Biography
UThomas Jefferson sisisithathu sikamongameli wase-US, utata-wazisa uhlanga lwaseMelika, umbhali wesibhengezo senkululeko.
Ezopolitiko zexesha elizayo zazalwa ngo-Epreli 13, 1743 kwisixeko saseShuduyelile, eVirginia, kuloo xesha yayijongwa njengekholoni, kwintsapho yabaphathi abanefuthe. Ookhokho bakaPeter jefferson bavela kwiWales isiNgesi. Umama uJane Randolph unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nosihlalo wokuqala wenkomfa yelizwekazi. Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuzalwa kukaThomas, usapho lwafudukela kwi-Esttor Takakovo, eyayisele emva kokusweleka komnini-i-colonel william xolf.
Kwiminyaka eyi-9, uTomas waqalisa ukuqeqeshwa kwiSikolo seParish saseWilliam Douglas, apho iziseko ze-latin, iilwimi zakudala zesiGrike kunye nesiFrentshi. Emva kweminyaka emithandathu, inkwenkwe inika iminyaka emibini kwiZiko leMfundo, elikhokelele umbingeleli uYakobi Mori. Ukusukela ngeli xesha, utata kaTomama sele eswelekile, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo uhlala kwindlu kaMor. Ngexesha lezifundo zakhe, inkwenkwe ifumene ulwazi oluyimfuneko lwembali kunye nezayensi ezichanekileyo. Ngo-1760, uThomas uba ngumfundi weKholeji ye-Williamsburg "uWilliam noMariya", apho khetha isifundo sekhosi yefilosofi, imathematics nomthetho.
Utitshala, unjingalwazi uWilliam wazisa lo mfana unemisebenzi yezazinzulu ezibalaseleyo. UIsaac Newton, u-John i-locke kunye noFrancis Bacon - oonophelo lwesithathu, ophembelela ukumiliselwa kweWorld World kunye neembono zezopolitiko zabemi bexesha elizayo. Wayekuxabisa kakhulu uJefferson omncinci kunye nemisebenzi yentanda-bulumko yamandulo kunye nee-playws, okufundwayo kuye kufundwa kwegrama yamandulo yamaGrike. Ukongeza kwizinto eziphambili, uJefferson wafunda ukudlala i-violin.
Umfana ukuba ukhululekile iintetho kunye nemisebenzi ngamnye, umfana wachitha kwi nkampani ka Sokresnikov, ndibuvelela iziganeko yoluntu umfundi ofihlakeleyo "Club of Iflethi Hats" okanye iibhola eziye zicwangciswe Pomakazi kweRhuluneli Virginia Francis Fokhore. Oku akukhuseli uThomas ukuba agqibe ukufunda kunye namanqaku aphezulu kwizifundo ezifundwayo. Iminyaka emihlanu, i-Aristoctrat esetyenziselwa ukulawula igunya phantsi kwesikhokelo sikaGeorge Vita, emva koko waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe ozimeleyo ligqwetha.
Ezopolitiko
Iminyaka emibini yomsebenzi osemthethweni, ngo-1769, uJefferson wonyulwa nguVirginia cusuants. Ngo-1774, emva kokutyikitya kweZenzo ezithintelayo yiPalamente ye-Bhritha yaseBritane ukuya kwi-West, uThomas upapasha umyalezo kwi-Bhritane yaseBritane, evakalisa iinjongo zokuzazisa urhulumente. I-Jefferson igxeka ngokugxeka imisebenzi yePalamente yesiNgesi kunokubangela uvelwano ebantwini.
