Biography
UHenry Ford udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngu "Bawo" weShishini le-Automotive, kuba wadala uthungelwano lwezityalo zemoto. UFord ufumene i-161 patent, ngoko ke oyena mgadi mkhulu. Umzi-mveliso unikezele ngobomi kwimveliso yeemoto ezixabiso eliphantsi kwaye wafuna ukubonelela ngomatshini wenqwelwana nganye. UHenry Ford waqala wafaka isicelo somdibaniso woomatshini bokusasaza. Ingqondo yoShishino, inkampani "Ford motor", imisebenzi namhlanje iphantsi kolawulo lwenzala yakhe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umzi-mveliso wexesha elizayo wazalwa ngoJulayi 30, 1863 kwifama kayise kufutshane nedolophu yaseDirborn (Michigan). UWilliam Ford abazali kunye noMarie Litogat bafudukele eMelika ukusuka eIreland. Inkwenkwe ikhulele abazalwana abathathu noodade abathathu.
Utata nonina basebenza nzima kwifama kwaye babethathwa njengabazizityebi. Kodwa uHenry wayeqinisekile ukuba ekuhambeni uqoqosho lomsebenzi, ngaphezulu kwesiqhamo sezabasebenzi, ngenxa yoko akazange afune ukuqhubeka nemeko yabazali.
Inkwenkwe ifundile kuphela kwiSikolo seCawa kwaye ayifundanga nokuba ibhale ngaphandle kweempazamo. Xa uFord waba yintloko yenkampani, wayengenakukwazi ukutsala isivumelwano. Kanye kwiphephandaba, umzi-mveliso wabizwa ngokuba "akazi", ngenxa yokuba i-trod ifayilishwe le ncwadi. Kodwa umkhuseli wayeqinisekile ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo emntwini yayingayi kufunda nokubhala, kodwa amandla okucinga.
Ngo-12, uHenry waphulukana nonina, kwaye lo msitho wanyikima inkwenkwe. Kwiminyaka efanayo, usomashishini olixesha elizayo wabona i-lecomobile. UForde wavuya kubasebenzi, ehamba phantsi kwesenzo semoto, kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba ahlanganisene indlela yokuhamba kwixesha elizayo. Kodwa utata wayefuna uHenry ukuba abe ngumlimi, ngoko ke inzala yomntwana kuomatshini baqonda ngokucacileyo umdla womntwana.
Kwiminyaka eli-16, uForde waya eDetroit waba ngumfundi kwindibano yocweyo. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, uHenry wabuyela kwifama, apho wayesebenza khona kwifama, kwaye ebusuku wayenezinto zokwenza. Ukulungiselela utata womsebenzi wemihla ngemihla, uFord wadala umqala, osebenza kwi-petroli. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezixhobo ezinjalo, umthengi wafunyanwa kungekudala. UHenry uthengise ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza le-damas edison, emva koko wafumana umsebenzi kwinkampani yalo mbutho udumileyo.
Ishishini
Ngo-1891, uFord waya kwi-Detroit kwakhona ukuze abe yinjineli yoomatshini kwi-thomas e-Edison. UHenry wabambe esi sikhundla de kwangama-1899, kodwa ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, baqhubeka nokusebenza emotweni. UFord akazange abe nenxaxheba kwinto ayithandayo, kodwa waphila umbono wokudala imoto efikelelekayo. Ngo-1893, uHenry wakwazi ukufikelela kwisiphumo-yiyilelwe imoto yakhe yokuqala.
Ulawulo luka-Edison aluzange luxhase izinto zokuzonwabisa zaza kwaye zicetyiswa ukuba zilahle amagatya afanelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, ngo-1899, umzi-mveliso wexesha elizayo wasuka emsebenzini waza waba yinkampani ye-Detroit. Kodwa apha le ndoda ayihlali ixesha elide kwaye iminyaka emithathu ishiye ingqindi ngenxa yokungangqinelani kwiimbono kunye nabanye abanini-co-banini be-Co-banini be-CoA.
