Biography
I-ORR De Balzac ngumbhali waseFransi kunye neyona i-prosaikov efanelekileyo. I-biography yomsunguli wenene iyafana neprojekti yemisebenzi yayo - imikhwa engaqhelekanga, iimeko ezingaqondakaliyo, ubunzima kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo.
Nge-20 kaMeyi, 1799, umntwana wazalelwa kwintsapho elula eFransi (ekhenketho lwesiXeko) kwintsapho elula, eyathi kamva yazala nenoveli yendalo. Utata uBernard Francois Balsas wayenemfundo esemthethweni, ebandakanyekile kwishishini, ethatha ilizwe labahluphekayo namagosa ahluphekayo. Olu lawulo luzise inzuzo, ke uFrancois wagqiba ekubeni atshintshe ifani yakhe yemveli ukuba "asondele" kwi-intelligia. Njenge "Isalamane", iBalssa ikhetha umbhali-uJean-Louis Gez de Balzac.
Oonoma, uAnti-charlotte laura, wayeneengcambu ezinkulu kwaye wayeneminyaka engama-30 ubudala kunendoda yakhe, emnandi, mnandi kunye nabantu. Izithandi azifihli kwiqabane. UAnna wayenomntwana ophelileyo awaqala kuwo ukubonisa inkathalo ngakumbi kunembali yexesha elizayo. Ukukhathalelwa kwe-Ondore kwakulele kwi-throl, kwaye emva kokuba inkwenkwe ithunyelwe ukuba ihlale kwindlu yokubhoda. Ubuntwana bobuntwana kunzima ukuchaza kakuhle iingxaki ezintle nokukhanya, ezinamava kunye neengcinezelo zaza zaziphindezela zizibonakalise kwimisebenzi.
Abazali banqwenela ukuba balzec bafumane umsebenzi wegqwetha, ngenxa yoko unyana wabo kwikholeji ye-windom ngokusemthethweni. Iziko lemfundo lalingaziwa ngokuba uqeqesho oluthe ngqo, iintlanganiso zaBathandekayo zavunyelwa kuphela ngeholide zekrisimesi. Inkwenkwe inqabile ukuba ilandelwe yimithetho yasekuhlaleni, awayeyifumene igama lakhe lomphangi kwaye engaqhelekanga.
Kwiminyaka eyi-12, u-Oner de Balzec wabhala umsebenzi wabantwana wokuqala, apho obafundi bahleka khona. Umbhali omncinci ufunda iincwadi zeClasisics yaseFransi, equlatha imibongo, imidlalo. Ngelishwa, imibhalo-ngqangi yabantwana yakhe ayinakugcinwa, ootitshala bezikolo bavumile umntwana ukuba akhule, kwaye ngenye imini itshisiwe enye yezincoko zakhe zokuqala "."
Ubunzima obunxulumene nonxibelelwano phakathi koontanga, kunye nootitshala, ukungakhathalelwa kukwayinkangele inkwenkwe kwinkwenkwe. Xa ndandineminyaka eli-14 ubudala, le ntsapho yathatha ikhaya eligulayo eligulayo. Kwakungekho thuba lokubuyisela. Kule meko wachitha iminyaka eliqela, kodwa waphuma
Ngo-1816, abazali beBalzak bafudukela eParis, kwaye apho umqulu oselula waqhubeka nesifundo sakhe esikolweni. Ngokudibeneyo kunye nophando lwesayensi, ohonjiswe ngumsebenzi njengomabhalana kwi-ofisi ye-Afisi, kodwa akavumi ukulungela koku. Uncwadi lwaseManila Baliza Balzac njenge-Magnet, utata wagqiba kwelokuba axhase uNyana wakhe kwindawo yokubhala.
UFrancois wakuthembisa ngemali iminyaka emibini. Ngeli xesha, i-onor kufuneka ibonakalise amandla okwenza imali kwishishini lakhe elithandekayo. Kude kube ngu-1823, uBalzac wadalela malunga nemisebenzi engama-20 yemisebenzi, kodwa uninzi lwazo lulindele ukusilela. Intlungu yakhe yokuqala "yayinzima, kwaye kamva yazisa ubuchule obukhulu ngempazamo.
Uncwadi
Kwimisebenzi yokuqala, iBalzac izame ukulandela ifashoni yoncwadi, ibhalile ngothando, inomdla kwimisebenzi yokupapasha, kodwa ayiphumelelanga (1825-18). Kumbhali wombhali olandelayo wafuthe kwiincwadi zikaV. Scott, obhalwe ngoMoya wembali.
