Biography
UCharles Robert darwin - I-Medist, iMbuso Ithiyori kwimvelaphi yokuphila emhlabeni ukusuka kuMhlambi oPhilayo, ngendalo nganye. Umbhali wencwadi ethi "Imvelaphi yeNdidi", ithiyori kwimvelaphi yomntu, ingcinga yokhetho lwendalo nezesondo, ukufundiswa kwesondo, intetho yophando ", iinkolelo zoonobangela.
UCharles Darwin wazalwa ngoFebruwari 12, 1809 kwidolophu yeShropshire (eNgilani) kwilifa lendlu kaDarwwin, eShrewsbury. URobert Darwin, utata wenkwenkwe, ugqirha kunye nemali yemali, unyana kanzululwazi i-Erasmus Darwin. Umama uSusann Darwin, eMaiden - Wabwood, intombi yomculi uJozayia wakwaJowood. Abantwana abathandathu bakhula kwintsapho yaseDarwin. Intsapho yatyelela icawe yaseburhulumenteni, kodwa umama kaCharles ngaphambi komtshato ngumbhali wecawa yase-Anglican.
Ngo-1817, uCharles wanikwa isikolo. UDarwin oneminyaka esibhozo ubudala wadibana nesayensi yendalo kwaye wenza amanyathelo okuqala ngokuqokelela. Ngehlobo le-1817, umama wenkwenkwe wasweleka. Utata wanika oonyana bakaCharles kunye ne-Erasmus ngonyaka we-1818 kwigumbi lokubhoda phantsi kweCawa yase-Anglican - isikolo seShribury.
UCharles akaphumelelanga kufundo. Iilwimi ezinzima kunye noncwadi zanikwa. Eyona nto iphambili kwinkwenkwe iqokelela ingqokelela kunye nokuzingela. Isimilo sikatata nootitshala asizange sinyanzele uChars ukuba athabathe iingqondo, kwaye ekugqibeleni amqhubela. Emva kwexesha, uDarwin oselula wabonakala enye inkanuko - ikhemistri, apho iDarwin iphinde yalungisa intloko yendawo yokuzivocavoca. I-Gymnasium Charles Darwin igqitywe kude neziphumo ezibukhali.
Emva kokuphumelela kwi-Gymnasium ngo-1825, uCharles, kunye nomntakwabo, wangena kwiDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh, kwicandelo lezamayeza. Ngaphambi kokuba ungene kuloo ndoda isebenza njengomncedisi kubugqirha bezonyango.
KwiDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh, Darwin yabamba iminyaka emibini. Ngeli xesha, isayensi sexesha elizayo siye saqonda ukuba amayeza awabinazo. Umfundi uyekile ukuya kwintetho kwaye wathwala ukwenziwa kwezilwanyana ezifakelweyo. UCharles utitshala kulo mbandela yayilikhoboka likaJohn Edmonitye, ababetyelele uhambo lwaseAranzon kwiqela le-natomor ye-Natorton.
Ukufunyanwa kokuqala kweDarwin eyenziweyo kwindawo ye-anatomy ye-marine engasentla. Isebenza inzululwazi yobutsha engeniswe ngoMatshi 1827 kwintlanganiso ye-pliniyevysky yoluntu, ilungu elalisusela ngo-1826. Kwilizwe elinye, uDarwin omncinci wadibana nabantu abathandabuzayo. Ngelo xesha, wasebenza njengomncedisi kwi-Robert Edmond. Ivakala ikhosi yembali yendalo kaRobert Jameson, apho wafumana ulwazi olusisiseko kwi-geology, basebenza ngengqokelela enomyuziyam weyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh.
Iindaba malunga nezifundo ezihlelwe zoNyana azizange zikhokele uDarwin -Emer olwenzileyo. Ndaye ndafumanisa ukuba andinakuba ngugqirha nguCharles, uRobert Darwin wanyanzelisa ukufika konyana kwiKholeji ka-Kristu cambbridge. Nangona iindwendwe ze-plntiyevsky iqaqambile i-proud veru Darwin kwimfundiso yecawa, wayengayichasezi ukuthanda kukaBawo, kwaye ngo-1828 wanyamezela uviwo lokungena eCambridge eCambridge.
