Biography
UOliver Cromwell - Umphathi-magama wase-English kunye noMlawuli we-XVI-XVII kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. Waba yintloko yentloko yeBritane, intloko yentshukumo yabantu abazimelayo eyahlukane nePuritan, kwaye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yezopolitiko, ephethe isikhundla seNkosi, kunye neNkosi, uMkhuseli we-Ireland, eIreland naseScotland.
UOliver Crography ka-Elver Crography waqala ngo-Epreli 25, 1599 kwidolophu yaseHuntingdon. Abazali bakhe babengalunganga, amalungisa-uElizabeth noRobert Cromwell. Le yokugqibela yayingunyana omncinci kwintsapho, evela eThomas CromWEll (uKumkani okufuphi waseHenry VIII, kunye nomncedisi wayo wokumiliselwa kohlengahlengiso). Ngexesha lolawulo lokuthi, ookhokho beOliver Cromwell baqhubela phambili ilizwe ngenxa yokufunyanwa kwecawe kunye nemihlaba ye-Mostic.
Imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kaOliver efunyenwe kwiSikolo seParish yedolophu yakhe. Ngexesha ukusuka kwi-1616 ukuya kwi-1617, wafunda kwiKholeji yaseSydney eSydnex kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge. Le kholeji yaziwa ngumoya wasePurita. I-Cromwell-Jr yaqalisa uqeqesho kwicandelo lomthetho, kodwa kungekudala wagqiba kwelokuba alushiye kwaye utshatile nentombi yentombi.
Ukufa kukaTata kubuhlungu kwinyathelo le-oliver: kwafuneka anikezele imfundo yokunceda unina. Ngeli xesha, wakhokela kwifama, njengoko kwaye kufuneka ajikeleze: ibhiya epheki, itshizi elungisiweyo, ethengisa isondo kunye noboya.
Ezopolitiko
Ngo-1628, uCromull wazama ukuqalisa ikhuriya yezopolitiko. Uye wakwazi ukoyisa ipalamente kwidolophu yaseHuntingdon. Incoko yokuqala kaOliver kwigunya eliphezulu lamandla omthetho wase-England yenzeka ngoFebruwari 1629. Ibiyelwe ekukhuseleni kwabashumayeli basePitori. Kodwa ngo-Matshi wonyaka omnye, uKarl uKarl wagxotha iPalamente, kwaye uCarlera Crowell waphela, wayengenalo ixesha lokuqalisa.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye elandelayo, uCromull waphinda waphila ubomi bomnini-ndawo obuqhelekileyo. Ngexesha ukusuka kwi-1636 ukuya kwi-1638, wathatha inxaxheba ekuhambeni ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu abahlali. Kwiminyaka embalwa, uOliver Cromull waphinda wavela kwi-Arena yeLizwe lakhe: ngo-Epreli kwaye ngo-Novemba kwaye ngo-Novemba ngo-1640 wanyulwa kwipalamente emfutshane, ngokwahlukeneyo. UCromwell waba ngusekela-yeCabridge. Kwiintetho zakhe, yena, ekhusela umdla wabantu obutsha kunye ne-bourgeosie.
Utshintsho lwesiNgesi
NgoAgasti 1642, i-Bhritanetion Revolution yaqala (imfazwe yamakhaya yesiNgesi). Owona mkhosi uphambili kwimvukelo yayinguKumkani uCharles i nePalamente. UOliver Cromwell walwa ecaleni komkhosi wepalamente, apho watolika kwisikhundla somphathi.
Ugqibe kwelokuba aqeshe amajoni ukuba anganyanzeli-endaweni yoko, wayefuna ukufumana amatsha-ntliziyo amabi, kuba lowo ubulungisa bokumkani kunye nomlo wokulwa nokumkani uya kuba ngu-Akin ukuze agwetywe. UOliver Cromwell wafumanisa ukuba "i-"ind" enjalo "ebusweni be-peaaas-yomen ababehlala eMpuma England.
Babezitolini zeYarry kwaye benza ngokuzimela nxamnye nemiyalelo yokuthe tyaba. Izalamane ze-cromwell, zibunjwe ngaba bangevali, zaphuculwa nguZheleznobkim ngokuphumelela okukhethekileyo kunye nokuxhathisa.
