Biography
Ngenkulungwane ye-17, imiqondiso yokuqala yenkululeko yabonakala eNgilani. Xa iiyunivesithi zifundise i-theology kunye nezigqibo zeAristotle, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yalityelwa, izakhiwo zemvelo zeza kutshintsha. Kwakhona, ngenkulungwane ye-17 ye-England yimfazwe yamakhaya, ephawulwa yinguqu ephumelele i-monickery yenkohliso kumgaqo-siseko. Ngelo xesha, intanda-bulumko enkulu yesiNgesi kaJohn i-lohd i-lotke yazalwa, imisebenzi yayiphi na intanda-bulumko yentanda-bulumko.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Isithandi-sobulumko sexesha elizayo sazalwa ngo-1632 kwilali encinci yokukhaba, esikwe kufutshane neBristol County.
Utata wenkwenkwe u-John Lodke wayengomnye wamagqwetha okuphezulu kwisithili owahlala endophulelo.
UJohn Sr. Ukukhulula inkululeko, ngelo xesha, xa iNgilani yalawula uKarl I, wakhonza njengomphathi womkhosi waseCromwell ngexesha. Ngexesha lokuvukelwa, i-Locke Dive ngenxa yokuba nesisa esingazange sebophelelekile siphulukene nayo yonke imali, sinika imali kubasweleyo. Ngenxa yoko, utata wafundisa unyana ofuna ukuzama ukuphila eluntwini.
Ukusuka kwi-biography kamama kasosayensi, kwaziwa ukuba igama lakhe lentombazana - linkosi. Ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nomntu obhinqileyo owazisa isithandi-sobulumko kubantu abangafikanga.
Inkwenkwe ikhulele kwintsapho ephikisayo, akukho bata, okanye umama wawaxhasa oyena monakalo uphezulu, kwaye akazange axhase ulawulo lweCawa yase-Anglican.
Wamvumela ngoYohane, unyana ngamnye wabo wenza eyakhe igalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkwenkwe. Ke utata we-LOTKE JR.. Luthando njengelifa lenkululeko kunye nothando kwizinto ezincinci zemihla ngemihla, nakwisithandi sobulumko somama sasizuza njengelifa.
Eli bhinqa laloyika ukuphulukana nabantwana, kuba uMzalwan 'uJohn wasweleka kwasebusaneni ngenxa yempilo ebuthathaka. Ke ngoko, umama weekati wayehlala kuloyika ngonaphakade phambi koThixo kwaye ethandaza rhoqo.
Inkwenkwe yaziswa ngenkolo kwaye ingqongqo, kwimithetho yePuritan. Ubukhulu becala, inkwenkwe yayizibandakanya kuyise, ekhulisa indlela yayo, eyazalwa ngayo, kwixesha elizayo, ekamva uYohane JR.
U-John wamenza unyana wakhe kumgama omkhulu, ethobela ngokupheleleyo. Emva koko wavumela inkwenkwe ukuba isondele, kwaye ithoni eyoyikekayo kunye nemiyalelo yafudukela kwingcebiso yobomi. Ngokuthe ngcembe, "umphathi" kunye "noThixo ophantsi" walingana phakathi kwabo kwaye banxulunyaniswa nobuhlobo obuqinileyo.
I-CECK ikhule inomfana onesiphiwo kunye nokufunda kakuhle. Umhlobo katata, uColoneli Alexander Popham, wacetyiswa ukuba anike uYohane uJohn Jr. kwi-Westminster.
I-filosopher zika-biographer ngaphandle kwe-onlives bathi yayingoyena mfundi ubalaseleyo esikolweni: Inkwenkwe kuzo zonke izifundo zaphathwa ngenkuthalo kwaye isondele.
Ngo-1652, lock lungena kwiDyunivesithi yase-Oxford, apho igqirha, isiGrike nesiLatin, uncwadi, njl. Inzululwazi yezeNdalo kwi-Instader yafundisa iRobert Boyle ngokwayo. Kwiminyaka yaseyunivesithi, i-SCKE yaqala ukubandakanyeka kwintanda-bulumko yemathematics, i-René Descartes, eyaqala ukuqala kweWatchward ephuhliswe ngumfundi.
Ukuvuswa komdla kaJohn Wbook wakhuthaza utitshala wakhe kunye noMcebisi uRobert Boyle.
I-Descartes ifundise i-icecker ifundile ukuba inyameko kumagama othuli angenzi ngqiqweni, kuYohane kuwo wonke uYohane wacinga ukuba kukholelwa ukuba abazalwana babengudade wetalente.