Ukufundisisa eCambridge akubangachukunyiswa kakhulu nguDarwin. Ixesha lomfundi lixakekile ukuzingela kunye nehashe. Inkanuko entsha ivele - i-Entomology. UCharles wangena kwisangqa sabaqokeleli abangafanelekanga. Inzululwazi yexesha elizayo yenza abahlobo nabahlobo uProfes Cabridge uJohn Stevens Genslola, owamvumela umfundi emhlabeni welizwe elimangalisayo le-botany. I-genns yazisa iDarwin kunye namanqaku endalo akhokelela kwilo xesha.
Ngendlela yeemviwo zokugqibela, uDarwin waqalisa ukunyanzela izinto eziphosakeleyo kwizifundo eziphambili. Uthathe indawo ye-10 kwiziphumo zeziphumo zovavanyo lokukhutshwa.
Iindlela zokuhamba
Emva kokuphumelela ngo-1831, uCharles Darwin wahlala eCambridge kangangexesha elithile. Wazinikela ixesha lokufunda kwemisebenzi nguWilliam Paley "kwi-Theology yeNdalo" kunye ne-Alexander Von Hoboldt ("Yobuqu"). Ezi ncwadi zizise iDarwin kwimbono yokuhamba kwi-tropiki yokufunda iiSayensi zeNdalo. Ukuphunyezwa kombono wokuhamba, uCharles waphumelela ikhosi yeJokragy Sedgevik, emva koko wayishiya i-Poill ukuya emantla mpu.
Ukufika kwabo eWales Darwin, bendilinde ileta kaNjingalwazi Gensall ngengcebiso yomphathi wenqanawa yesiNgesi ye-English Royal Fobert Fitzroy. Inqanawa ngelo xesha yaqhubeka nohambo lokuya eMzantsi Melika, kwaye Darwin inokuthatha indawo yendalo kwiqela. Kuyinyani, isikhundla asihlawulwanga. Utata kaCharles wayechasa uhambo, kwaye kuphela igama elithi "le" Malume Murles, Jozoya Muzwood II, ugcine imeko. Indalo yolutsha yaya kuhambo lwehlabathi.
Uhambo lwaqala ngo-1831, lwaphela ngo-Okthobha 2, 1836. Iqela labasebenzi be "Beagle" lakhokelela umsebenzi kwi-Churtographic Subers. I-Darwin ngelo xesha yayizibandakanya kwibhanki yokuqokelelwa kweemfanekiselo zengqokelela yeMbali yeNdalo kunye neJokragy. Wakhokela ingxelo epheleleyo malunga nokuqwalaselwa kwakhe. Kwimeko nganye efanelekileyo, inzululwazi ithumele ikopi yeerekhodi kwiCambridge. Ngexesha lohambo, iDarwin yaqokelela ingqokelela yeZilwanyana, indawo enkulu eyabiwa yi-inverter cheetery. Ichaze ubume bejografi yenani lezinto ezininzi.
Kufuphi neziqithi zeGreen Cape Darwin yenza ukuba kufunyanwe impembelelo yethutyana yokutshintsha kwendalo esetyenziswa nguye ngokubhala kwi-geology kwixesha elizayo.
EPatagonia, wafumanisa ukuba i-waritit ihleli ye-megatarium yakudala. Ubukho ecaleni kwakhe kwi-molluds ye-mollusks yanamhlanje iyangqina ukunyamalala kwezinto. Ukufunyanwa kwabangela umdla kwizami zesayensi zaseNgilani.
Ukufundwa kwenxalenye yePati yePatatiya yePatagonia, evula imihlaba yakudala yomhlaba, ekhokelwa nguDarwin ukuya kwisigqibo malunga nokungathembeki kwi-liileel "kwisidima kunye nokunyamalala kunye nokunyamalala.
