Biography
I-Patrice Lumaumba ngumfundisi wezopolitiko, inkulumbuso yokuqala yaseCongo emva kokufumana inkululeko, uphawu lomzabalazo wemilo yabantu baseAfrika ukuze bakwazi ukuzimela.
IPatrice Emery Lumumba yazalwa nge-2 kaJulayi kwiphondo laseKasaa Belgian Congo, kwintsapho yaseFrancois Toleng Toleng, Radehima noJulienn Vamai. Ekubulalweni kaParice abantu beTetra, bawisa umthetho kaEliyaskou, oko kuthetha ukuthi: "Indlalifa yedwa". U-Lumbumba wayenabantakwabo abathathu (i-Emil Kaley, yen Clark noLouis Perhema lumumba), kunye nomntakwabo-jean ohlanganisiweyo uJean.
UPatrice wafunda kwintsapho yamaKatolika yesikolo samaProtestanti, emva koko kwiSikolo sobufundisili-Katolika kunye nonyaka omnye kwisikolo seposi sonxibelelwano lweposi, awaphumelela ngayo ngembeko. Emva kokuphumelela esikolweni, uPatrice wasebenza njenge-ofisi yeposi eLeopoldville (ngoku - i-Kinshasa, idolophu enkulu yaseCongo) ne-stringville (ukusukela ngo-1966, iKistanga ibizwa).
Ebutsheni bakhe, uLumumba waba nomdla kwizimvo zentanda-bulumko yokukhanyisela uJean-jacques rouseau noVoltaire. Wayekuthanda ne-moilill noVictor hugo kwaye wabhala imibongo, uninzi lwazo lwalunomxholo we-impiriyalist.
Ezopolitiko
Ngo-1955, uLumumba wajoyina iqela lenkululeko yeBelgium waza waqalisa ukusasaza uncwadi lweqela. Emva kohambo lwabafundi beveki ezintathu, ngo-1955, uPatrice wabanjwa ngeendleko zokuhlawulwa kwembuyekezo. Emva kokuba uLumomba wabuyisa imali, isigwebo sakhe seminyaka emibini sancitshiswa saya kunyaka omnye.
Nge-5 ka-Okthobha ngo-1958, uLumumba, kunye nenye iCongo yaseCongo, eyafumana imfundo entle kwaye ingenise amaqela eentlanga ezahlukeneyo, yayiyinkokeli yesizwe yeCongo, yaba yinkokeli yayo. I-NDK ilwelela intlalo yelizwe, iAfrika ifihlakalo lorhulumente, uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokungathathi cala kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe.
Ngokukhawuleza, uLumumba waba ngumntu othandwayo - wayesisamkela kwaye wayenezakhono ezibalaseleyo ze-ore. NgoDisemba 1958, uLumaumba waya njengomnye wabathunywa kwinkomfa ye-African yabantu e-Ancra (Ghana). Kwintlanganiso yezizwe ngezizwe, iququzelwe nguMongameli weGhana Kwame Nkrum, Lumumba waqinisa ngakumbi kwiinkolelo zakhe zePannnorknist, kwaye i-Nkrum yachukumiseka kakhulu kukubuqonda.
Ngo-Okthobha 1959, uLumumba wabanjwa ngenxa yokunyanzelwa ukuba angaphantsi kwe-noli-clonial tenclywill, apho abantu abangama-30 babulawa. U-Lumumba wagwetywa iinyanga ezingama-69 entolongweni. Umhla wokuqalisa wetyala, ngoJanuwari 18, 1960, waba ngumhla wokuqala weNkomfa yeCongo yetafile ejikelezileyo eBrussels, ekuxoxwe ngayo ikamva leCongo.
Kulonyulo lwasekhaya ngoDisemba, i-NDK ifumene iivoti ezininzi, nangona uLumamba wayesentolongweni. Ngenxa yengcinezelo evela kubathunywa, i-Patrice yakhululwa kwaye yamkelwe kwinkomfa yeBrissels.
NgoJanuwari 27, 1960, kwavakaliswa ukuzimela kweCongo kwinkomfa. Unyulo lukazwelonke lwalandelwa ngoMeyi, sisiphumo esiqikelelweyo sokuba uloyiso lwe-lumumba kunye ne-NDK yaba yi-NDK. Nge-23 kaJuni, 1960, uLumomba oneminyaka engama-34 ubudala waba yinkulu kakhulu yeCongo, kwaye uYosefu uSasavuba waba ngumongameli.