Ngeli xesha, ukuyilwa koShishino oluNtsha kwakungekho kwimfuno enkulu. Ukutsala umdla wabathengi, uFord waqhuba ejikeleze isixeko emotweni yakhe. Kwangelo xesha, uHenry wayedla ngokugculelwa kwaye wabizwa ngokuba "akakhathalelwanga" esitratweni. Kodwa lo mntu wayengoyiki ukusilela kwaye wadela uloyiko lwelahleko. Ngo-1902, uFerd wathatha inxaxheba kumdyarho wemoto kwaye wakwazi ukufikelela phambi kwentshatsheli ekhoyo ye-US. Umsebenzi we-ovenptor yayiyintengiso yemoto kunye nomboniso wesidima sakhe, kwaye lo mfo wafikelela kwisiphumo esifunayo.
Ngo-1903, ishishini le-novice ladala inkampani "motor motor" yaqala ukuveliswa kweemoto "Ford A". Umveleli wayefuna ukubonelela abathengi iisampulu zesampulu ezinokwahlulahlula ngokuthembekileyo kunye noqoqosho. Ngokuthe ngcembe, uFord wenza uyilo lomatshini ngokulula, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcukacha. Umveleli wokuqala wasebenzisa i-conceskor yokuveliswa kweemoto, ezazingumntu obonakalayo wokwenene. Ishishini elinetalente liphumelele kwishishini le-Automotive kwaye lathatha indawo ekhokelayo kweli shishini.
UHenry Ford wayengoyiki ubunzima kwaye walwa naye kunye nalowo ulichasayo. Xa i-Ford Tomate ijongene ne-Automab Automab, ishishini eliselula lalinokumelana. Emva ngo-1879, uGeorge Walden wafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi weprojekthi, kodwa engayiboni. Xa ezinye iinkampani zibandakanyeke kwimveliso yeemoto, umyili waqala ukuya enkundleni. Emva kweshishini lokuqala eliphumelele, uninzi lweefemu bezithenge iilayisensi kuye kwaye zenza umbutho wabavelisi beemoto.
Ukuqhubeka kwetyala ngokuchasene ne-Ford kwaqala ngo-1903 kwaye yaya kude kube nge-1911. Umzi-mveliso wala ukuthenga ilayisensi kwaye wathembisa ukukhusela abathengi bakhe. Ngo-1909, uFord wayephulukene netyala, kodwa emva kokuhlaziywa, inkundla igwebe ukuba bonke abantu abazenzayo abenze phantsi koMthetho kwaye bengazange baphule amalungelo asetenxili, njengoko injini yayisetyenziswa. Ngenxa yoko, umbutho weShishini le-Automotive waqaqamba, kwaye uFord waphumelela ifossa enye yeminqweno yabathengi.
Impumelelo yeza kwimveliso enetalente ngo-1908 kunye nokuqala kokukhutshwa kwe-Ford-T. Ingqondo kaFord yahlulahlulwe ngokugqitywa ngokulula, intengo yedemokhrasi kunye nokusebenza. Nokuba uErness Heminga wanyula le moto, iguqulwe phantsi kwemoto yococeko.
Intengiso ye-Ford inyuke ngokukhawuleza, kuba iimoto zeFord zaziphezulu, kodwa azibizi. Kwangelo xesha, iindleko zika "Ford-T" kwiminyaka yawa: Ukuba nge-1909 ixabiso lemoto yayiyi- $ 850, emva koko ngo-1953 yawa kuma-550.