Kunxweme lwaseChile, iqela elithi "Beagle" lafumana inyikima. UCharles wabona umhlaba ophawula ngaphezu kwenqanaba lolwandle. EAndes, wafumana iqokobhe le-marine engasentla, ekhokelele isayensi yokuqagela malunga nokuvela kwesenzi kunye nee-atoll ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-tectonic yomhlaba.
Kwimimandla yaseGalapagos, uDarwin waphawula umahluko phakathi kweentlobo zezilwanyana zasekhaya ezivela kwizalamane kunye nabameli beziqithi eziselumelwaneni. Into yokufunda yayiziiturds ze-galapagos kunye neentaka ezihlekisayo.
E-Australia, babona izilwanyana ezithe cwaka kwaye zenziwe zaza zaza zaza zahluka kwilungu lezilwanyana zamanye amazwe acinga ngomnye "uMdali".
Ngeqela le "Beagle", uCharles Darwin watyelela i-Coconut Islands, eGreen Cape, isiqithi saseTenerife, eBrazil, iArgentina, kwi-Uruguay, kumhlaba ovuthayo. Ngokweziphumo zolwazi oluqokelelweyo, inzululwazi yesayensi iye yadalela imisebenzi yedayari yendalo (1839), "iZoology kwinqanawa yeBeagle (1840)," ukwakha kunye nokusasazwa kweekorale "(1842). Ndichaze i-phenomeno yendalo enomdla - ipenitenthenes (i-crystals ekhethekileyo yomkhenkce kwi-ice grecier).
Emva kokubuya kohambo, uDarwin waqalisa ukuqokelela iziqinisekiso zethiyori yazo malunga notshintsho kwiintlobo. Ukuphila ngendlela enzulu yonqulo, inzululwazi iqonda ukuba ithiyori yakhe inyanzela i-timemas eyamkelweyo yomyalelo wehlabathi okhoyo emhlabeni. Wayekholelwe kuThixo, njengasesona sininzi siphezulu, kodwa waphoxeka ngokupheleleyo kubuKristu. Ukumka kwakhe kokugqibela kwicawa kwenzeka emva kokusweleka kwentombi ka-Ann ngonyaka ka-1851. UDarwin akazange ayeke ukunceda ibandla kwaye anike inkxaso kumarhamente, kodwa ngexesha lokutyelela usapho lwenkonzo yecawa uye wahamba. Darwin wazibiza ngokuba ngumntu ongathandekiyo.
Ngo-1838, uCharles Darwin waba nguNobhala weLondon Geological. Esi sithuba sihlala kude kube ngu-1841.
Imfundiso ye-dem
Ngo-1837, uCharles Darwin waqala ukugcina idayari, eyahlula-hlula iintlobo zezityalo kunye nohlobo lwasekhaya. Waxoka iingcinga zakhe ngokhetho lwendalo. Amanqaku okuqala malunga nemvelaphi yeentlobo ezivela ngo-1842.
"Imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo" yikhonkco lempikiswano eqinisekisa imfundiso yendaleko. Eyona nto iphambili yokuzilolonga kukuphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwezinto zezilwanyana ngokukhethwa kwendalo. Imigaqo ebekiweyo kulo msebenzi wafumana igama "Darwinism" kuluntu lwezenzululwazi.
Ngo-1856, ulungiselelo lwenguqulelo eyandisiweyo yencwadi yaqala. Ngo-1859, ukukhanya kwabona izihlandlo ezili-1250 zabasebenzi "imvelaphi yezinto ezifunwayo zendalo, okanye ukugcinwa kweendlela zokukhetha ngokwemvelo kumzabalazo wobomi." Incwadi yadityaniswa ngeentsuku ezimbini. Ngexesha lobomi bukaDarwin, le ncwadi yaphuma eDatshi, isiRashiya, isiTaliyane, saseSweden, saseDanish, iilwimi zaseShidi yaseShidian. IMisebenzi yeDarwin iyabhalwa kwaye ithandwa ngoku. Ithiyori yenzululwazi yendalo isasebenza kwaye sisiseko semithi yemisebenzi yendaleko.
Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo weDarwin yimvelaphi yomntu kunye nokukhetha ngokwesondo. " Kuyo, isazinzulu siphuhlise ithiyori yekhokhongqa ewonke ngokupheleleyo emntwini nakwinkawu yangoku. Inzululwazi yenze uhlalutyo lwe-Aatomical The Theratomical, i-Vimborigy yeDatha, kwisiseko esibonisa ukufana komntu kunye nenkawu (inkawu yemoni ye-Anthropogenesis).
Encwadini "kwimbonakaliso yeemvakalelo emntwini nakwizilwanyana, iDarwin yamchaza umntu njengenxalenye yekhonkco lendaleko. Umntu ofana nento ephilayo yaphuhliswa kwifom yesilwanyana esezantsi.
Ubomi Buqu
UCharles Darwin utshatile ngo-1839. Kwakunzulu ngomtshato. Ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo, ndabhala kwiphepha lamaphepha onke "ngo" "kwaye" nxamnye ". Emva kwesigwebo, "tshata-utshatele-utshatele" ngoNovemba 11, 1838 wenze isicelo ngu-Cousin Emme Vajwood. I-Emma yintombi kaJosai i-Interwood II, uMalume Carles, olilungu lePalamente kunye nomninimzi we-porcelain. Ngexesha lomtshato, umtshakazi waqala iminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Kude kube uCharles Emma walahla izandla kunye nentliziyo. Le ntombazana yakhokelela kwimbalelwano neDarwin kwiminyaka yokuhamba eMzantsi Merika. I-Emma - intombazana yafundiswa. Ubhale iNtshumayelo yesikolo esemaphandleni, efundele umculo eParis ovela kwiFrederick Chopin.
Umtshato wenzeka nge-29 kaJanuwari. Umtshato kwiCawa yase-Anglican wayephethe umtshakazi womntakwabo nomyeni kaJohn Allen Allen Perchalwood. Ukutshata okutsha kwi-London. NgoSeptemba 17, 1842, usapho lwafudukela kwidolophu yaseKent.
U-Emma noCharles bazalwa abantwana abalishumi. Abantwana bafikelela kwisikhundla esiphakamileyo eluntwini. Oonyana baseGeorge, uFrancis kunye ne-horace yayingamalungu eRoyal Royal Royal Social Social.
Abathathu bafa. UDarwin waqhagamshela ubuhlungu babantwana abanoqhaqho olunxulumene nomnye kunye no-EMMA
Ukufa
UCharles Darwin wasweleka eneminyaka engama-73, ngo-Epreli 19, 1882. Ingcwatywe eWestminster Abbey.
Emva kokusweleka komyeni wakhe, uEmma wathenga indlu eCambridge. UFrancis kunye noonyana bakaHorace wakhiwe ekhaya kufutshane. ECambridge, umhlolokazi wayehlala ebusika. Ehlotyeni wafudukela kwipropathi yosapho eKent. Ubhubhile ngo-Oktobha 7, 1896. Wangcwatyelwa phantsi, ecaleni komzalwana uDarwin - Erasmus.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- UCharles Darwin wazalwa ngemini enye kunye no-Abraham Lincoln.
- Kwifoto, iDarwin ijongeka ngathi yingonyama.
- Imvelaphi yeentlobo zezinto ezibizwe kuphela kwi-akhawunti yesithandathu.
- UDarwin waqonda iintlobo ezintsha zezilwanyana kwaye ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-gastronomic: Uzamile ukungcamla izitya ezivela kwi-Armadriors, inciniba, uAguti, eUGUA, i-Iguan.
- Ukuzukisa inzululwazi, zazininzi iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga.
- UDarwin akazange alahle iinkolelo zakhe: kude kube sekupheleni kweentsuku, ukuhlala kwintsapho yenkolo enzulu, wayenxulumene nenkolo yokuthandabuza.
- Uhambo "iinyosi" zolule endaweni yeminyaka emibini.