Kwakhona, isithandi sobulumko sexesha elizayo saqala ukubambelela kwiimfundiso zikaJohn Wilkins, owayenxulumene nenzululwazi, kwaye inzululwazi i-richard ibeka uthando lwendoda.
Ithiyori yolwazi
U-John Potke ubhala incwadi yakhe ephambili ethi "Amava omntu akrwada" ngo-1690. Iimfundiso ze-quicke zabe negalelo kwimisebenzi yesayensi kwimibono emiselweyo ", ethatha imvelaphi kwifilosofi yamaNxaya yamandulo yamaGrike uPlato, emva koko le ngfundiso ithathela ingqalelo iDesChears ngenkulungwane ye-17, eyayimiliselo yabafundi.
"Izimvo zokuzalwa" lukhona ulwazi olungenakuthengwa, njengoko zingasekelwanga ziimvakalelo. Oko kukuthi, le migaqo ikhokelela kwimvume yomntu wonke ngenxa ye "moya".
Kodwa uJohn I-LCKEI akazange ayixhase le thiyori, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo, isebenze kwisincoko sakhe malunga nobuso ukusuka kwimbono echaseneyo. Ngokutsho kwentanda-bulumko, abantu bakhetha izimvo ezithile (umzekelo, izinto ezifunyenwe ngamayeza) ngenxa yo "nokunye", kodwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa. Inzululwazi yayikholelwa ukuba ulwazi loluntu ngamava obomi afunyanwayo.
Iimbono ezinzima ziveliswa ngenxa yesizathu kwaye zibandakanya izimvo ezilula. Kwaye izimvo ezilula ziphakama ngenxa yamava obomi bomntu: umntu "liphepha elingenanto", elizaliseke ngobomi.
Ngenxa yoko, uJohn ityatyamba ngeethukhwe, obhale ukuba umphefumlo uhlala ucinga, kwaye ucinga luphawu olusisigxina lomphefumlo.
Ngokutsho kwesithandi-sobulumko sesiNgesi, ulwazi lunamava, kwaye ngokutshona, ukucinga yimeko ye-PREATI yomntu.
U-John Coke nguyena mfanekiso mkhulu wesiNgesi ngenkulungwane ye-19, kodwa zonke izigqibo zolwazi azisebenzi ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa ngenxa yamanye amanani. Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kokutolikwa kwengcinga enomdla, uJohn i-locke ikwangumbhali ongazalisekanga wefilosofi.
Kwi "Amava obukrelekrele bomntu", ifuthe le-psychologist gobers kunye ne-physics ka-Isaac Newton inokulandelwa.
Umxholo wobuxoki bendawo kwinto yokuba umhlaba ubekelwe umda kwaye indawo kukunganyangeki kwengqondo ephezulu- Thixo. Isidalwa ngasinye sinxibelelana nabanye kwaye sinenjongo yayo. Injongo yomntu lukhona kunye nembeko kuThixo, ngenxa yokuba bliss emhlabeni nasemhlabeni owahlukileyo kuza.
I-Pedagogy
Emva kweYunivesithi yase-Oxford, i-Locke ifundisa iilwimi zakudala iminyaka emibini, kodwa kungekudala ishiya le post, ngokuthatha isithuba se-Anthony Ashley Ashles Sheper Sheper Sheper Sheper Shefper Shefper Shemiper Shefper Sheper Sheper Sheper Shefper Sheper Sheper Sheper Sheper Shefper Sheper Shefper Shefstbury. Xa uAnthony wayegula kakhulu, uJohn Potde ubeke isifo esichanekileyo. Igrafu yokugula yaphakamisa uYohane ukuba isebenze njengogqirha wasekhaya kwaye iphakamise amakhwenkwe amabini.
Ngelo xesha, i-SOTK ibhala ileta kumhlobo uClairka kunye nokuchaza umbono wokukhuselwa. U-Edward ngenkuthalo uqokelele iileta zobulumko ezisebenza njengesiseko sobusebenzi bezinto ezenziwayo "iingcinga zemfundo."
U-John wayeqinisekile ukuba izenzo zomntu azixhomekekanga ekuqondeni kwabo, kodwa kwimfundo, evelisa uphawu lomntu. Ngapha koko, ngokutsho kwe-locke, imfundo yomzimba kufuneka iphucule ngaxeshanye ngokomoya. Ukwenyama kuphuhliso lwe-hygiene nezempilo, nangokomoya ekuphuhlisweni kwesimilo nesidima.
Iingcinga ezimiselweyo kwiileta zikaClairki babonisa indlela utata woodaka?
