Biography
UFernan Magllan wazalisekisa iphupha likaChristopher Columbus kwaye waba ngowokuqala owatyelela kwihlabathi liphela. I-Navigator yenze ifunyenwe ngokudibeneyo: Wanyanzelwa ukuba aqinisekile kwimimandla emitsha kwaye aqonde, kwaye aqononoke ukuba umhlaba ubhitekile.
Rhoqo yenzeka ukuba indawo kunye nexesha lokuzalwa kwabantu abaninzi ayaziwa. I-biography echanekileyo yaseFernan Magllan ayifikelelanga abantu ababephila abantu, ukuze ugwebe ubomi bombane kuphela ngokuqagela izazinzulu.
Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, uFernan wazalwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, ngo-1480. Kodwa malunga nomhla wokuzalwa, izazinzulu zintywile: Abanye bakholelwa ukuba esi siganeko senzeka nge-17 ka-Oktobha, ngelixa abanye beqinisekile ukuba i-navigator yexesha elizayo yazalwa ngoNovemba 20. Idolophu yaseMagallan ithathwa njengelali yaseSabrose, ekwiPortugal, okanye isixeko sezibuko kwilizwe elinye. Abazali bakaFernan bayaziwa ukwaziwa: bakweleklasi abahlwempuzekileyo, kodwa butyhilekile. Utata uRuri (Rodrigo) di Magline wakhonza iAlcald, kwaye wenza ntoni umama wabahambi base-Alda de Msquito (iMishkit), engaziwa.
Ukongeza kwiFernan kusapho kwakukho abantwana abane.
Xa umntu oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala wayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, wayengumkhonzi kwinkundla yeLeonora Axian, iqabane likaKing uKumkani uJookaa II ogqibeleleyo. Endaweni yeminyhadala yenkundla kunye nokubiyelwa komkhonzi ongafanelekanga, iiSayensi ezichazayo zazinomdla: Iphepha lidla ngokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi laza layifunda i-Astronomy, i-Cosmography kunye nokuhamba.
Kwinkonzo yephakheji yenkundla, i-navigator yexesha elizayo yahlala yaya kwiminyaka engama-24 ubudala.
Iindlela zokuhamba
Ngomhla we-1498, iPortugal yavula indlela yolwandle eya eIndiya, ke xa uFernin Magnan Magazine aneminyaka engama-25 ubudala, ukuba abahambi bexesha elizayo bashiya ivumba lenkonzo, emva koko baboyisa iMpuma phantsi kobunkokeli yeFrancischi dial almmeida.
Emva kokukhonza inqanawa yolwandle iminyaka emi-5, i-Magellan izama ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe, kodwa ngenxa yeemeko ezihlala eIndiya. Kwinkalipho ebonakalayo kunye nesibindi, uFernan ufumana isihloko segosa kunye nembeko phakathi komkhosi.
Ngo-1512, i-Magellan ibuyela ePortugal ukuya kwiLisbon. Ngaphandle kwenkalipho eboniswe ngexesha loyiso lweMpuma, kwilizwe lasekhaya leNavigator yadibana ngaphandle kwez.
Ngexesha lokucinezelwa kwe-Mornder eMorocco, iMagllan yenzakala emlenzeni, owenza uMgcini weNavigator ye-chrome yobomi, ngenxa yoko elinye igosa langaphambili lanyanzelwa ukuba lirhoxe.
Hamba emhlabeni wonke
Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, umhambi wafunda iiNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo zokumkani wasePortugal, apho iFernan kwaye ifumene imephu endala ye-martin bejhema. I-Navigator ifumana i-trit edibanisa uLwandle lweAtlantiki ngolwandle olungenanto. Imephu ye-geographir yaseJamani kwaye iphefumlelwe iFernan elunxwemeni.
