Biography
UThomas Mor ngumbhali wamalungu oluntu, isithandi-sobulumko kunye negqwetha laseNgilani, obambe i-Postllor yelizwe. Owona msebenzi u-Thomas owaziwayo ngumsebenzi obizwa ngokuba ngu "Utopia". Kule ncwadi, uthatha isiqithi esinezinto esisiqithi njengomzekelo, sachaza umbono wakhe wenkqubo yezopolitiko yezopolitiko efanelekileyo.
Isithandi-sobulumko sasingumntu osisigxina: wayengumphambukeli kwixesha loHlaziyo, kwaye waqinisekisa ukusasazwa ukholo lwamaProtestanti kumazwe akwisiNgesi. Ukwala ukuqaphela imeko ye-HiiIich VIII yeNtloko yeCawa yesiNgesi, wabulawa kwisenzo sokuvukela umbuso. Kwinkulungwane ye-XX, uThomas Mora wabalelwa ekubeni bajamelane neengcwele zamaKatolika.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-thography ye-thomas mora iqala kwi-Sondon Jusweni losapho kwinkundla yasebukhosini ephezulu yaseNtloko ka-John Mora. UThomas wavela nge-7 kaFebruwari 1478. Utata wakhe wayesaziwa ngokusisingqongqo, ngokunyaniseka kunye nemigaqo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha, egqibe kakhulu ihlabathi elichazwe nguNyana wakhe. Imfundo yokuqala yoNyana woMgwebi odumileyo efunyenwe kwisikolo segrama ye-St. Anthony.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, i-Majnier yafumana iphepha elinekhadinali uJohn Pohn, kangangexesha elithile esebenza ngu-Manceslor wase-England. UForna wawa kwincasa yendoda enechwayitileyo, enobulumko. I-Cardinal yathi i-Thomas ngokuqinisekileyo "ibe ngumntu omangalisayo."
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu, i-mor yangena kwiDyunivesithi yase-Oxford. Ootitshala bakhe babengoyena magqwetha kaBritane awona magqwetha laseBritani emva kwenkulungwane ye-XV: UWilliam Grosin noThomas Linkr. Isifundo sanikwa umfana ngokulula, nangona ngelo xesha waqalisa ukutsala ukuba akasominye imithetho, ukuba ungakanani umsebenzi wabantu obo bunye. Ke, umzekelo, uThomas ngokuzimela waguqulelwa kwisiNgesi kwi-biography kunye nabasebenzi "ngamakrele alishumi elinesibini" bomntu "we-Etali Peto Della Mirandol.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokufika kwe-Oxford Mi-JR., Kwicala likatata wakhe, wabuyela eLondon ukuba afezekise ulwazi oluphuculweyo kwicandelo lomthetho wesiNgesi. UThomas wayengumfundi onobuchule kunye noncedo lwamagqwetha anamava kweli xesha bafunda onke amatye aphantsi kwamanqatha emithetho yesiNgesi kwaye waba ligqwetha eliqaqambileyo. Kwangelo xesha, wayenomdla kwintanda-bulumko, efunda imisebenzi yakudala (ngakumbi uLucian noLucin), ukuphuculwa kwesiLatin nesiGrike kwaye kwaqhubeka nokubhala ezakhe, inxenye yaqalise kwi-Oxford.
"Umqhubi wesifundo" kwihlabathi labantu ababenguThomas Mora yayiyi-Erazm yaseRotterdam, eyamkelwa ngurhulumente osamkelweyo kwi-Ssodolophu. Enkosi kubuhlobo kunye ne-rotterdam, isithandi sobulumko sokuqala sangena kwisangqa sabantu sexesha lakhe, kunye nakwisangqa se-Erasmus. Ukutyelela indlu kaThomas Mora, iRosterdelky yenze abafundi bakaSatira "badunyi".
Ngokufanelekileyo, ixesha elivela kwi-1500 laya kwi-1504 igqwetha elincinci elibanjelwe kwi-London Carthtery. Nangona kunjalo, wayengafuni ekugqibeleni anikele kubulungiseleli kuThixo kwaye ahlala ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela ngoko, uThomas Mor akazange ashiye imikhwa efunyenwe ngexesha lobomi kwimonimathi: wayevuka kakhulu, wayengayilibali ngayo nayiphi na iposi, wayenxiba i-vlasanita. Oku kudityaniswa nomnqweno wokunceda nokunceda ilizwe.
