Biography
NgoNovemba 10, 1483, inkwenkwana ephawulwe kwimbali njengomntu obalaseleyo, uMhlaziyi omkhulu, uMhlaziyi omkhulu, umgcini wezakwalizwi, uMartin Luther wazalwa kwintsapho yeSaxon Rudolal. Lomntu udume njengotoliki wezibhalo ezingcwele zamaKristu (iBhayibhile), uMseki weMigaqo yoLwimi loLuntu, uvavanyo lwe-African Calic Calutic Calutic Calutic Calutic Calutic Calutic-Martin Luther inkosi.
Utata kaMartin, uHans Luther, wayebalasele ngokusebenza nzima, wafuna ukusinika usapho lonke lwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo, ezazinzima kuye. Ekuqaleni, yayingumntu oqhelekileyo kwilali yaseMera, kodwa, ehamba efuna ubomi obungcono e-Iceleben, wafumana umsebenzi kwimigodi yemigodi yendawo. Xa iReformer yexesha elizayo yayineminyaka emi-6, le ntsapho yaya kuhlala eMansfeld, kwaye apho imifuno yafumana imeko ye-burger ye-burger.
Kwiminyaka eyi-7, uMartin wokugqibela kwafuneka abe namava obunzima obokuqala. Abazali bathumela unyana wakhe ukuba bafundele kwisikolo sedolophu, 'bawuza' kuLuther ngokuthotywa rhoqo kunye nokohlwaya. Inkqubo yemfundo yale ziko ayivumeli umntwana onetalente yokufumana inqanaba elifanelekileyo lolwazi, kwaye iminyaka esi-7 yoqeqesho apha uMartin wafunda kuphela ukufunda, imiyalelo embalwa.
Kwiminyaka eyi-14 (1497), uLuther oselula wangena kwisikolo saseFranciscan eMagdeburg, kodwa kunyaka kamva waguqulelwa kwi-Eisenta. Imali yayingazange yanele, ukungavumi mntu, kunye nabahlobo bakhe wacula phantsi kweefestile zabemi abathile, ezama ukutyelela ngandlel 'ithile. Emva koko le ndodana yaqala ukucinga malunga nengeniso ethembekileyo emigodini, njengoYise, kodwa ikamva eliyalele ukuba lolunye uhlobo.
Ishumi elivisayo yadibana ngengozi umfazi womhlali otyebileyo wase-Eisenta. Ibhinqa eligama lingu-Ursula lagqiba kwelokuba lincede inkwenkwe, limeme kwikhaya lakhe kwindawo yokuhlala yethutyana kunokuba wavula uMartin indlela eya kubomi obutsha.
Ngo-1501, uLuther waphumelela esikolweni kwaye wangena kwiDyunivesithi yase-Erfurt (i-faculty yefilosofi). UMartin wayeme phakathi koontanga ngememori ebalaseleyo, ethathe, njengolwazi olutsha lwesiponji, i-Sponge yezinto ezintsonkothileyo kwaye kungekudala yaba liziko leNtleko yeHlabathi kwiYunivesithi.
Ukufumene isidanga se-bachelor (1503), uLuthere oselula wamenywa ukuba afunde izifundo kubafundi abakwintanda-bulumko. Ngokuhambelana ngokuhambelana, wafunda iziseko zeqela elisemthethweni ngokomthetho. UMartin waphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa wabonisa eyona nto inomdla kwi-theology, funda umsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yootata abakhulu.
Ngesinye isihlandlo, emva kolunye utyelelo kwilayibrari yeyunivesithi, iBhayibhile yangena ezandleni zikaLuther, ukufundwa kwayo kwajika ilizwe lakhe langaphakathi.
Emva kokuphumelela kwiDyunivesithi, uMartin Luther wagqiba kwelona nqanaba liphezulu ekungekho namnye ulindelekileyo kuye. Isithandi-sobulumko saya kwimoyeni, siye kukhonza uThixo, sishiya ubomi behlabathi. Esona sizathu yayikukubulawa ngesiquphe njengomhlobo onesihlobo ngu-Luther kunye nokuqonda kwakhe ukona.
Ubomi kwi-monastery
Kwindawo engcwele yabafundisi-ntsapho abaselula: Ndikhonza endala, ndenze umsebenzi womgcini-sango, ndaqala iwotshi yecande, ndazisa intendelezo yecawe njalo njalo.
Ukufuna ukugcina umntu kwimvakalelo yekratshi lomntu, iimonki zathumela uMartin ukuya esixekweni - ukuqokelela izilo. U-Luther wangena kwisalathiso ngasinye, esebenzise i-itita ekutyeni, impahla, iphumla. Ngo-1506, uMartin Luther wafumana i-nusticm, kwaye ngonyaka - ububingeleli, ukuba nguMzalwana uAugustine.