Ke (1820-1830) Ababhali basebenzise iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili:
- Ngothando lomntu, ejolise kwimpumelelo yobugorha, njenge-robinson crusoe.
- Ubomi kunye neengxaki zegorha lenoveli ezinxulumene nesizungu sayo.
Ukuphinda ufunde kwakhona imisebenzi yababhali abaphumeleleyo, iBalzac bagqiba kwelokuba bashenxise inoveli yomntu, ukufumana into entsha. "Indima ephambili" yeMisebenzi yakhe yaqalisa ukwenza ubuntu bobuqhawe, kodwa uluntu luphela. Kule meko, uluntu lweBourgeois lwanamhlanje lwelizwe lakhe lomthonyama.
Ngo-1834, u-Onoro wenza umsebenzi, ejolise ekuboniseni "ukupeyinta besimilo" selo xesha kwaye usebenze kuyo ubomi bakhe bonke. Incwadi yathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yigama elithi "uMhlali Ongumntu". Umbono we-balzak yayikukudala imbali yentanda-bulumko ye-Artak, i.e. Eli lizwe liye laba leliphi ilizwe, esisindayo iguquko.
Ipapashoniso yoncwadi inamacandelo aliqela, kubandakanya uluhlu lweencoko ezahlukeneyo:
- "I-etha malunga ne-neravak" (amasebe ama-6).
- "Izifundo zefindosofi" (imisebenzi engama-22).
- "Izifundo zohlalutyo" (1 Umsebenzi endaweni yombhali ocwangcisiweyo o-5).
Le ncwadi inokubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wobugcisa. Ichaza abantu abaqhelekileyo, ubungcali bamagorha nemisebenzi kunye nendima yabo kuluntu buqatshelwa. "UBukhosi boMntu" uzaliswe zizibakala ezingabonakaliyo, yonke into ivela ebomini, yonke into malunga nentliziyo yomntu.
Sebenza
I-ORR De Balzac ekugqibeleni yaseka iindawo zobomi kwicandelo lendalo emva kokubhala le misebenzi ilandelayo:
- I-Gobsek (1830). Ekuqaleni, isincoko sasinelinye igama - "ingozi yokuphazamisa." Nazi iimpawu eziqaqambileyo: ukubawa nokubawa, kunye nefuthe lazo kumaqhawekazi.
- "Ulusu lweShagreen" (1831) -Umsebenzi wafumana impumelelo kumbhali. Incwadi izele yimicimbi yothando kunye nefilosofi. Ichaza ngokweenkcukacha imibuzo yobomi kunye nezisombululo ezinokubakho.
- "Ibhinqa elineminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala" (1842). Owona mbhali uphambili wombhali uneepropathi ezilungileyo kakhulu kwimpawu, ikhokelela ubomi bokugwetywa ngokwembono, kunokuba ubonise abafundi ngeempazamo ezichaphazela abanye abantu. Apha i-balzac mudro ibeka iingcinga malunga nobuntu.
- "Iinkolelo ezilahlekileyo" (upapasho kwiindawo ezintathu ze-1836-1842). Kule ncwadi, i-goor, njengoko injalo, ikwazile ukufikelela kuzo zonke iinkcukacha, ukudala umfanekiso wobomi bokuziphatha kwabaseFransi. Iboniswe ngokucacileyo emsebenzini: i-egodism yomntu, inkanuko yamandla, ubutyebi, ukuzithemba.
- "I-Glitter kunye nentlupheko yaseKuryyzanok" (1838-1847). Le noveli ayikho ngobomi bamakhethini aseParis, njengoko kwakuqala ukubonwa kwigama lakhe, kodwa malunga nomzabalazo wemicimbi yehlabathi nolwaphulo mthetho. Omnye umsebenzi oqaqambileyo obandakanyiwe "kwisithili ezininzi" "" bobuntu ".
- Ubuchule kunye ne-Biography De Balzac yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokufunda izixhobo kwizikolo zehlabathi ngokwenkqubo yemfundo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ungabhala inoveli eyahlukileyo malunga nobomi bobuqu bozuko lukaHotsere De Balzak, ukubiza oko akuyi kuphumelela. Njengomntwana, umbhali omncinci owasungula uthando lwabasetyhini kunye nobomi obubonayo wayefuna ukhathalelo, ingqalelo kunye nobubele kwabanye basetyhini. Wayedla ngokuthandana namanenekazi akudala kakhulu kuye ngokwakhe ngokweminyaka.