- Uphuhliso lomzimba, ukuthotyelwa uqeqesho olungqongqo, indlela yosuku kunye nokwamkelwa kokutya okulula;
- Imisebenzi yemfundo kunye nemidlalo;
- Umntwana ufanele ahambe nomnqweno kwaye enze oko kusenza ukuba ingqondo ayichasi kakuhle isimilo;
- Ukususela ebudaleni, abantwana kufuneka bafundise indlela entle kangaka;
- Ukohlwaywa komntwana kwenziwa kuphela ngenkqubo yokungathobeki ngendlela yokungathobeki.
Iingcamango zezopolitiko
IVENI YOKWENZIWA YOKWENZIWA YOKWENZIWA YOKWENZIWA YOMGAQO-NKQUBO OKHUNYANGELELWEYO OBULANDELAYO ngenxa yabazali.
Ukusuka kwiWebhusayithi yezobupolitika ye-SOTKE, ingcinga yotshintsho lwentando yesininzi, eboniswe kwimibhalo yesithandi-sobulumko: "Ilungelo labantu ukuya kwi-procring" kunye "nokucingisisa ngokuhlaziya kuka-1688".
Ngokutsho kwesithandi-sobulumko malunga noRhulumente, kufuneka iqinisekise inkululeko yomntu kunye namalungelo abantu endalo. KwiBhodi ye-Locke ithi abasemagunyeni kufuneka bonyulwe ngabantu, umntu kufuneka athobele umthetho owamkelwe ngokubanzi, kwaye angazibhokoxe kwaye athembe amathuba aphezulu.
UJohn uqale wabeka phambili umbono wokwahlukana nabasemagunyeni kwaye wayezibophelela kwinkcazo yemvumelwano yoluntu.
Urhulumente unyanzelekile ukuba aqinisekise ukukhuselwa komntu ngamnye kunye nelifa lakhe, kunye nokusombulula imisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ke, i-lotch inomxholo welizwe lomthetho lomgaqo-siseko kunye namandla omthetho.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngokuzithoba kunye nesizungu, u-John Wid Choked udlule iKant. Kubonakala ngathi isithandi sobulumko esikhulu singumntu ophilayo onobomi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-Kant inendlu kunye nesicaka ngokuphela kobomi bakhe, emva koko i-lot ingenayo enye. UJohnn wayengenakhaya ochithe ubomi bonke kumakhaya aphesheya njengomzekelo, umzekelo - ibali elinoAnthony.
UJohn akazange azibeke usukelo lokufumana imisebenzi ephambili, zonke izinto ezenziwayo ziyinto yokwenza. Wayebandakanyeke kugqirha wakhe xa umntu eza kumbuza, ezopolitiko zifundile xa kunokwenzeka, njl.
U-Johwe John I-Lodke akazange angcatsha izinto eziphathekayo kwihlabathi lezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye wayelungiselela ubomi bexesha elizayo, ogweba ngesibhalo esingcwele, ulinde umntu kwiLizwe eliNgcwele. Kuyenzeka ukuba uchaze oku njengento yokuqhekeka kwelokiso kunye nempilo yayo ebuthathaka. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu ababuhlungu baphila ixesha elide, kodwa bahlala belungiselela ukufa, ukuzihlole njengendwendwe kulomhlaba.
Kwakungekho bafazi kunye nabantwana benzululwazi. I-LECKE izame ukudibanisa la magama mabini achaseneyo - inkolo kunye nesayensi.
Ukufa
Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi, i-SCK ichithe kwindlu yelizwe inomthunywa omnye oqhelekileyo waseDemeris, owathatha indawo intombi yakhe. Eli bhinqa lithanda ifilosofi, ngoko isimilo se-racke sasilawula usapho.
Ebudaleni, baphulukana nendlebe, kunokuba wayebuhlungu kakhulu, kuba wayengawava abaxolisileyo.
Isithandi-sobulumko wasweleka e-Asthma ngo-Oktobha 28, 1704 eneminyaka engama-72 ubudala. Inzululwazi iyangcwatyelwa kufutshane nendawo yokuhlala.
Iikowuti
- "Nawuphi na umntu ovuthayo uvela ngokuzonwabisa okanye ukubandezeleka."
- "Kunqabile ukuba kukho into eyimfuneko ulwazi, kubomi ozolileyo kunye nempumelelo yayo yonke imicimbi kunokuba ubuchule bomntu onazo."
- "Inkalipho yokwenene ivakaliswa kukuzola ngokuzolileyo kwaye kwinzaliseko yetyala lakhe, ngaphandle kweentlekele nengozi."
- "Izenzo ezingamashumi amabini zinokuxolelwa kunokuba ziphule inyaniso enye."
- "Kwindoda, wakhuliswa kakubi, inkalipho iba rhabaxa ..."