Ngo-1910, uHenry Ford wesityalo esiphakamileyo sepaki sele esakha. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, iNdibano isetyenziswa apha. Ekuqaleni, i-generator yaqokelelwa, emva koko injini. Abasebenzi abaninzi abalishumi elinambini babezibandakanya ekuhlanganiseni i-injini nganye, eyenze imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kwaye inciphise ixesha lokuvelisa. Iqonga lokuhamba lisetyenzisiwe, ngesiphumo sokuba i-chassis yayihamba ngokukhawuleza. Iimvavanyo ezinjalo zichaphazele amaqela amaninzi kwinkqubo yemveliso, ukwandisa imveliso yawo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Ngokuthe ngcembe, imizi-mveliso ethengisiweyo, imigodi yamalahle kwaye yavula izityalo ezitsha. Ke i-trord iphulukene nomjikelo wokuveliswa ngokupheleleyo: ukusuka ekukhutshelweni kwe-ore yokukhutshwa kweemoto ezigqityiweyo. Ngenxa yoko, usomashishini wadala uBukumkani bonke obungaxhomekeki kwezinye iinkampani kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle. Ngo-1914, i-Ford ikhutshwe iimoto ezili-10 okanye i-10% yazo zonke iimoto emhlabeni.
UHenry Ford wafuna ukuphucula iimeko zokusebenza ezivenkileni. Ukususela ngo-1914, abasebenzi bemivuzo bonyuke ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5 yeedola ngosuku. Kodwa ukufumana imali enjalo, abasebenzi bachitha indlela abaqinisekileyo. Ukuba umvuzo uchithwe ekusekweni, emva koko umsebenzi wagxothwa.
Kumashishini, kwimowudi yokusebenza kwiishifti ezintathu zeeyure ezi-8 zafakiwe, endaweni yeyure ezimbini ukuya kwezi-9. Kwakhona, umrhwebi wazisa ngenye imini emva kweholide. Nangona abasebenzi kufuneka bahambelane noqeqesho olunzima, amawaka abantu abatsala iimeko ezintle, kwaye iFord ayizange ibe ngabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngo-1941, izityalo zoMzi-mveliso waseMelika zenza umqobo kwimibutho yabasebenzi.
Ekuqaleni kwe-20s, i-Ford ithengise ezinye iimoto kunabo bonke okhuphisana nabo kwi-Agggate. Kwiimoto ezilishumi zaphunyezwa e-US, ezisixhenxe zenziwa yiFord. Ngeli xesha, umzi-mveliso waqala ukubiza "inkosi yemoto."
Ukususela ngo-1917, iUnited States yathatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe njengenxalenye ye-Enctete. Ke izityalo zaseHenry Ford zazaliseka ii-odolo zomkhosi zaza zavelisa ii-honmet, imaski yegesi, iinqanawa kunye neetanki. Kodwa umrhwebi ugxininise ukuba akafuni kwenza imali ngokuphazamiseka kwegazi kwaye athembise ukubuyela iziphumo zenzuzo. I-gustriotic ye-tist ye-Ford yamkelekile ngamaThuriliyo, ephakamise igunya lezommiselo.
Emva kwemfazwe, umvelisi ochuliweyo wajamelana nengxaki entsha - i-ford-t yokuthengisa i-forde. IsiCwangciso "I-Ford motor" sasilinganiselwe, kwaye umthengi wayefuna ezahlukeneyo. Inkcazo kaFord ukuba inokunikezela ngemoto yalo naluphi na umbala, ukuba umbala onjalo umnyama, uyahambelana nenyani, kodwa akusaphendulanga iimfuno zentengiso. Usomashishini wenze ibhidi yokufikeleleka, ekuphumezeni imoto ngetyala, kodwa inkampani-inkampani "iphakamise iimodeli ezahlukeneyo" ziphakamise iimodeli ezahlukeneyo kwaye zisinde ngaphambili.
Intengiso yawa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngo-1927, i-ford isoyike kakhulu. Emva koko umvelisi umisile inkqubo yemveliso kwaye wabandakanyeka ekwenzeni imoto entsha. UFord wamnceda uNyana othathe inxaxheba kuyilo lwendlela yemoto. Kwakuloo nyaka, umzi-mveliso wazisa i-Ford-yimodeli, eyayibonakaliswa yimbonakalo ebonakalayo kunye nokuphuculwa kweempawu zobugcisa. Ezi zicelo ziyintsha zibuyise izikhundla zobunkokeli kwintengiso yemoto.