Ezopolitiko
Ekuqaleni kwesigidi esizizigidi ezili-15, uThomas Mor wafundisa ilungelo ngokuhambelana nokulawulwa kwegqwetha, kwaye ngonyaka ka-1504 waba lilungu lePalamente esuka e-London. Ukusebenza ePalamente, nangaphezu kokuba ukhe wazivumela ukuba athethe ngokuchasene nerhafu, awamomeleza abemi baseNgillrich Vii. Ngenxa yoku, igqwetha laphosa elinqabileyo kwezopolitiko laza lanyanzelwa ukuba livume umsebenzi wezopolitiko okwethutyana, ibuyiselwe kwigqwetha elisebenzayo.
Ngaxeshanye nokukhokela abagwebi, ngeli xesha, uTomama uyazama ngakumbi amandla aloncwadi. Xa emva kwe-1510, umlawuli omtsha wase-England - uHeinrich viii - wabiza iPalamente entsha, umbhali kunye negqwetha kwakhona lafumana indawo esezantsi yomthetho ophezulu welizwe. Kwangelo xesha, uMorr wafumana isikhundla seSheriff yeSixeko saseLondon, kwaye kwiminyaka emihlanu (ngo-1515) waba lilungu labathunywa besiNgesi bathunyelwe kwi-flanders ukuba baxoxe.
Emva koko uThomas waqala ukusebenza kwi "Utopia":
- Umbhali wabhala incwadi yokuqala yalo msebenzi kwiFlenders kwaye waphela emva nje kokuba ebuye ekhaya.
- Incwadi yesibini, owona mxholo uphambili webali lesiqithi sentsomi elwandle, oko kwakuvulwa kutsha nje ngabaphandi - i-Mor, ikakhulu, ibhaliwe ngaphambili, kwaye emva kwenxalenye yokuqala yomsebenzi ilungiswa kancinci kwaye Qwalasela izinto ezenziwe ngezinto.
- Incwadi yesithathu yapapashwa ngo-1518 kwaye yabandakanywa, ukongeza kwizixhobo ezibhaliweyo ngaphambili, iifom "zombhali" yindibano ebanzi yenkonzo yemibongo eyenziwe ngohlobo lwemibongo, imibongo kunye ne-Epigram.
"I-Utopia" yenzelwe i-morchs yezazi kunye nezazinzulu zabantu. Wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kwembono ye-utopists kwaye ikhankanyiswe ukupheliswa kwepropathi yabucala, ukulingana kokusetyenziswa, imveliso yoluntu, njl. Kwangelo xesha, ngokubhala lo msebenzi, uThomas Mor wasebenza kwenye incwadi - "Imbali kaRichard III".
U-King Heinrich viii waxabisa kakhulu i-"toto "yegqwetha elinesiphithi elinesiphiwo kwaye ngo-1517 wagqiba kwelokuba amisele kumcebisi wakhe. Ke i-Utopian odumileyo ijoyine ibhunga laseRoyal, lafumana imeko yonobhala wasebukhosini kunye nethuba lokusebenza kwii-odolo zondyelo. Ngo-1521, waqalisa ukuhlala elona candelo liphezulu lezobuso lesiNgesi eliphezulu - igumbi leenkwenkwezi.
Kwangelo xesha, wafumana isihloko se-knight, amabhaso omhlaba, waba ngumncedisi oncedisayo. Ngaphandle komsebenzi ophumeleleyo wezopolitiko, wahlala enomnqweno kwaye onyanisekileyo, malunga nomnqweno wokuba yonke iNgilani ingamazi ubulungisa. Ngo-1529, uKing Heinrich Viii wanceda umcebisi olungileyo kwiposi yelizwe eliphezulu - isithuba seNkosi i-Madtlellor. UThomas Mor waba sisiphumo sokuqala esivela kwi-bourgeoisie, eyayikwazi ukuthatha le post.
Sebenza
Elona xabiso liphezulu phakathi kwemisebenzi yeThomas Mora linomsebenzi "Utopia", oquka iincwadi ezimbini.