Kwanangaphambi kokuqala kwemfazwe yenkululeko ebusika ngo-1775, uTomama waba lilungu lenkonyane yelizwekazi. Kwiminyaka emibini, "isibhengezo senkumbulo" salungiswa, umhla wokwamkelwa komntwana abengowomnye umntu okanye abantu ngokusemthethweni, 1776 - waba ngumhla wokuzalwa osemthethweni wohlanga lwaseMelika. Iingcinga zezopolitiko ezakhe, ukongeza ekuphunyezweni koxwebhu oluthile loxwebhu oluthile lwase-US, uThomas Jefferson waziswa kwi-virginia, apho wanyulwa ngu-1779 wanyulwa yirhuluneli. Ngo-1781-1782, uThomas usebenza emsebenzini 'wamanqaku kwiLizwe leVirgigia ", ukuze abhale lona inqaku lenzululwazi ye-encyclopedist. Umbhalo wapapashwa emva kokuphela kobutshaba.
Ukususela ngo-1785, uYefferson uba ngummeli wolunye urhulumente oselula eFrance, kodwa uyaqhubeka nokwenza ubugqwetha eUnited States. Ngokwembalelwano yeJefferson, umbhali ulungisa umbhali woMgaqo-siseko noMthetho oYilwayo kumalungelo eCongressman James Madison. Ukubuya emva kweminyaka emi-5 kwilizwe lawo, ipolitiki ifumana isikhundla sonobhala wokuqala we-US kwaye ingena kwindawo yeqela leqela ledemokhrasi. EPalamente, amalungu eqela akhuthaza iimbono zenkululeko yokuzikhethela yombuso ngamnye kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezolimo kaRhulumente, esenza ukubheja kwifama kunye nezandla ezincinci.
Isibhengezo senkululeko
Isibhengezo senkululeko senziwa ngababhali abahlanu: UThomas Jefferson, uJohn Adams, uBenjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman noRobert Livingston. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, uxwebhu lwaluhlaziywe iintsuku ezili-17 ngumntu omnye - uThomas Jefferson, emva kokuba abaphuhlisi abaseleyo kunye nabameli beento ezili-13 zolawulo zasayiniwe.
Kwicandelo lokuqala, iiposta ezintathu zokulingana kwabantu zivakaliswa: Ilungelo loBomi, inkululeko kunye nepropathi. Inxalenye yesibini neyesithathu yesi sibhengezo ifakwe kulongamo lweekoloni kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokungaphazanyiswa kwe-UK kubomi bamazwe.
Izimvo zepolitiki
Izindlu zikaJefferson zenza ukugxeka komgaqo-siseko wokuqala we-United States, engazange inciphise inani lemihla elibekiweyo lonyulo lomntu onyulwe ilizwe, esenza umlawuli oyindoda engenamda. Izinto ezifungelayo zokungaphumeleli kukaJefferson abonwa ekukhuleni kwemveliso enkulu yemveliso. Ipolitiki yayiqinisekile ukuba isiseko soqoqosho olomeleleyo luluntu lweefama zabucala zabucala zabucala.
Inkululeko yomntu isebenza kungekuphela kobomi bakhe kunye nepropathi, kodwa nakwilungelo lokuchaza iingcinga ngokuvulekileyo. Ukukhanyiselwa kwabantu kuthatha uluntu lwasimahla. Ke ngoko, wonke ummi unamalungelo okufumana imfundo. I-jefferson eyenzelwe ukwahlulwa kwelizwe kunye necawe. Emva koko, isithandi-sobulumko siya kudala ukutolikwa kwakhe "kwiTestamente eNtsha, enyanzelekileyo ukuba inikwe abongameli belizwe. Ipolitiki yayingavunyelwanga imvume yemozulu yorhulumente, eyathi yabhengezwa nguMgaqo-siseko we-1787. UThomas waxhasa ithuba lamandla oMbuso phambi korhulumente ombindiweyo.