Isidlo sasemini, iNkosi kunye nemeko yombingeleli ayizange ibe ngumda woqeqesho nophuhliso olungaphezulu lwe-Martin. Ngo-1508, uVie jikelele wancoma i-LutheHherta njengomfundisi weDyunivesithi yaseWrightberg. Apha waqeqesha abantu abancinci, i-physics. Kungekudala wafumana isidanga se-bachelical sachelical, esenze ukuba sikwazi ukufundisa abafundi besikolo. U-Luther wayenelungelo lokutolika izibhalo ezisebhayibhileni, kwaye ukuze kuze kube ngcono kwintsingiselo yawo, yaqala ukufunda iilwimi zasemzini.
Ngo-1511, uLuther watyelela iRoma, apho abameli bakhe abathunyelwayo. Apha wadibana nenyani yokuphikisana kwabantu abangamaKatolika. Ukusukela nge-1512 wayephethe isikhundla sonjingalwazi wezemfundiso, funda iintshumayelo, wenza uxanduva lomkhathaleli kwiimonimative ezili-11.
UHlaziyo
Nangona wayesondela kuThixo, uMartin Luther wayesoloko esiva ezinye iindlela, ezigqwetha kuye kwaye zibuthathaka kwizenzo zakhe ngaphambi kweyona nto iphakamileyo kakhulu. Ingxaki yengqondo yaba sisiqalo sokuphinda icinge ngezakwalizwi kwilizwe lokomoya nangokutshintsha.
Ngo-1518, iPapal Bulla yakhululwa, yagxekwa kwimbono kaMartin. ULuther wadaniswa ngokupheleleyo kwimithambo yamaKatolika. Isithandi-sobulumko kunye nabafundisi bezakwalizwi baqalisa ezabo iimfundiso ezingama-95, nto leyo kwingcambu yokuphinda icandele icawa yaseRoma.
Ngokutsho kobugcisa bukaLuther, urhulumente akufuneki axhomekeke ngabefundisi, kwaye le yokugqibela ayinyanzelekanga ukuba asebenze njengomlamli obuphambimisekileyo phakathi komntu nakwiNkosi yazo zonke izinto. UMartin akazange amkele amabango kunye namabango malunga nokuchasana kwabameli bomoya, batshabalalise igunya lemithetho yotata. Izenzo zohlengahlengiso zaqwalaselwa kwimbali kwaza, kodwa isikhundla sikaLuther sasisoyikisa kwaye sinesibindi.
Abass Martin bafumana ukuthandwa koluntu, amarhe malunga nemfundiso entsha yafikelela kuPope, owayemema kwangoko iNkundla yakhe (1519). U-Luther wasweleka engafiki eRoma, emva koko iPontik yagqiba kwelokuba i-Ato i-ATATE Grouptant (ukugxothwa kwiSabhomente eNgcwele).
Ngo-1520, uLuther wenza ukuba enze isenzo - esidlangalaleni itshise inkunzi yePapal, ecela abantu ukuba balwe nolawulo lwepapali kunye nokunciphisa uSaholic sana. Nge-26 kaMeyi, 1521, ngokutsho kokunqula, uMartin wafumana isityholo se-herey, kodwa abaxhasi bezona zibalulekileyo ze-LUTEYCY zinceda ukubaleka umama wabo, echaza ukubanjwa kwakhe. Ngapha koko, uLuther wabekwa kwinqaba yeWarbarg, apho wayeguqukela eJamani.
Ngo-1529, amaProtestanti uMartin Luther wafumana ngokusemthethweni eluntwini, ekholelwa ukuba yenye yemibutho yobuKatolika, kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa "kwinkampu" ye "Camp" yakhe: I-Lutheeram kunye neCalvinism.
UJean Calvin waba ngowesibini emva kokuba uLuther umhlaziyi omkhulu, umbono ophambili wokuba nguwuphi owona mntu umiselweyo lomntu kaThixo.
Uluvo malunga namaYuda
Umyinge kaMartin Luther kumaYuda utshintshile ebomini bakhe bonke. Ekuqaleni, wakugxeka intshutshiso yobume bobuzwe, ecetyiswayo ukubaphatha ngonyamezelo.
UMartin wayenyanisekile ukuba ukholelwe ukuba umYuda, owevayo intshumayelo yakhe, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuthatha isigqibo sokubhaptizwa. Kwincwadana yakhe ethi "UKrestu wazalwa" umYuda "wabhalisa abafundi bezakwalizwi 'bakugxininisa kwimvelaphi yamaYuda kaKristu kwaye waxhasa abantu bamandulo bakwa-themba ukulandela" ubuhedeni bukaPagel ".
Emva koHlaziyo, wayeqinisekile ukuba amaJuda akazange amisele ukulandela iimfundiso zakhe, kwaye ngaxa lithile lamiliselwa ukuba lihlupheke kubo. Incwadi kaLuther ebhalwe kule meko yayinomlindi we-anti-humert ("kumaYuda nobuxoki babo", "izinto zokudala", njl.njl).