Ngomkhosi wakhe, umphathi wabanjwa umlo omkhulu, ngokuthe ngcembe efumana iindawo eziphakamileyo. Ngo-1644, wanikwa itayitile ye-airutenant ngokubanzi. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kubugcisa bomyalelo wakhe yayikwimfazwe ye-Marner Moore, eyenzeka nge-2 kaJulayi, 1644, nakwindawo eyayinendawo eya kuba ne-neuzby, eyayinendawo eya kuJuni 14, 1645. Ezi bhokisi ziye zagqiba kwelokuba imbali yotshintsho lwesiNgesi, kwaye ngaphandle kwenkohliso ka-Olver Cromwell, banokuhamba ngenye indlela.
Imbali yaseNgilani emva koloyiso lwePalamente kwimfazwe yokuqala yaseburhulumenteni yahamba ngendlela eya kwinguqu kwi-monakarmy yomgaqo-siseko evela ngokupheleleyo. Ubume bokumkani, ukuthobela kuphela indlela umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe oya kukuphuhlisa ngayo, yangena ngaphambili. Kwangelo xesha, ngamandla ombutho kunye namandla anganyanisekanga kaOliver Cromwell, eqinisekile ukuba alwa nempumelelo yePalamente xa edibana nokumkani.
Kungekudala emva kokugqitywa kohlaziyo lwaseBritane, uCromwell wanyanzelisa utshintsho lomkhosi waseburhulumenteni. Ngo-1645, waba negalelo ekudalweni komkhosi wesiqu sesampulu emitsha esekwe kwi-Theleznobobki. UCromwell wasebenzisa amava afumene ngaphezulu kweminyaka eliqela lemfazwe ukwenza umkhosi osebenzayo.
Udabi lasekuhlaleni
Ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha lemfazwe yaseBritane, uOliver Cromwell wamela amandla enkululeko yoguquko. Kodwa emva kokuba iPalamente yoyisile imikhosi yenkosi, umphathi-mkhosi wagqiba kwelokuba afudukele kwisikhundla sobupolitika kwaye akhawuleze amagqabi edemokhrasi. Ngenxa yoku, wayenengxabano kunye nenqanaba, ababengonelisekanga sisiphumo sotshintsho lwesiNgesi kwaye lafuna ukuqhubeka kweemfazwe.
Ngo-1647, uOliver Cromull wavela phakathi kwamandla amathathu ezopolitiko ezinzulu: inkosi, umkhosi kunye nabameli beParimesbhinia ePalamente, ababevota kakhulu. Kwimeko enjalo evela kwinkokeli yasemkhosini nekhuthazayo, i-cromwell yajika yaba yi-deft kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo othuleyo, ngokusekelwe emkhosini namajoni adliwayo enkosini yenkosi.
Kwakunye 1647, umkhosi wamzeka ukumkani. UOliver Cromwell wazama ukulungisa imeko kunye nokumkani uthetha malunga neemeko apho inkosi igcinwe khona. Inqanaba, lisafuna utshintsho olukhulu, lwalubona ukungcatshwa kule. Kwaye wazama ukuba nezopolitiko ukudibanisa amaqela ashushu, ukuthintela imfazwe yamakhaya yesibini, eyaqala ngo-1648, yasilela.
Ngexesha lolu hlaselo, uOliver Cromwell ochasile iingcali zeRoyals kunye nokomeleza umkhosi wakhe, wavuma imanyano, uvumile imanyano. NgoSeptemba nango-Okthobha 1648, walwa noRoyals eScotland nasemantla eNgilane. Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthobha, iintloko zakhe zangena kwi-Edinburgh, apho yatyikitywa isivumelwano soxolo loloyiki. Kwiinyanga ezizayo, umphathi, ukuba eze eLondon kunye nomkhosi wakhe, wafezekisa ukucocwa kwendlu ye-commons evela kubaseRoyalis.
Ngo-1649, uCromull wavuma ukubulawa kwenkosi, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkosi kunye nesibhengezo seNgilani ngeRiphabliki. "I-Silk" Intendi "yeZinqe zaphelelwa" ukuba ziyi-Silk ", eyayiya e-Olive Cromwell. Wazibonakalisa umlawuli ongqongqo: Ngokungenamsebenzi wawuxinzelela phantsi i-uresings, apho ijoni lakhe alikhathalelanga ukuba i-Ireland ifundile malunga ne-Ireland, yaqhubeka nokuzonwabisa ngokuthandana kaRoyalis.