Ngexesha lokwamkelwa, umlawuli u-Mlawuli ucela imvume yohambo lolwandle, kodwa ufumana ukwala ngenxa yokuba wenza isifo se-moroccal manugal manuel manuel manuel manuel manuel manuel manuel manuel manuel. Isizathu sokwaliwa yile nto yokuba ukumkani wathumela inqanawa eya eIndiya eIndiya eIndiya, ngenxa yoko andiziboni izibonelelo kwisivakalisi saseMapallan.
Kodwa uManuel unika ukuqonda iFernan, engazukubonisa ukungavisisani ukuba umhambi ushiya inkonzo yesiPhuthukezi. I-inshurensi ngumsindo obukhali kwaye umsindo wase-King Portugal Fernan uya kwilizwe elinelanga, eSpain, apho ithenga indlu kwaye iyaqhubeka nokusebenza kwimbono yolwandle kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngenkulungwane ye-15, kumazwe aseYurophu, amaxesha asezantsi kunye neziqholo zaxatyiswa njengegolide. EYurophu, iziqholo zazingazange zenziwa, kwaye ama-Arabhu azithengisa emarikeni ngexabiso eliphezulu. Isityebi sezo ntsuku sasibizwa ngokuba ziingxowa zepepile.
Ke ngoko, intsingiselo yohambo lwasemazantsi yaselwandle yayikukuvula indlela emfutshane ukuya kwiziza zaseIndia zeziqholo. ESpain, uFernan ulungisa "igumbi lezivumelwano" kunye nombono wohambo lwenqanawa, kodwa akafumani inkxaso kwiofisi. I-Huang De Aranda ithembisa magtellane ukuba incedise kwi-20% yenzuzo ukuba ihambo yolwandle loyise iziqithi zeziqholo ziya kuphumelela. Kodwa Fernan, ngoncedo umhlobo ka Astronomom, Rui Faler bangena kwisivumelwano nenzuzo ngakumbi, nto leyo kwaqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni indawo izivumelwano le wesibhozo yenzuzo.
Ngokwalo xwebhu luqhutywa nguPopu ngo-1493: imimandla eyayityhilwe empuma yePortugal, nasentshona yayiseNtshona yeSpain. Inkosi yelizwe lelanga ivunyelwe uFernana Magllan uhambo lolwandle ngoMatshi 22, 1518. Umlawuli wayenethemba lokungqina ukuba iziqithi ezityebileyo apho i-Pepmegi yahlala ikwintshona, kwaye, ngenxa yeso siPhuthukezi sePortane sasingaphantsi kwe-toddeslim.
Abathengisi beenqanawa bafumana isabelo samanye amashumi amabini kubo bonke ubutyebi obunqulwe ngexesha lohambo.
Ukuqubha iinqanawa ezilungisiweyo ezinogcino lokutya, ngubani onokwanela iminyaka emibini yokuhlala kwinqanawa. Iinqanawa ezi-5 ezithathe inxaxheba e-Seurvlovania:
- I-Trinidad (inqanawa yeflegi ye-magellan),
- "San Antonio",
- "Umxholo",
- "IVictoria",
- "SAntiago".
I-Navigator enkulu eyalela iTrinidad, kwaye sangyago salawulwa nguJuan Serran. Kwezinye iinqanawa ezintathu, abameli abaphambili babengabameli beSpain, kwaye, ngaphandle kwesilinganiselo sokuhamba, abo baselwandle babethane. AmaSpanish awonelisekanga yinyani yokuba utshilo umjikelo-wehlabathi, umxholo we-Asiya ngokulandela i-Asia ngokulandela i-Asia ngokulandela i-Asia ngokulandela i-wist, ilele iPortugal, kwanqabela ukuthobela. Ukongeza, uFernan akazange abhengeze isicwangciso sokusebenza, esabangela ukukrokrela kumphathi. Ukumkani waseSpain wayalela uMatshillan engacocekanga, kodwa iiSpaniards zigqibezela isivumelwano esiyimfihlo phakathi kwabo, esiya kususwa ngumphathi wePortugal, ukuba kukho imfuneko.