Ke, isithandi sobulumko saseJamani sadumisa abantu abangamaYuda, abaphambuka kutshintsho olucetywa nguLuther. Emva koko, icawa yamaLuthere yaba ngumthombo wokuphefumlelwa ngenxa yokulwa, kwaye izikhundla zayo zaziza kwenza ubuxoki kumaYuda eJamani, ngokuchasene nabo.
Ubomi Buqu
ULuthere wayekholelwa ukuba iNkosi ayikwazanga ukunqanda wonke umntu ngaphandle kokuphelisa abantu ukuba baphile eluthandweni kwaye bandise i-ges. Ngokwenyani ngokwenyani yebhayiloji yaseMartoni, umongikazi owayesakhe wazala kuye ngomtshato wabantwana aba-6.
I-Katharina Von Boru yayiyimoniyakazi kwimonki yemonastery ngentando yabazali bayo - izindlu zabo ezihlwempuzekileyo. Xa le ntombazana yayineminyaka eyi-8, wanika isifungo sobuqhetseba. Imfundo yeCawe, uqeqesho kunye neCatharine yeCatharine Busithi yenza umlinganiswa wenkosikazi yaseLuther Surov kwaye engqongqo, eyayibonakaliswa kakhulu kubudlelwane bamaqabane.
Umtshato waseMartin noKet (obizwa ngokuba yintombazana uLuther) wenzeka nge-13 kaJuni, 1525. Ngelo xesha, iProtestanti yayineminyaka engama-42 ubudala, kwaye iqabane lakhe elihle lineminyaka engama-26 kuphela ubudala. I-monastery eshiyiweyo ka-Agastise yanyula njengendawo yakhe yokuhlangana. Iintliziyo ezinothando ziphila ngokulula, ngaphandle kokulimaza nayiphi na ipropathi. Indlu yabo ihlala ivulekile kubantu abafuna uncedo.
Ukufa
Ukufa kukaMartin Luther usebenze nzima, intetho ifundwe, ishunyayelwe, ibhala iincwadi. Indoda enamandla nenokusetyenziswa kwindalo, wayedla ngokulibala ngokutya kunye nephupha elinempilo. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, oku kwaqala ukubonisa kwisikranza, ngequbuliso kuphelelwa ngamaqhinga. U-Luther waba ngumnini wesifo eso abizwa ngokuba sisifo esilithambile esimthuthuzelayo.
Impilo-ntle "yomeleza" ukuphikisana ngokomoya kunye namathandabuzo. UMartin kwindlela yokuphila yakhe wavuma ukuba ebusuku uMtyholi wayehlala eza kuye, ebuza imibuzo engaqhelekanga. Umsunguli weProtestanti wayethandaza kuThixo ukuba afe, ekubeni kwimeko ebuhlungu kangangeminyaka emininzi.
U-Luther wasweleka ngoFebruwari 1546 ngequbuliso. Umzimba wakhe wangcwatyelwa ngokungxama kwintendelezo yecawa yebhotwe, apho ama-95 adumileyo angama-95 akhe afakwa.
Ngo-2003, kwimemori yembali, i-Eric Tograms, ifilimu yeDradical yeDrama ebizwa ngokuba nguLuther, ebonisa ubomi bomphathiswa ongcwele ukusuka ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokuhlaziya kunye nokufa ngokwako.
Iikowuti
"Intiyo, njengokutyibilika kwe-tumor turus on vereden umntu kwaye ithathe konke amandla." "Ukuba umntu akafumani nto ukuba ukulungele ukufa, akakwazi kuphila ngokupheleleyo." Ngaphandle komfazi wam, akunakwenzeka ukuba uphile, angangenzi njani ngaphandle kokutya nesiselo. Uzalelwe kwaye uFenedown ngabafazi, siphila ubomi babo kwaye singenalo ithuba lokuphela kubo. "I-Bibliography
- IBerleburg Bible
- Izifundo zeMiyalezo eya kwaMaRoma (1515-1516)
- I-95 le nto malunga ne-invelges (1517)
- Kumnqweno wamaKristu wesizwe saseJamani (i-1520)
- Malunga nokuthinjwa kweBhabhiloni yeCawa (i-1520)
- Ileta ye-Mulpppuft (i-1520)
- Vula i-Pape Lero X (i-1520)
- Inkululeko ye-Kristu
- Ngokuchasene nenkunzi yenkomo yenkomo
- Incoko kwi-Wormian Reichstage Aprili 18, 1521
- Malunga nobukhoboka (1525)
- Malunga nemfazwe nxamnye neeTurks (1528)
- Ikatekhthim nencinci (1529)
- Ileta yokuguqulela (1530)
- Musis Music (1538)
- Malunga namaYuda kunye nobuxoki babo (1543)