Inxalenye yokuqala yomsebenzi yincwadana yezopolitiko (umsebenzi wendalo nobugcisa). Kuyo, umbhali uveza izimvo zakhe ngendlela inkqubo engafezekanga yentlalo neyentlalo. I-Morer igxeka isohlwayo sentambo, iphakamisa ububi kunye ne-cune ngequnule, iyaphikisana nokungavisisani koluntu, ukuveza ukungavisisani 'kwegazi' malunga nabasebenzi. Kwinxalenye enye, uThomas unikezela ngenkqubo yohlengahlengiso eyenzelwe ukulungisa imeko.
Icandelo lesibini libonisa imfundiso yoluntu yeMora. Ezona ngxelo ziphambili zale mfundiso zincitshiswa koku kuncitshiswa: Intloko yelizwe mayibe "yinkosi", ipropathi yabucala kunye nokusebenza kufuneka itshintshelwe nguluntu, akufuneki ukuba isetyenzisiwe Kuphela kurhwebo kunye namanye amazwe (i-monopoly ekwaBise kubunkokeli boburhulumente), ukuhanjiswa kweemveliso kufuneka kwenziwe ngokweemfuno. Ifilosofi kaMora ithathela ingqalelo idemokhrasi epheleleyo kunye nokulingana, ngaphandle kobukho bokumkani.
"I-Utopia" iye yaba sisiseko sokukhuliswa okulandelayo kweemfundiso ezilandelayo ze-utopian. Ukubandakanya, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiselweni kwesikhundla sentbuso yefilosofi eyaziwayo, njengemithetho kaTommasos. "Imbali kaRichard III", omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo kaThomas Mora, uye waba kukungahambi kakuhle kwengxowa-mpikiswano, abanye abaphandi bayijonga le ncwadi ngomsebenzi wembali, abanye banobugcisa. Uluhlu lwe-utopst luye lwabhala inguqulelo emininzi kunye nemisebenzi yemibongo.
Ubomi Buqu
Kwanangaphambi kokuba i-Renaissance Sele iphinde yagqitywa nomsebenzi odumileyo kaThomas Mora kwaye ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukuthatha izithuba eziphakamileyo kuRhulumente, umntu onoluntu otshatile i-jane ye-jane ye-jane ivela kwi-jane cort ivela e-Essex. Oku kwenzeke ngo-1505. Wayeyintombazana ethe cwaka kwaye enobubele kwaye waza wazala umyeni wakhe kubantwana abane: unyana kaYohane neentombi zikaEliyabete noMargaret.
Ngo-1511, uJane wasweleka ngenxa yomkhuhlane. UThomas Mor, akafuni ukubashiya abantwana ngaphandle koomama, kungekudala watshata nomhlolokazi okhuselweyo uAlice Misleton, awayehlala nabo ngolonwabo ngaphambi kokuba afe. Wayenomntwana kumtshato wokuqala.
Ukufa
I-Thomas Mora, iikowuti zakhe kwimisebenzi yakhe yayingeyontsomi nje yobugcisa-Wakholelwa ngokunzulu kuwo onke amalungiselelo okufundisa wakhe kwaye wahlala enenkolo. Ke ngoko, xa uHenry VIII wayefuna ukuphelisa umtshato nomfazi wakhe, uMorre wanyanzelisa ukuba le nto inokwenza kuphela ipopu. Kwindima yale yokugqibela, iClement VII yadlalwa ngelo xesha, kwaye wayechasene nenkqubo eyaphukileyo.
Ngenxa yoko, uHeinrich VIII waqhekeza amaqhina kunye neRoma kwaye wema endleleni eya kudala icawa yase-Anglican kwilizwe lazo. Kungekudala, uAna u-Ana Boleyn wathweswa isithsaba, iqabane elitsha lokumkani. Yonke le nto yabangela ukuqina okuqinileyo kuThomas Mora, ukuba akayeki nje isithuba sikaPheettonlor, kodwa sanceda i-Nun Elizabeth iBharson ngokugweba esidlangalaleni ngokuziphatha kokumkani.
Kungekudala iPalamente yamkele "isenzo setrone": Zonke i-ginnights ze-English yayikukusa i-Henry VIII kunye ne-ANNA BOLING NOKHUSELEKO OLUFANELEKILEYO KWAYO NABALUNGISELELO KWAYO I-tudor doysty. UThomas Mor wala ukuchitha isifungo kwaye wagqitywa kwiNqaku. Ngo-1535, wabulawa ngenxa yokuhlonipha.
Ngo-1935, wabalelwa kubuntu abangcwele abangamaKatolika.