Iqabane likaMagellan, i-Astronomer Ripira, ayikwazanga ukuthatha inxaxheba kuhambo, kuba waqala ukuhlasela kobuqhetseba.
Ukuhamba kwehlabathi laseFernan Magllan kwaqala ngoSeptemba 2019, 256 oomatiloshe babevela kwizibuko laseSan Lucara ukuya kwiziqithi zeCanary.
Inqanawa yayihamba ixesha elide kunxweme olusempuma loMzantsi Melika ndikhangela ulwandle olusezantsi. Iqela le-Magllan laba lelokuba ifumane i-proripelago umhlaba obekiweyo kumazantsi elizwekazi kwaye intle kakhulu, igwetywa yifoto yale mihla. IsiPhuthukezi sikholelwa ukuba iqela leZiqithi leZiqithi liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomhlaba "womhlaba ongaziwayo". Iziqithi zazibonakala zingenanto, kodwa xa abahambi bahamba ngenqanawa, izibane zakhanyiswa ebusuku. UFernan wayekholelwa ukuba ezi ziintshayelelo zentaba-mlilo, ezazinike i-arripelago igama elihambelana nomlilo. Kodwa enyanisweni, la maIndiya afake imililo.
Inqanawa yayibanjwa phakathi kwePatagonia kunye noMlilo womhlaba (obizwa ngokuba nguMagellan ngoku), emva koko abahambi babekulwandlekazi lwePasifiki.
Ukususela kuhambo lwehlabathi, olwenziwe nguFernan, wangqina ukuba umhlaba unemilo yebhola, nge-1081 ngosuku lokuqubha ngo-1522, yinqanawa enye "ehamba ngeenqanawa ezili-18 kwi-Elkano.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngaphandle, uFernan Magellan akafanelani inzala yezilwanyana ezintle, njengoko eyakhumbuza ngaphezu kodonga: Wayenembonakalo eqhelekileyo, ukukhula okuqinileyo kunye nokukhula okuphathekayo. Umhambi wayekholelwa ukuba kwindoda eyona nto iphambili ayiyo idatha yangaphandle, kodwa izenzo zakhe.
Emazantsi eSpain, uFernan Magllan Diescs Dego Barbosayi kwaye utshatile nentombi yakhe, ubuhle beactrice. Intanda yam izalelwe unyana osweleka ngenxa yokugula. Umfazi kaFernan wazama ukuzala umntwana wesibini, kodwa akazange abeke ukuzalwa aze afe. Ke ngoko, umhambi omkhulu wayengenanyana.
Ukufa
Nangona isithuthi esilungiselelwe oovimba ababalulekileyo sokutya ngaphambi kohambo, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa zeemveliso zokuhamba kunye namanzi aphela. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya, iindlela ezizezona zaza kwakufuneka zihlafuna ukuthatyathwa kweselfowuni ukuze okungenani indlala encinci. Abahambi baphulukene no-21 kwiinqanawa ezisweleke kukudinwa kunye nokuzila.
Oomatiloshe, abangazange babone uSishini kwakude, bafika kwiPhondo lasePhilippine. Iqela le-Magllan linokwenza oovimba bemihla kwaye baqhubeke nokuya kwihlabathi jikelele, kodwa uFernan wayebandakanyekile kwi-quarrel enesiqithi saseMactu-lupu. IsiPhuthukezi sifuna ukubonisa abomthonyama Amandla eSpain kubaNtiya kwaye balungiselele uhambo lomkhosi ngokuchasene neMaktan. Kodwa, ukumangala abantu baseYurophu, baphulukana ngenxa yoqeqesho oluqhelekileyo kunye nokupheliswa kwabanenkente.
Ngexesha lokubulawa kukaFernan Magllan, kwenzeka nge-27 ka-Epreli, 1521.