Biography
Ivan Pavlov yinzululwazi edumileyo yaseRussia, imisebenzi yayo ixatyiswa kakhulu nezamkelwa luluntu lwehlabathi lezenzululwazi. Inzululwazi ingumnikazi obalulekileyo kwicandelo le-physiology kunye nengqondo. I-Pavlov nguMdali weSayensi kumsebenzi onamandla omntu.
U-Ivan Petrovich wazalwa ngonyaka ka-1849, ngoSeptemba 26, eRyazan. Yayingumntwana wokuqala kwaba bazalwa kwintsapho yePavlov. Umama Vadvara Ivanovna (i-maiden friemetion) wakhuliswa kwintsapho yabefundisi. Ngaphambi kokuba umtshato ube yintombazana eyomeleleyo, echwayitileyo. Izipho ezalandela abanye ziye zichaphazele kakubi impilo yabasetyhini. Azange kwenzeke, kodwa indalo yawanika ingqondo yakhe, isebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza nzima.
Umama omncinci wazisa ngokuchanekileyo, ekhutshiwe kumgangatho, ngenxa yexesha elizayo abaye bazimisela kakuhle. UPeter Dmirievich, utata ivan, yayingumfundisi wenyani kwaye ozimeleyo ovela kumvelaphi efihlakeleyo, imigaqo yenkonzo ekufikeni. Ndandihlala ndingena kwiingxabano ngobunkokeli, ubomi obuthandayo, khange baphembelele nto, bendiyikhathalela umyezo negadi.
Ubungangamsha kunye nenzondelelo yokutshutshiswa kukaPeter Dmirievich, ekuhambeni kwexesha abenziwe kuye inyama yetempile eRyazan. Utata wayeya kuIvan umzekelo wokunyamezela ekufezekiseni iinjongo kunye nomnqweno wokugqibelela. Wamhlonela uYise waphulaphula umbono wakhe. Kwimfundiso yabazali ngo-1860, lo mntu ungena kwisikolo sokomoya kwaye ikhondo lokuqala lesemina liqhutywa.
Ebuntwaneni, uIvan kunqabile ukuba ndigule, ndikhule inkwenkwe echwayitile kwaye idlalwa nabantwana kwaye incede abazali yifama. Utata nonina batsala abantwana ukuba basebenze, balondoloze i-odolo endlini, babone ukuchaneka. Bosebenza kakhulu, bafuna abantwana. U-Ivan kunye nabazalwana noodade abaselula babenxiba amanzi, bathula iinkuni, baphangiswa, yazaliseka eminye yemicimbi yekhaya.
Ukubhala inkwenkwe yaqeqeshwa ukusuka kwiminyaka esibhozo, kodwa waya esikolweni nge-11. Isizathu sesi sityholo esiqinileyo ngexesha lokuwa kwizitepsi. Inkwenkwe ifudukele inkanuko, ukulala, waqala ukunciphisa umzimba kunye nomphambukeli. Unyango lwasekhaya aluzange luncede. Isilungiso saya emva koko xa umntwana ediniwe sisifo sasiwa kwimonki yoTelity. Umgcini wakhe waba yimeko yomgcini kaThixo endlwini kwi-pavloay igume.
Ezempilo kunye nobume bezempilo bakwazile ukubuya, ngenxa yokuzilolonga kwe-guynastic, ukutya okufanelekileyo kunye nomoya ococekileyo. UWeumes wafundiswa, funda waphila ubomi bokuzithanda. Incwadi eyanikelwa ngumgcini, uIvan wafunda kwaye wayesazi ngentliziyo. YayinguTomik Basen Krylov, kamva yaba yincwadi yakhe.
Isemina
Isigqibo sokwamkelwa kwisemina yokomoya ngo-1864 sathatyathwa nguIvan phantsi kwempembelelo yomcebisi kunye nabazali. Apha ufunda iiSayensi zeNdalo kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla. Ithatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, uhlala eyimpazamo enkulu, elwa ngomsindo kunye neqela elichasayo, efaka nayiphi na ingxoxo yomchasi. Kwisemina, u-Ivan uba ngowona mfundi ubalaseleyo kwaye wongeza ekuthandeni ukufundisa.