Kumbhiyozo wosuku lokuzimela nge-30 kaJuni, abantu abaninzi abaphezulu babekho, kuquka ne-Gelgian Bodon. U-Lumaumba wenza intetho ephuculweyo, evakalisa ukuba inkululeko yeCongo inokuthintelwa ligazi kwaye ke uloyiso, hayi isipho esinesisa seBelgium. UPatrice wagqiba intetho yakhe ngamagama adumileyo:
"Asisekho nyani zakho!"Emva kokufumana ilizwe lenkululeko, i-lumumba yaphakamisa umvuzo kubo bonke abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi beFosi (i-Gendarmerie yenziwa ngabasebenzi baseBelgian) kunokuba babangekeli kwizikhundla zabo. Nge-5 kaJulayi, ngo-1960, intlekele yaseCongo yaqala ngo-Leopoldville naseStancyville.
I-Lumumba ichazwe kwirediyo, elungiselelwe utshintsho olululo kuzo zonke iindawo, ngenxa yokuba emva kweeveki ezimbalwa yonke into ingabona ubunye ubuso beCongo. Ngaphandle kweenzame zikarhulumente, imvukelo kweli lizwe ziyaqhubeka.
Nge-8 kaJulayi, ukuzama ukwenza le meko, i-Lumumba Rewayised Arced Army Army Arms kunye ne-Sergeant-Mubuttor-Mubutu Colonel kunye nekomkhulu lemikhosi. Ezi zenzo zenziwa, ngaphandle kwamava omhlaba namahemuhemu malunga nonxibelelwano lwe-mobtuu kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola zaseBelgian kunye neMelika.
Onke amanye amagosa aseYurophu athatyathelwa indawo, kodwa abanye babo bashiywe njengabacebisi. Ngemini elandelayo, imvukelo isasazeka kwilizwe liphela. Kwakuqikelelwa ukuba kwezi ntsuku babulawa malunga nama-12 aseYurophu.
Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, iBelgium yathumela abasebenzi abangama-6,000 basemkhosini eCongo, ngenxa yokuba betyholwa ukukhusela abemi babo kubundlobongela. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, uLumumba wathumela i-telegram nikita khrushchev nesicelo sokunceda kule meko kwiphondo laseKatanga, apho uninzi lwabantu abamhlophe bagxile. Inkokeli ye-Katanga, iMody Chrambu ivakalise njengomongameli welizwe elizimeleyo laseKatanga.
Isigqibo sokubuyela e-USSR sonwabile entshonalanga, ngakumbi iUnited States. Nge-24 kaJulayi, u-Lumumba waya eNew York ukuba ahlangane ne-ANGRAL GAG RAG Hag. Intlanganiso ye-LUMUMBA ivakalise ukungoneliseki kwakhe yimikhosi yaseBelgian kwiCongo yaza yacela iMelika yaseMelika. Unobhala-sisano wase-US gertter gerter uqinisekisile ukuba i-United States iya kunceda iCongo, kodwa kuphela kwisakhelo semizamo enkulu engakumbi.
Emva kokubuyela kwilizwe labo, ngo-Agasti Lumumbbase wabhengeza imeko kaxakeka kwaye wabiza uhlaselo lwekatanga. Ngemini enye, eKasia yaseKhaasia, imelwane ngeSithili seKatanga, sabhengeza ukuphuma kwayo kwiCongo.
Ngokukhawuleza uLumumba wayalela amajoni eCongo ukuba acinezele i-EzantsiSgesmes - kule nxalenye yeCongo yayiyindawo kaloliwe yayiyimfuneko kwiKatang. Umsebenzi uphumelele, kodwa kungekudala ungquzulwano lwatshintshelwa kubundlobongela bobuhlanga. Umkhosi waqalisa ukubandakanyeka ngokubulawa kwabantu abantu abanoxolo baseLubula. Abahlali neentloko zeKasia zaseKhaasia ziqwalasele ukuba kuphela kwetyala kule meko yi-lumumba.
Ke uMongameli Casavubu uwonakalisa esidlangalaleni kwezopolitiko u-Lusumba, echaza ukungasebenzi kweembono zakhe zokwakha ilizwe. Ngeli xesha, uLumumba wacela ukuba imikhosi yokugcina uxolo engavunwanga incede ukucinezela ivukuthu, isongela ngokuqaliswa kwemikhosi yaseSoviet kwimeko yokwala. ICasawabu yaqala ukoyike ukuba i-coup yombuso yayiza kwenzeka elizweni, kwaye ngokuhlwa kukaSeptemba egxothileyo eLasia kunye nokuzibandakanya kwemikhosi yaseSoviet eCongo .