Emva ngo-1925, umrhwebi wagqiba kwelokuba enze inqwelo moya, eyabizwa ngokuba yi "Forrd Airways". UFord emva koko wathenga uWilliam igibe kwaye waqala ukuvelisa iinqwelomoya. Emva koko, i-fodmimor yeFord yayithandwa kakhulu. Le nqwelomoya yabakhweli yayikwimveliso ye-serial ngo-1927-1933. Iikopi zaye zaveliswa, ezaziqhutywa kude kube ngo-1989.
Kwiminyaka engama-20, uHenry Ford waxhasa ubudlelwane boqoqosho kwi-USSR. Itrektara ye-soviet esoku-upoviet yesininzi "i-Fortron-Fibraves", yadalwa ngo-1923, yadalwa ngenxa yetrektara "ye-Fordon". Ngexesha leminyaka yo-1929-1932, abasebenzi beziphethe iimoto banegalelo kulwakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kweefektri kwiMoscow naseGorky.
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yoxinzelelo olukhulu, i-Ford igcinwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kodwa ngo-1931 ingxaki ichukumise "i-motor motor". Ukwehla kwentengiso kunye nokwanda kokhuphiswano kunyanzelekile ukuba u-ford kwakhona ukuvala inxenye yefektri kwaye unciphise umvuzo kubasebenzi abaseleyo. Isihlwele esidlule saqala ukugqobhoza "iRouge", amapolisa asasaza abantu kuphela ngoncedo lwezixhobo.
Kwakhona, i-Ford ifumene indlela yokuphuma kwimeko enzima ngenxa yokufumana intsha. Umzi-mveliso uboniswe "Ford v 8" -imodeli yesampulu yesampulu, isantya esifikelele kwi-130 km / h. Imveliso entsha yenze ukuba ikwazi ukuphinda iqhubeke nomsebenzi opheleleyo wenkampani kwaye unyuse uluhlu lwentengiso.
Iimbono zezopolitiko kunye ne-anti-semitism
Kwibhayiloji ye-Henry Forrd kukho amaphepha aliqela agwetywa ngabantu bexesha elide. Ke, ngo-1918, umphambili othengelweyo "izulu elifumileyo elizimeleyo" yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva laqalisa ukusasaza izimvo zaselwandle. Ngo-1920, kwenziwa iimpapasho ezininzi zalo mbandela kwincwadi enye - "Gargry yamanye amazwe". Emva koko, imibono kunye neempapasho zeFord zazisetyenziswa ngenkuthalo ngamaNazi ukuba ayiphembelele kwisizukulwana esitsha.
Ngo-1921, 119 Abemi baseMelika abasenziwa ngabahlali benziwa kunye nokugwetywa kweembono zangaphandle, kubandakanya abongameli abathathu. Ngo-1927, uFerd waziqonda iimpazamo avunyiweyo kwaye wapapasha ileta yemvakalelo kwimithombo yeendaba.
Usomashishini uxhase unxibelelwano ne-NSDAP kwaye wanika inkxaso yemali yamaNazi. I-Hitler iqaqambisa i-Ford kwaye igcina umzobo womenzi we-Munich. Kwincwadi ethi "Umzabalazo wam", i-arionn nye kuphela ekhankanyiweyo - i-henry for. Kwisixeko esihlangeneyo sasePoussi (France) ukusukela ngo-1940, uHenry Ford, ovelise iimoto kunye neenqwelo moya.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1887, uHenry Ford watshutshiswa uClara Bryant - intombi yomlimi olula. "Ukumkani wemoto" wayehlala noClara kunye kwaye ngovuyo. Inkosikazi yayiyinkxaso ethembekileyo kwimveliso enetalente. UBryant wayekholelwa kumyeni wakhe xa abantu balo dolophu bahleka kuye kwaye bagxeka oogxa bakhe. Ngenye imini, kudliwanondlebe, iFord yathi angathanda ukuphila obunye bomi kuphela ukuba angaphinda atshatise uKlara kwakhona.