Umbhali omkhulu wenkulungwane ye-19 wayengeyondoda entle, njengoko kunokubonwa kwifoto. Kodwa wayene-eloccouccouccouccouccouccouccouccouccouccouch eguquguqukayo, umtsalane, uyakwazi ukoyisa amanenekazi amane anesifo esilula kwimonogue elula yedwa kuphela yi-rectu.
Umfazi wakhe wokuqala waba nguNkskz De Bernie. Wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Yayisemncinci kunina, kwaye, mhlawumbi, wakwazi ukuyitshintsha, ukuba yintombazana ethembekileyo kunye nesiluleko. Emva kokugqabhuka kwenoveli yabo, abakhenkethi babeka ubudlelwane obuxhaphakileyo, bexhasa imbalelwano de kufe.
Xa umbhali ephumelele kubafundi, waqalisa ukufumana iileta ezivela kubafazi abahlukeneyo, kwaye xa sele evele i-balzay intombazana engaqondakaliyo iqaqadekile. Iileta zakhe ezilandelayo zavela ukuba ziqwalaselwe eluthandweni. Kangangexesha elithile, isokonsoor ihambelana nomzi, kwaye emva kokuba behlangane eSwitzerland. Eli nenekazi liye latshata kangangokuba lalingenazintloni ngumbhali.
Lowongumzi wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Evelina Gnskaya. Wayelumkile, mhle, incinci (i-32 ubudala) kwaye ngoko nangoko wamthanda umbhali. Emva kokuba iBalzak yamkele lo mfazi isihloko sothando oluphambili ebomini bakhe.
Abathandi banqabile ukuba babonene, kodwa bahlala bephindaphinda, bakha izicwangciso zekamva, kuba Umyeni ka-Evelina wayeneminyaka eli-17 ubudala kwaye nangaliphi na ixesha angashiya ubomi. Ukuba nothando olunyanisekileyo entliziyweni eThanskaya, umbhali akazange azigcine kwinkundla yabasetyhini.
Xa iVardezslav Ghanae (umyeni) iswelekile, uEvelina watyhila i-balzac, kuba umtshato onomfazi onesisongela i-ancholas i), kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa wayemema eRussia (indawo awahlala kuyo).
Kwiminyaka eli-17 kuphela emva kokuthandana, esi sibini sasitshatile (1850). I-Onor ke yayineminyaka engama-51 kwaye yayiyeyona ndoda yonwabileyo ehlabathini, kodwa zasilela ukuphila ubomi bomtshato.
Ukufa
Umbhali onetalente unokufa kubudala obungama-43 xa kwaqala ukoyisa izifo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngenxa yomnqweno wokuthanda nokuthandwa ngu-Evelyn, wazigcina.
Ngokwesiqhelo emva komtshato, uGrenkaya waguqukela ekubeni ngumongikazi. Oogqirha bahlala isifo esoyikisayo se-hypertrophy yentliziyo. Umbhali wayengenakuhamba, bhala kwaye ufunde iincwadi. Eli bhinqa alizange lilishiyile iqabane lakho, lifuna ukuzalisa imihla yakhe yokugqibela eluxolweni, ukhathalelo kunye nothando.
Nge-18 ka-Agasti ka-1950, iBalzac yasweleka. Emva kwayo, wamshiya umfazi wakhe ilifa elingafumanekiyo - amatyala amakhulu. U-Evelina wathengisa yonke impahla yayo eRussia ukuba ahlawule kunye nabo, aye nentombi yakhe, baye eParis. Apho, umhlolokazi ayilehlelayo ngaphezulu kukamama wase-prosaik nakwiminyaka engama-30 yobomi bakhe esizinikele kukoyikwa kwemisebenzi yentanda.
I-Bibliography
- Shuna, okanye Britany kwi-1799 (1829).
- I-Shagreen Lenuather (1831).
- Louis Lambert (1832).
- I-Baker House Hullen INikeen (1838).
- I-Beatrice (1839).
- Umfazi ofanelekileyo (1834).
- Ukugcina isikhuselo (1834).
- Igqwirha (1834).
- Thanda unyamezelo (1834).
- I-rassang berth (1834).
- Naiverty (1834).
- I-Fachino Cana (1836).
- Iimfihlo zePrijean de Cadiger (1839).
- Ingca ye-pierre (1840).
- Inkosikazi yokulinganisa (1841).