Uqhelene nemisebenzi yabacinga abaninzi baseRussia, bangena ngomnqweno wabo wokulwa nenkululeko kunye nobomi obungcono. Ixesha elingaphezulu, ukhetho lwayo lujolise kwiSayensi yeNdalo. Kule meko, ukuqhelana ne-monograph i. M. SecheNov "Ingqondo" idlale indima enkulu. Kuza kuqonda ukuba umsebenzi womfundisi awunamdla kuye. Iqala ukutyhila izinto eziyimfuneko zokwamkelwa kwiDyunivesithi.
I-physiology
Ngo-1870 uPavlov wafudukela eSt. Petersburg. Ngena iyunivesithi, ifundwe kakuhle, kuqala ngaphandle kokufunda, kuba kwakufuneka aguqulele kwi-qualtus ukuya kwenye. Emva kwexesha, umfundi ophumeleleyo uzukiswa yi-Amperial Scholarship. I-Windology inkanuko yayo ephambili, kwaye ukusuka kwikhondo lesithathu - eyona nto iphambili. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yenzululwazi kunye novavanyo i. F. Tsion, umfana ekugqibeleni uzimisele ngokhetho kwaye uzinikele kwisayensi.
Ngo-1873, uPavlov uqalisa umsebenzi wokuphazamisa amasele akhanyayo. Ngokusebenzisana nomnye wabafundi, phantsi kobunkokeli bukaI. F. Tsion ubhala umsebenzi wesayensi malunga nokuba iintlungu ze-Lrynx zichaphazela njani ukujikeleza kwegazi. Kungekudala, kunye nomfundi, uM. M. I-Aanasweswehlo zifunda i-pancreas. Imbasa yegolide inikezelwa kumsebenzi wophando.
Umfundi weziko lezoMfundo uPavlov uqhubekele unyaka kamva, ngo-1875, njengoko uhlala khona. Kuthatha ixesha elininzi kunye namandla omsebenzi wophando, ngoko ke iimviwo zokugqibela azigxekayo. Ekupheleni kweZiko leMfundo, iVan lineminyaka engama-26 kuphela ubudala, ligcwele ngamabhongo, kukho amathemba amahle.
Ukususela ngo-1876, i-PAVLOVs Assance Arsessor K. N. I-USTIMOvich kwiZiko lezoNyango kunye ne-suvical Academy kunye nezifundo ezifanayo zomoya. Imisebenzi yeli xesha ixatyiswa kakhulu nguS. P. Itkin. Unjingalwazi ucela umphandi oselula ukuba asebenze kwilabhoratri yakhe. Apha uPavlov ufunda amanqaku emnyama yegazi kunye nokugaya
Elabhoratri s. P. Ibhotile, i-Ivan Petrovich isebenze iminyaka eli-12. I-biography yenzululwazi yeli xesha iphinde yenziwa ngeziganeko kunye nezinto ezifumanekayo ezizisa uzuko lwehlabathi. Lixesha lokuba utshintsho.
Ukufezekisa oku kulula, umntu kwinguqu yangaphambi kweRussia kwakungekho lula. Emva kwemizamo engaphumelelanga, ikamva linika ithuba. Ngentwasahlobo ye-1890, iWarsaw kunye ne-Tomsk Iyunivesithi yonyula unjingalwazi. Kwaye ngo-1891, izazinzulu ziyamenywa kwiDyunivesithi yeyeza lokuvavanya ukucwangcisa kunye nokudala iSebe lemibutho.
Kude kube sekupheleni kobomi bukaPavlov bekhokela lo msebenzi. IYunivesithi iqhuba izifundo ze-physiclogy yeegusha zokugaya, apho ngo-1904 ufumana i-Nobel ibhaso, eliye laba yipremiyamu yokuqala yaseRussia kwicandelo lezamayeza.
Ukuza kwe-bolsheviks yayikukuba yintsikelelo. Imisebenzi yakhe iqinisekile v. I. Lenin. Kumasipala nawo bonke abasebenzi, ofanelekileyo, ukuba negalelo kumsebenzi weziqhamo, iimeko zadalwa. I-labhoratri phantsi kwamandla eSoviet iphuculwe kwiZiko leMidyasi. Idolophu-idolophu ephantsi kweLeningrad yavulwa kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-80 yesosayensi, imisebenzi yakhe yashicilelwa kwabavakalisi abagqibeleleyo.