UMongameli we-U.S.A
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-4 ngaphambi kwexesha likamongameli, uThomas Jefferson unyulwe nguMongameli wase-United States, emva koko nge-1801 iba nguMongameli welizwe. Kwithuba lezahluko, uThomas wenza inguqu eninzi. Iququzelele inkqubo yeqela le-oOR yeCongress, inciphisa umkhosi, izithuthi ezinqwenelekayo, izithuthi kunye nezixhobo. Yandisa umxholo wenkxaso karhulumente kwi-collors esisiseko ezisisiseko zoqoqosho: abalawuli bezolimo, abarhwebi, ishishini lokukhanya kunye nokuhambisa.
Ngo-1803, i-louisiana iba nguLouisiana phantsi kwemvumelwano yentengiso eneFrance. Ixabiso lentengiselwano ngelo xesha lalwa iidola ezili-15 ekupheleni kwexesha lesibini lika-Mongameli, uThomas Jefferson umisela ubudlelwane bezopolitiko noBukhosi baseRussia. Ukwenzela ukukhusela i-United States kwinkcitho engalindelekanga kwaye ikhusele inkululeko yelizwe, iJefferson ibonisa umthetho wokupheliswa kwemfazwe ngexesha lemfazwe eYurophu nge-napoleon buloaparte. Intshukumo enjalo yayiyimpazamo kwaye yenzakalisa iMelika, ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kuRhulumente.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi wokuqala no-Thomas Jefferson waba ngudade wabo wesibini waseMarta Welta Welton, apho ubuqhetseba bexesha elizayo batshata iminyaka engama-29. UMartha Jefferson wazalelwa kwintsapho kaJohn noMartha, kodwa kwiveki emva kokuzala umntwana ngokuzalwa, umama wentombazana wasweleka. UMartha wafumana imfundo entle yasekhaya: Wayeneelwimi zasemzini, efunda imibongo, wadlala ipiyano. Intombazana yahlulahlulwe ngumntu ophilayo, intliziyo enobubele kunye nembonakalo emnandi.
Umtshakazi ngexesha lomtshato noJefferson sele wayenokuba nobuhlolokazi kwaye waphakamisa unyana emtshatweni wokuqala. Iqabane lokuqala lafa kwiminyaka emibini emva koyilo lobudlelwane. Umtshato wesibini kaMarthas waphumelela kakhulu. Iqabane lomongameli wesithathu le-United States yayingengobuhle kuphela kunye nenkosikazi elungileyo, kodwa kunye nomnxibelelanisi obalaseleyo wobuqili bokuqonda.
UJeffsons wayevuya kangangeminyaka eli-10 kwi-ESTEATE YESIBONELELO I-MOLYECALSLO. Ngeli xesha, babenabantwana abathandathu, abane ababeswelekelwe ebuntwaneni. Esi sibini saba neentombi ezimbini: uMarta, obizwa ngokuba nguPasy, noMariya.
Ngo-1782, ngokungafikeleli intombi yokugqibela, uMarta wasweleka ezandleni zomyeni. Kwi-Odra i-odra i-thomas ifungile iqabane elingapheliyo kwakhona, laza lagcina uLizwi. Iphelile ibali lothando uThomas noMartha Jefferson.
Nangona kunjalo, eFrance, i-Alossandor yase-US yavuka inoveli ephethe iParsian Maria Cosway. Ubudlelwane nenenekazi elitshatileyo kamva luye lwaguquka laba yimbalelwano enobuhlobo, ethi uTomamas noMaria bakhokelela kude kube yimihla yokugqibela yobomi. EParis, obunye ubudlelwane bothando lukamongameli wexesha elizayo waseUnited States. I-teribhane kaThomas yaba likhoboka, iTrandron Shemly Helly, udadewethu olizwe likaMartha kuYise.
Intombazana yayinokuhlala simahla iYurophu, kodwa yamkhetha ukubuyela e-USA, apho, ukuhlala endlwini kaJefferson, kwazala abantwana abasibhozo. Iintshaba zikaMongameli wesithathu ziveze ubudlelwane bothando be-Aristocral nekhoboka, apho uJufferson waphendula. Ngokutsho kwengcali ye-DNA, eyayiqhutywa sele kule nkulungwane yama-21, inye kuphela yoonyana bakaSally yayingumntwana uJefferson. Abanye babantwana bazalwe kuotata omahlukileyo.
