Biography
"UMPENDULO WOLUNTU" wabizwa ngokuba ngurhulumente we-biologi yebhayoloji yeFrance kunye ne-chemist louis pasteur. Igalelo lenzululwazi yesiFrentshi kunzima ukuyibeka kakhulu, kuba wangqina isiseko se-rolobiologicalulo yenkqubo ye-Sermerication kunye nokuvela kwezifo ezininzi, ukusungulwa kwendlela yokulwa i-microorganic microrganic-passworization. Ngaphambi kokuba namhlanje, ukuvulwa komsunguli we-igonology kunye nemicrobiolog kusisindisa ubomi bezigidi zabantu.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ingcali ye-microbiogist yazalwe kwiSixeko saseDoyle (iFrance) nge-18 ka-1822. Utata Louis, uJean Pasteur, waqatshelwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe zaseNapolenic, kwaye kamva wavula i " Intloko yentsapho yayingafundanga, kodwa uNyana wafuna ukunika imfundo elungileyo.
U-Louis uphumelele esikolweni, emva koko ngenkxaso kayise waqalisa ukufunda ekholejini. Inkwenkwe yahlulahlulwe ngokukhuthala okumangalisayo kunaye wabethwa ngootitshala. I-pasters yayikholelwa ukuba xa ufunda unyamezelo kunye nembalelwano kunye ne-SISCSTATES ebonisa ukuba impumelelo kunye nomnqweno wokufunda.
Emva kokugqitywa kweKholeji yeLouis, uLouis wafudukela eParis ukuze abhalise kwiSikolo esiqhelekileyo esiqhelekileyo. Ngo-1843, umntu onetalente woyisa ngokulula iimviwo zokungena kwaye kwiminyaka emine kamva wafumana idiploma yeziko lemfundo eliqinisekileyo.
Kwi-parallel poster ihlawule ixesha elininzi lokupeyinta kwaye iphumelele iziphumo eziphezulu. Umculi oselula ufake ivili njengemifanekiso enkulu ye-Xix. Kwiminyaka eli-15, uLouis wabhala iiMiboniso zoMama, oodade kunye nabahlobo abaninzi. Ngo-1840, ooPasteur bade bafumana inqanaba le-bachelor yobugcisa.
Ibhayoloji
Ngaphandle kokungaguquki kweetalente, i-louis pasters yenza ngathi zibandakanyeke ngokukhethekileyo yisayensi. Kwiminyaka engama-26, inzululwazi yaba ngunjingalwazi wefiziksi ngenxa yokufunyanwa kwesakhiwo sekristali ye-tharithi ye wayini. Nangona kunjalo, ukufundisisa ngezinto eziphilayo, uLouis waqonda ukuba ukubiza kwakhe ubuxoki kuphando, kodwa i-biology kunye chemistry.
U-Pasteur wasebenza kangangexesha elithile kwi-Dijnian Lyceum, kodwa ngo-1848 waya kwiDyunivesithi yaseStrasbourg. Kumsebenzi omtsha, i-biologist yaqalisa ukufunda iinkqubo zokubila, emva koko kwazisa umntu odumileyo.
Ngo-1854, isayensi sibambe isithuba seDean kwiDyunivesithi yaseLille (yeCandelo leSayensi yeNdalo), kodwa alilibazise ixesha elide. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-Louis Paster iya eParis ukuba isebenze kwi-alma mater-eyona Sikolo siPhezulu njengesiqhelo njengomphathi wezemfundo. Kwindawo entsha, ukuba poster bachitha uhlengahlengiso olunempumelelo, bebonisa ubuchule obukhulu bezolawulo. Wazisa ngenkqubo enzima yoviwo, eyandisa inqanaba lolwazi lwabafundi kunye neliko leziko lemfundo.
Ngokuhambelana, i-microbiologist iqhubekile nokuphonononga ii-acid ze wayini. Emva kokuvavanya i-roscope, i-louis poster ityhile ukuba inkqubo yengozi ayisosimo semichiza, njengoko uJustis wathetha imvelaphi ye-Lubih. Inzululwazi yafumanisa ukuba le nkqubo inxulunyaniswa nobomi kunye nezinto ezenziwayo ze-fungu, ukondla kunye nokuzala kulwelo lwe-wid.
Ngexesha le-1860-1862, i-microbiologist yagxila kuphononongo lwethiyori yokuziqeqeshelwa ukufuduswa kwe-microorganisms, abaphandi abaninzi abalandele ngelo xesha. Kule nto, ukuba machise bathathe ubunzima besondlo, wakrokrela kubushushu apho i-microorganisms iyafa, emva koko yabekwa kwi-flask ekhethekileyo ngentamo yeSwan.
