ngemali. Etafileni ixoxise iindaba ezilungileyo kwihlabathi, kodwa hayi ifilosofi.
Ukufa
Intsalela yobomi, iSayensi yahlala endlwini, sisekuchumeni. Ngaphandle kokulandelelwa ngononophelo impilo, umzimba wobomi oneminyaka engama-75 waqalisa ukubuthathaka: Ekuqaleni, kwaMandla Asemzimbeni bemshiye, kwaye ke isizathu saqala ukugocwa. Kwiminyaka yakudala, i-Kant ayikwazanga ukwenza intetho, kwaye kwitheyibhile yesidlo sangokuhlwa, isazinzulu sithathe kuphela abahlobo abasondeleyo.
I-Kant yakushiya indlela awayehamba ngayo kwaye ihleli ekhaya. Isithandi-sobulumko bazama ukubhala isincoko "inkqubo yentanda-bulumko ecocekileyo kwilizwe lonke", kodwa wayengenamandla aneleyo.
Emva kwexesha, inzululwazi yaqala ukulibala la mazwi, kwaye ubomi baqala ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza. Isithandi-sobulumko esikhulu safa nge-12 kaFebruwari, 1804. Ngaphambi kokuba isweleke i-Kant: "Es Alt Gut" ("Kulungile").
Wayengcwatyelwe i-Imanuel kufutshane nekati yaseKönigsberg, kwaye i-chapel yakhiwa phezu kwengcwaba lokungaqhelekanga.
I-Bibliography
- Ukugxekwa kwengqondo enyulu;
- Ihluma kuyo nayiphi na i-metaphysics kwixesha elizayo;
- Ukugxekwa kwengqondo esebenzayo;
- Iziseko ze-metaphysics zokuziphatha;
- Ukugxekwa kobuchule bomgwebo;