Iminyaka edlulileyo yoBomi
Njengoko ubomi bukaOliver Cromwell buthwele ilanga, ulawulo lwakhe lwaluzuze lukhulu. Ukubeleka kwabantu, waqala ukuba nobutshaba kumnqweno wentando yesininzi, kwiimfuno zabo zentlalo. Ngo-1650, waba yiNkosi-Jikelele kwiRiphabliki, oko kukuthi, umphathi-thungele wonke umntu oxhobileyo, obezimisele ukuchonga ubuzwilakhe.
Ngo-1653, umphathi-mkhosi wamkela uMgaqo-siseko omtsha, owabizwa ngokuba "isixhobo solawulo". Olu xwebhu lwamnike inqanaba le "Nkosi yamnika uMkhuseli weNkosi" eNgilani, i-Ireland naseScotland. Ukuqhutywa komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi kaRhulumente kwakunzima kuye: elizweni, kwenziwe imbandezelo yezoqoqosho, iingxaki zentlalo zihlala zingasonjululwanga. Kwangelo xesha, uCromwell waphumelela kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle, ukufaka i-jamaica, etyikitya isivumelwano sokuthengisa kunye neSweden kunye nokuqukumbela uxolo ne-Holland ngendlela eyiyo eNgilane.
Nangona ngexesha lobomi bukaOliver Cromwell, iRiphabhlikhi ayizange ipheliswe, kwaye amandla akhe angathandabuzi, umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi ongenakuko wangaphakathi we-Commarder wabuyiselwa kuphela ukubuyiselwa kobukhosi. Emva kokuba efile ngo-1658, unyana wakhe uRichard waba ngumbuyise uMkhuseli weNkosi, ngexesha nje elifutshane elilahlekileyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Oyena mfazi kuphela ngumfazi uEzabeza waqhuma, watshata, eshiya izifundo zakhe eyunivesithi.
Abantwana abasibhozo bazalelwa kulo mtshato: oonyana Robert, u-Olichard noRichard, kunye neentombi zikaFranci, uEliza, uElizabeth kunye ne-Elizabeth kunye neBridget.
Ukufa
UOliver Cromwell wasweleka ngoSeptemba 3, 1658, unobangela wokufa waba sisisu esiswini kunye nesifo seengcongconi. Umngcwabo weNkokeli kaRhulumente edlula i-pronifficed kunye ne-pompous, kodwa kwakamsinya nje emva koko kwaqala la mandundu elizweni, isiphithiphithi kunye nokungabinamsebenzi, lowo akazange afumane i-crangell unyana wakhe olizibulo.
Ngo-1659, ukuqaqamba, ukubiza itrone kaCharles II (uKarl i-Nyamsali, isivumelwano sokuphunyezwa komphathi we-cermuy, ukuze siphumeze ukusenziwa kwe-Teutuy. Umzimba wenza iiyure ezimbalwa kwi-Gallows, emva koko wabekwa entlokweni yakhe kwipali ekufuphi ne-Westminster Palace.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Kukho imbali yokuba ebuntwaneni UmOliverst omncinci wadibana nomlingani weKarl i, owayemiselwe ukuba nguKumkani waseNgilani. Ngexesha lomdlalo, kwaza amakhwenkwe, kwaye uCromwell wade waphula impumlo.
- Ngo-1970, ifilimu yembali "ifilimu" yasuswa, umgwebi wendima ekhokelayo apho uRichard Harris - wafumana indumiso evela kwimifanekiso egqwesileyo.
- Ebuntwaneni, uOliver wayenabantakwabo ababini, kodwa bafa kwasebusaneni. Ngenxa yoko, inkwenkwe ijikeleze oodade abathandathu, awayenolwalamano naye.
- Kude kube yiminyaka engama-41 ubudala, uCromull akazange azive enomdla okhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yoguquko. Kuphela kuxa wafumana amanqaku e-Zheleznoboki ngemali yakhe, olu thando lwezopolitiko luvuke ngalo kwaye umnqweno wokugqiba imbali yelizwe lakhe.
- Nge-3 kaSeptemba kwaba ngumhla wokupeka kwikamva likaOliver Cromwell. Kwakungolu suku ukuba woyisa imikhosi yaseScotland eDenbar, umkhosi kaCharles, ndasebenza, kwaye emva kokuba namhlanje ndisebenza njengoSuku loMbuso. UOliver Cromwell naye wasweleka nge-3 kaSeptemba.