Ngenxa yoko, nokuba le nqanawa ingakanani i-stargegent ubunzima bomoya iya kuba emoyeni, ubomi bexeshana abuzalwanga, kuba amabala entshontsho ahlala emagodini entamo ende. Ukuba intamo ikhutshiwe ukuba ikhuphe imitya yendawo engamanzi, emva koko i-microorganisosms yaqalisa ukuphindaphinda kungekudala. Ngenxa yoko, isayensi yesiFrentshi sayilahla ithiyori eyomeleleyo kwaye yangqina ukuba iintsholongwane azinakuzikhulula kwaye ixesha ngalinye liziswa ngaphandle. Ngale nto, i-French Academy yeSayensi yeSayensi enikezelweyo nge-1862 iprimiyamu ekhethekileyo.
Ukutyhilwa
I-uqhawulelwe kwizazinzulu zophando zenzululwazi inegalelo kwimfuno yokusombulula umsebenzi owenziwayo. Ngo-1864, abantu abasebenzisa iwayini bafaka isicelo sokuncamathela ngesicelo sokunceda abantu bomonakalo. Emva kokufunda ukwakhiwa kwesiselo, i-microbiogist ifumanise ukuba yayingeyiyo kuphela fungi, kodwa nezinye ii-microorganisms ezikhokelela kwi-spoilage yemveliso. Emva koko isayensi sicinga malunga nendlela yokususa le ngxaki. Umphandi waphakamisa ukufudumeza i-Word ukuya kwi-60 degrees, emva kwe-microorganisms.
Le ndlela icetyiswe ngu-Paschaur yaqala ukusetyenziswa ekwenzeni ibhiya kunye newayini, kunye namanye amacandelo omzi-mveliso wokutya. Namhlanje, ukuvunywa kwamkelwe kubizwa ngokuba kukungafakwanga, ngegama lemibuzo.
Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zaziswa ngusosayensi weFransi, kodwa intlekele engazange ivume ukubambelela kuye ngokuthe cwaka kwimpumelelo yakhe. Abantwana abathathu be-microbiogist basweleke nge-tyhus yesisu. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yeminyhadala ebuhlungu, izazinzulu zathatha ukufundwa kwezifo ezosulelayo.
Ugonyo
I-Louis Pluster iphononongwe amanxeba, izilonda kunye nezilonda, ngenxa yoko kutyhila inani lezinto ezininzi zosulelo (umzekelo, i-stptococcus). Kwakhona, i-microbiogist yafunda i-cholesere yenkukhu kwaye yazama ukufumana inkcaso kwesi sifo. Esi sigqibo safika kuNjingalwazi odumileyo ngamathuba.
Inzululwazi ishiye inkcubeko kunye ne-cholera microbes kwi-thermostat kwaye ulibale ngabo. Xa intsholongwane eyomileyo yayiphethe iinkukhu, iintaka azizange zife, kodwa zafudukela kwifomu elungiselelwe. Emva koko uPasteur waphinda wasulele iinkukhu ezinenkcubeko entsha yentsholongwane, kodwa iintaka zangenzakala. Ngokusekwe kolu vavanyo, inzululwazi yafumanisa indlela yokuphepha izifo ezininzi: Kuyimfuneko ukwazisa i-robgenic ye-pitogenic emzimbeni.
Ke kukho ugonyo (ukusuka kwi-Lat. Ukugoduka - "inkomo"). Eli gama lisithiwa elisetyenzisiweyo kwimbeko yesayensi yesayensi edumileyo. Eleloku lalifunwa likuthintele ukugula kwabantu abanebala lezinto, ngenxa yoko, ugqobhoza igazi leenkomo ezonakaliseka ngaphandle kobume bomntu.
Uvavanyo lweenkukhu lwanceda ugqirha we-microbiologist ukwenza isitofu sokugonya ukulwa ii-ilces ze-eribea. Ukusetyenziswa okulandelayo kwavunyelwa urhulumente waseFrance ukugcina imali enkulu. Ukongeza, ifunyenwe ifunyenwe kubulungu bommisi kwi-Academy yeSayensi kunye nePensint Reldy.
Ngo-1881, ukubamba i-paster wabona ukusweleka kwentombazana ekulubekeni kwenja ehlanya. Phantsi kwembono yentlekele, inzululwazi yagqiba kwelokuba yenze iyeza lesifo esibulalayo. Kodwa i-microbiogist ifumanise ukuba intsholongwane intsholongwane yayikho kuphela kwiiseli zengqondo kuphela. Kwakukho ingxaki yokufumana indlela ebuthathaka yentsholongwane.