Kumaziko, iiklinikhi zavulwa, zafunyanwa izixhobo zale mihla, abasebenzi bakwanda. UPavlov wafumana imali kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali kunye nexabiso elongezelelweyo ngeendleko, umbulelo onamava ngesimo sengqondo sesayensi nomntu wakhe.
Inja Pavlova
Inqaku leendlela ze-pavlov yayikukubona unxibelelwano phakathi kwempahla yomzimba kunye neenkqubo zengqondo. Sebenza kwiindlela zokugaya ukuba zibe sisiqalo sokuphuhliswa kwesikhokelo esitsha kwisayensi. Uphando kwicandelo le-physiology Pavlov luzibandakanya ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-35. Nguye okudalwa kweendlela zobugcisa ezibonakalayo.
Uvavanyo, olubizwa ngokuba "yinja Pavlova", yayikukuFunda isilwanyana esibonakalayo ekuvezweni ngaphandle. Ku-kuye, emva komqondiso, inja yeMetronome yakhutshwa ukutya. Emva kweeseshoni, inja yaqala ukuma ithe tyandla ngaphandle kokutya. Ke iSayensi izisa umxholo wokubonakalisa ukwenza isiseko samava.
Ngo-1923, inkcazo yokuqala yamava angamashumi amabini anancinci ubudala yapapashwa. KwiSayensi yeNzululwazi i-Pavlov, owona mnikelo ubalulekileyo kulwazi lwemisebenzi yengqondo yenziwe. Iziphumo zophando ezixhaswe ngurhulumente waseSoviet wajika wamangalisa.
Ubomi Buqu
Uthando lokuqala, uSeraphim wexesha elizayo uSeraphim Karchevskaya, umfana onetalente udibana ekupheleni kwamashumi asixhenxe. Ulutsha lungathethi ngezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye neenjongo. Ngo-1881, batshata. Iintombi ezimbini kunye noonyana abane bazalelwa kwindlu kaIvan naseSerafim.
Iminyaka yokuqala yobomi bosapho yayinzima: kwakungekho zindlu, zange kuqhozulwe imali eyimfuneko. Iziganeko ezimbi ezinxulumene nokufa komntwana olizibulo kunye nomntwana omnye ongaphantsi komfazi wakhe. Inkqonkqozwa ngaphandle kwegeji kwaye ikhokelele ekuphelelweni lithemba. Oongezelelweyo kwaye bathuthuzeleka, uSeraphim wazisa umyeni wakhe kubunzima obunzima.
Kwixa elizayo, ubomi besibini sesibini siphucule kwaye sasingaphazamisi kwinzululwazi incinci ukuba yenze umsebenzi. Oku kukhuthazwe yinkxaso engapheliyo yomfazi. Kwisaziso sesayensi, i-Ivan Petrovich yakonwabela intlonelo, kwaye ukuhambisa kwakhe kunye nenzondelelo yatsala abahlobo kuye.
Ukufa
Ngefoto ethathiweyo ngexesha lobomi bolwazi, umntu ochwayitileyo, onomtsalane onomtsalane wajonga kuthi. U-Ivan Petrovich wayenempilo enomdla. Olunye ngaphandle kubanda, ngamanye amaxesha kunye neengxaki ngendlela yokuvuvukala kwemiphunga.
Inyumonia kwaye yabangela ukusweleka kwenzululwazi eneminyaka engama-87 ubudala. UPavlov wasweleka nge-27 kaFebruwari ngo-1936, ingcwaba lakhe likwindawo yakhe ye-volkovsky.
I-Bibliography
- I-centrifidugal irvey yentliziyo. I-dissertation thesis kwinqanaba likagqirha wezamayeza.
- Iminyaka engamashumi amabini yamava kuphononongo lwezinto eziphezulu ze-nevar (indlela yokuziphatha) yezilwanyana.
- Izifundo zomsebenzi we-hemispheres enkulu yengqondo.
- I-Phyologlogy kunye ne-pathology yomsebenzi ophakamileyo we-nervous.
- Iingxelo zamva nje kwi-physiology kunye ne-pathology yomsebenzi omkhulu we-nervous.
- Ukuqokelelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemisebenzi.
- Amanqaku ngokujikeleza kwegazi.
- Amanqaku kwi-woftology yenkqubo ye-nervous.