Nge-14 kaSeptemba, uLumumba wabekwa phantsi kwendlu, ukusuka apho ekugqibeleni wayeqhubeka ebaleka. Kodwa nge-1 kaDisemba, ngenkxaso ye-United States naseBelgium, imikhosi ye-Mobile ye-Mobile yakwazi ukubamba i-lumumba kwaye ithathe eLeopolville. Kwaxelwa ukuba uLuumba kuya kukhunjulwa ngokunyanzelwa komkhosi ukuya kwinyama kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho.
I-Soviet Union inyanzelise ukukhululwa kwenkululeko, ukubuyisela njengeNtloko yoMbuso, ukungafani kwemikhosi ye-mobutu kunye nokukhutshwa kweBelutu ukusuka kwilizwe, kunye nokubanjwa kwe-mobutu. I-Armmssheld yaphendula ngelithi ukuba imikhosi ye-UN iya kuthathwa kwiCongo, "Yonke into iza kuwa." Phantse akukho nanye yamalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN engayixhasi i-USSR kumnqweno wokusindisa iPatrice.
Ubomi Buqu
U-Lumaumba wayesazi ulwimi lweTetra, kunye neLinga (ulwimi lweqela labantu leBantaet), iSwahili (ezona lwimi zeBantari) kunye noLwimi lwabantu baseLuuba).
Ngo-1951, uLumumba watshata noPaulna Opangu, owamnika abantwana abahlanu: Francois, uPatrice omncinci, uRoland kunye neGuy Patrice. Kwi-umbius yentolongo uLumbimba walungiselela ukuba afudukele eYiputa kunye nabantwana bakhe. Emva koko, uNyana olizibulo uFrancois wafudukela eHungary, apho wafumana imfundo ephezulu kunye nesidanga sobomi kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko.
Unyana omncinci kaLumumba, uTom-Patrice, ozelwe kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokusweleka kukatata, wenziwa njengonyulo lukaMongameli kunyulo luka-2006 kwiCongo, kodwa wafumana kuphela i-0.42% kuphela yeevoti.
Ukufa
Nge-3 kaDisemba, i-lumumba kunye namaqabane akhe uMaurice Mpolo noJoseph Okito bathunyelwa kwi-tisville yasemkhosini, kwaye basuka kwi-150 km ukusuka kwi-leopolville, kwaye ukusuka kwi-18 kaJanuwari ukuya kwinqwelomoya eKatanga, kwi-chacom. Ukufika kwabo, uLumumba wabethwa nguKathangan naseBelgia.
Emva koko ngobo busuku, uPatrice wasiwa kwihlathi eliyithulu ukuya kudubula. Ngexesha lokuphunyezwa, kwabakho umchabhisi kunye nabaphathiswa babini; I-Shot yenziwa ngamagosa amane e-belgia. Ukubulawa kwenzeka phakathi kwe-21: 40 neye-21: 43. Ukusuka kwimizimba kamva yagqiba kwelokuba isuswe-izidumbu zaphazamiseka, zavalwa kwaye zanyibilika kwi-acid i-acid, kunye nedayisi yokugaya kwaye iphoswe.
Isiqinisekiso saseburhulumenteni sokufa kukaLumumba asifumananga veki zi-3, ngaphandle kwamarhe. Kwaye kuphela nge-13 kaFebruwari, urediyo wavakalisa ukuba u-lumumba wabulawa ngabahlali benye yemizana yeKatanga kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokubaleka entolongweni.
Emva kokubhengeza ukubulawa kwe-LUUMUMBA, kwaqhutywa ngamazwe aseYurophu, naseNew York, umboniso weBhunga leKhuseleni leNkqwirha ye-UN ukhwazile kwi-norut engaphantsi. Emehlweni ehlabathi lonke, iChcombe ivele i-humain, ne-lumumba - umfeli-nkolo.
Emva koko, ukuhlonitshwa kweLummbamba, izitrato zabizelwa kwizixeko zaseYurophu nakwizixeko zaseRashiya, eUkraine, i-Indonesia, i-Tunisia, njl.njl. Ngo-1961, i-Tunisia, njl.njl. Ngo-1961, kude kube ngo-1992 , IYunivesithi yoBuhlobo kwabantu eMoscow balinxiba igama leLumumba.