Iintsuku zesayensi azizange zishiye ilabhoratri kwaye zenziwe iimvavanyo kwimivundla. I-microbiogist iqale izilwanyana ezosulelekileyo ezinamarabi, emva koko ingqondo ikhutshiwe. Kwangelo xesha, ukubamba ingozi yokufa, ukuqokelela imivundla emlonyeni. Nangona kunjalo, isayensi enetalente ikwazi ukukhupha isitofu sokugonya ukusuka kumarabi osuka kwingqondo eyomileyo yoMvundla. Uninzi luqinisekile ukuba le nto ifunyenwe yeyona mpumelelo iphambili ye-microbiogist engekahlawulwa.
Ixesha elithile leLouis Pasters alizange lisebenzise isitofu sokugonya ebantwini. Kodwa ngo-1885, umama woo Gosef Maistera oneminyaka eli-9 weza kuye, lowo inja edyosiweyo yalunywa. Umntwana wayengenalo ithuba lokuhlala ephila, ngoko ke umnyango walithuba lokugqibela kuye. Ngenxa yoko, inkwenkwe yasinda, nto leyo eyatyhila ukusebenza kokuvulwa kwe-pasteur. Emva kwexesha elincinci, ngoncedo logonyo, abantu abayi-16 bakhawuleza ukuba basindiswe. Emva koko, ugonyo lwalusoloko lusetyenziswa ngokulwa i-rabies.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1848, i-Louis Paster yaqalisa ukusebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseStrasbourg. Kungekudala, kwamenyelwa intshayelelo encinci ukuba ityelele umntu ohlawula uLauren, apho wadibana khona nentombi yomphathi we-Ardu - uMarie. Emva kweveki, i-microbiogist ye-microbiogist yabhala ileta eya kwi-Redtor, apho wabuza izandla zentombazana. Nangona uLouis enxibelelana noMarie kube kanye, wayengathandabuzi ukuchaneka kokhetho.
Utata wabanyulwa bakhe, ngenxa yokunyaniseka ukuba wayenentliziyo elungileyo kunye nempilo entle. Njengoko kunokugwetywa kwifoto yesayensi, le ndoda yayingafani ngobuhle, i-louis yayingenabutyebi okanye ubuchwephesha obuhle.
Kodwa uMgcini wawukholelwa kwi-biologist yaseFransi kwaye wanika imvume yakhe. Ulutsha lwatshata ngoMeyi 29, 1849. Emva koko, iqabane lahlala kunye iminyaka engama-46. UMarie waqala ngendoda yakhe hayi nje inkosikazi yakhe, kodwa umncedisi wokuqala kunye nenkxaso ethembekileyo. Isibini sinabantwana abahlanu, abathathu kubo babulawa sisifo esiswini.
Ukufa
U-Louis Pasteur wasinda kwiStroke nge-45, emva koko wakhubaza. Inzululwazi ayishukumi isandla nomlenze, kodwa le ndoda yaqhubeka isebenza nzima. Ukongeza, i-microbiogist yayiyingozi ngexesha lovavanyo, elinyanzela usapho ukuba luzikhathaze ngobomi bakhe.
Inzululwazi enkulu yafa ngoSeptemba 28, 1895 ukusuka kwiingxaki emva kokubetha. Ngelo xesha, uLouis Passia wayeneminyaka engama-72. Okokuqala, iintsalela ze-microbiogist zaziphumle kwi-Noreda Dame Dea Paris, emva koko zafudukela kwiZiko le-passaur.
Ebomini, inzululwazi yafumana amabhaso aphuma phantse kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi (phantse ii-odolo ezingama-200). Ngo-1892, urhulumente waseFransi wazisa imbasa ngeminyaka engama-70 yesikhumbuzo se-microbiologist enesiginitsha 'yomxhasi woluntu. " Ngo-1961, ukuhlonipha i-pasteur, i-crater kwinyanga yathiywa igama, kwaye ngo-1995, kwakhululwa iBelgium ngomfanekiso wesayensi.
Kule mihla, igama le-microbiogist ebalaseleyo inxiba ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini ama-2 amawaka kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi: i-USA, i-Argentina, i-Iraine, i-Iradia, njl. Kwi-St. Petersburg (iRussia), iZiko loPhando lwe-Epidemiology kunye ne-microbiot yabo. Pasteur.
I-Bibliography
- Louis Pasteur. I-ETDEs Sund Le vin. -1866.
- Louis Pasteur. I-etades suinaigre. -1868.
- Louis Pasteur. I-etha i-sub i-surli la maladie des de à ye àoe (2 imiqulu). -1870.
- Louis Pasteur. I-quelques réflexions suaxanes en france. -1871.
- Louis Pasteur. I-etdees suière. -1976.
- Louis Pasteur. I-les microbes ye-worldés, lehum rôle disals la -1878.
- Louis Pasteur. I-Chormar de Récept de m.l. Pasteur À L'Académie Française. -1882.
- Louis Pasteur. I-Traeitement de lang. -1886.