Ukufa
Emva kwe-Ofisi kaMongameli, uThomas Jefferson wahlala kwi-estachello yakhe, eyakhiwa kwiprojekthi yobunjineli bomnini. UThomas wayenetalente ngeendlela ezininzi: Ukongeza kwi-Jurispridence kunye nokuKhusela umthetho, ezopolitiko zabandakanyeka kuYilo, ukudala, ukudala ifanitshala yasekhaya.
Ithala leencwadi lobuqu iJefferson lalineencwadi ezingamawaka ezi-6.5. Emva kokucinywa kokucinga, izalamane zidlulisile ilayibrari yeCongress. I-Argocian yezopolitiko yakhokelela kwimbalelwano kunye neengqondo ezibalaseleyo zangoku, ukusuka kwiileta ezintathu ngosuku ngosuku.
Ukusweleka koMdali "Ukubhengezwa kwenkululeko" kwaphefumlelwa nge-4 kaJulayi ngo-1826, ngosuku lweminyaka yamashumi amahlanu bokwamkelwa kolunye uhlanga olusisiseko sohlanga lwangaseMelika. UJefferson wangcwatyelwa eMontichello. Ngo-1923, iManor Lawela uMbuso, namhlanje inkomfa yinxalenye yeLifa leMveli leHlabathi.
Iinyani ezinomdla
Iinyani ezininzi ezinomdla ezinxulumene negama kunye nebhayiloji ye-thomas jefferson:
- Inkumbulo yoomongameli abasetyala ifakiwe kwimiqondiso yase-US ye-US. Kwi-rollnote yebhanki, ifoto yoMongameli wokuqala welizwe uGeorge Washington wafakwa; Kwi-Dolrar ye-Thosrat ye-thomas jefferson; KwiPydddlir-umfanekiso ka-Abraham Lincoln; I-Bancina-OddNote ye-OddNote imelwe ngumfanekiso ka-Andrew Jackson, kunye neSibonelelo seSibonelelo seSihlanu.
- Ngo-1804-1806, ukuphuma eNtshona West wabanjwa, kunxweme loLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, kukhokelwa nguMeriezer Lewis noWilliam Clark. Iqela labantu abangama-33 lavula ilizwe elitsha, umlambo omtsha uColumbia, wasayina isivumelwano soxolo kunye nezizwe zaseIndiya.
- UThomas Jefferson wayengenguye kuphela ocinga nje kunye nesithandi-sobulumko, kodwa nomphandle. Umzekelo, isaziya senzululwazi enetalente saye saphuma kwisixhobo sokuba amanyathelo omntu ajonga khona xa behamba.
- UThomas Jefferson wabonakalisa ubuchule bokwakha. Ezopolitiko zenziwe kwaye zagqiba inxenye yezakhiwo kwiNdlu Emhlophe, apho kuhlala khona amagumbi amabini amagumbi amabini. Kude kube nguMongameli wesithathu, abasebenzi besakhiwo sikarhulumente batyelele indlu yangasese esitratweni.
Iikowuti
Ezona zicatshulwa zidumileyo zeJefferson:
- Sukumqeqesha ngomso into enokwenziwa namhlanje.
- Ngomoya we-mercenary orhwebo, akukho lizwe lasekhaya, okanye iimvakalelo, okanye imigaqo-siseko-enye ikwinye.
- Imithetho kufuneka ihambe ngesandla kunye nenkqubela phambili yomntu.
- Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha, umthi wenkululeko kufuneka unkcenkceshe igazi le-tyran kunye ne-patriots.
- Kuphela ngabantu abasoloko bekwindlela eyenzekayo banelungelo lokukhetha urhulumente.