Mnye kuphela ka-Edsel (1893-1943) wazalwa evela kumaqabane (1893-1943), owathi kamva waba ngumncedisi kaBawo. Kwakukho iimbambano phakathi kukaHenry Ford nase-Edceel, kodwa aziphazamisi ubudlelwane babo kunye nomsebenzi odibeneyo. Utata wayeyinto entle, ethandwa nguRustic kwaye ebukele inqwelo moya, kwaye unyana wakhe ukhetha i-Arhente yale mihla, iJazz, amaqela anenkunkuma kunye ne-cocktails.
Ukufa
"Inkosi yemoto" yalawulwa "Ford motor" de ibe ngama-30s, emva koko wanikezela kulawulo lwe-Edhelu. Isizathu sokukhathalela ishishini le-Shinerman ukusuka kwinkokeli yeNkampani yayineembambano ngamahlakani kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi yebhupashiswano. Unyana kaFord ukususela ngo-1919 wenza imisebenzi kaMongameli, ke wahlangabezana namandla amatsha. Emva kokusweleka konyana ngo-1943, ishishini elidala lavela ebukhosini we-AutoMotied kwakhona ukusuka kuMhlaza weSys.Kodwa iminyaka yakudala ayivumeli i-Ford ukuba ilawule inkampani kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo, kwaye ke kwiminyaka emibini kamva wanika abazukulwana bakaBrazda - uHenry II. Umveleli obalaseleyo wasweleka nge-7 ka-Epreli, ngo-1947 ukusuka kwi-hemorrhage ukuya kwingqondo. Ngelo xesha, uForde wayeneminyaka engama-83 ubudala.
"Inkosi yemoto" ikwazile ukufezekisa iphupha labantwana, likhe emva kwakhe lelona nkampani zikhulu zemoto ehlabathini. Kwangelo xesha, owona msebenzi uphambili wezommiselo yayingeyonto yakufumana umvuzo, kodwa uphuculo kubomi babantu ngoncedo lweeklasi ezithandekayo - ukwenza kunye nokuveliswa kweemoto.
Emva kwakhe, uHenry Ford washiya i-Autobiography "Ubomi bam, impumelelo yam echaza iindlela zokucwangciswa kweshishini. Izimvo eziboniswe kule ncwadi yamkele iinkampani ezininzi, kwaye iikowuti ezivela kwiingxelo zomntu ongenayo isebenza namhlanje.
Emva ngo-1928, usomashishini wafumana i-Elliot Cresson Meding yempumelelo kwishishini le-Automotive. Iincwadi ezininzi kunye neefilimu zinikezelwe kwimbali yobomi kunye nezinto ezifezekisiweyo zeFord. Ke, ngo-1987, kwakhutshwa ifilimu yefilimu uAllan Eastmans "Ford: Umatshini womatshini", uxelela malunga ne-Americal Makemgama eMelika.
Iikowuti
- "Ukuba unenzondelelo, unokwenza nantoni na. Inzondelelo sisiseko senkqubela phambili "
- "Xa kubonakala ngathi ilizwe liphela lilungiselelwe kuwe, khumbula ukuba inqwelomoya isusa umoya!"
- "Imfihlo yam iyaphumelela ekuqondeni inqaku lomnye umntu kwaye lijonge izinto kunye naye kunye nembono yakhe."
- "Umgangatho kukwenza into elungileyo, nokuba akukho mntu ujongayo
- "Ukuba ufuna umntu ukuba anike ixesha kunye namandla am kwishishini, emva koko anyamekele ukuze angabuva ubunzima bemali"
- "Kuphela zizibonelelo ezibini kuphela ekunyanzela abantu ukuba basebenze: Unxanelwe umvuzo kunye nokoyika umkhwa."