Biography
Imisebenzi yombhali wesiNgesi, uMdali woonobumba abahlekisayo baseCharles Dickens bathathwa njengee-Classics kuncwadi lwehlabathi. Uyilo lokugxeka okuqaqambileyo kwezentlalo lubhekisa kuhlobo lwenene, kodwa kwimisebenzi yalo, izinto ezimangalisayo, ezivelayo zibonakalisiwe.
Bazali be-dickens ngokuthanda kwekamva abakwazi ukubonelela abantwana abasibhozo sobomi obutofotofo. Intlupheko embi, amatyala angenasiphelo achukumisa umbhali oselula avakaliswa kamva ngemisebenzi yakhe.
NgoNovemba 7, 1812, uJohn Watpor noElizabeth Dickens azalwe umntwana wesibini. Ngeli xesha, intloko yentsapho yasebenza kwi-Royal Fleet (isiseko seNaval), sibambe isikhundla segosa. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, uJohn watshintshelwa kwikomkhulu, kwaye kungekudala wathunyelwa eChatham (County Kent). Apha uCharles wafumana imfundo yesikolo.
Ngo-1824, utata wombala onoveli wawa kwityala elibi, imali kule ntsapho yayizange ibulale. NgokweMithetho ye-UNTA State yelo xesha, ababolekisi bathumela abanamatyala kwintolongo ekhethekileyo, apho uJohn Dickens. Inkosikazi nabantwana qho ngempelaveki ibibanjelwe endaweni yesigqibo, yayikholelwa kumandla amakhoboka.
Iimeko zobomi zanyanzela umbhali wexesha elizayo ukuya emsebenzini. Kumzi-mveliso we-vaca, inkwenkwe yafumana intlawulo encinci-i-shillngs eneeveki, kodwa iFortuna yancuma kwintsapho ye-Dickens.
UJohn wayifumana ipropathi isalamane sexesha elide, esasenza ukuba sihlawule ityala. Wafumana umhlala-phantsi wama-Admiralty, wasebenza njengentatheli kwiphephandaba lasekuhlaleni.
Emva kokukhululwa kukaTata uCharles eqhubeka nokusebenza kumzi-mveliso kwaye ufunde. Ngo-1827 waphumelela kwiCawelington Academy, kwaye emva kokuba e-ofisini ye-Worpor kwiPosi yaseJunior (imivuzo 13 shillys ngeveki). Apha umntu osebenza unyaka wonke, kwaye, wayesazi ukuba i-stenograph, ukhethe umsebenzi wentando yesimahla.
Ngo-1830, umsebenzi wombhali oselula waya entabeni, kwaye wamenyelwa kumhleli 'ojija i-chronikal ".
Uncwadi
Intatheli ye-novice yatsala ngokukhawuleza, abafundi babexabisa amanqaku alo dade abaphefumlelweyo ukuba abhale kakhulu. Uncwadi luyenzelwe intsingiselo yobomi.Ngo-1836, imisebenzi yokuqala yendalo echazayo yashicilelwa, yabizwa ngokuba "sisincoko seBoz" ngabanyezela. Iingoma ezibhaliweyo ezibhaliweyo zaye zihambelana nenqanaba lentlalontle yentatheli kwaye uninzi lwabemi baseLondon.
Imifanekiso yengqondo yabameli ye-Bourgeoisie eprintiweyo kumaphephandaba kwaye yavumela ukuba bafumane idumo kunye nokuqonda kumbhali wabo oselula.
I-Fedor Dostoevsky ngumbhali waseRussia, obizwa ngokuba yi-dickens ileta yokubhala, ngokubonisa ngobuchule ukubonakalisa inyani yale mihla. I-prosaic ye-prosaic ye-XIX inkulungwane ye-Noveli "yeNoveli" ye-chaplie protor probs posshthnord "(1837). Incwadi iqulethe imizobo yohlobo echaza iimpawu zeBritane, umsindo wabo olungileyo, ongumsindo. Ithemba kunye nokukhululeka xa ukufunda umsebenzi kaCharles utsala inani elandayo labafundi.
Iincwadi ezilungileyo
Amabali alandelayo, amabali, amaCharles Dickens Coves aphumelele. Kwisithuba sexesha elincinci, ubulungisa boncwadi lwehlabathi. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- "I-Adventures ka-Oliver Twist" (1838). Encwadini, umbhali wenza umntu, ebonisa amandla okulunga nokunyaniseka, echasa bonke ubunzima obubalulekileyo. Iqhawe eliphambili lenoveli yinkwenkwe ye-orphan edibana nendlela yayo yabantu abahlukeneyo (inesidima nangolwaphulo-mthetho), kodwa ekugqibeleni ihlala ithembekile kwimigaqo yokukhanya. Emva kokungena etywina yale ncwadi kwi-dickens, i-stall scals scals kunye neenkqubo ezivela kubaphathi beLondon, apho abasebenzi babasebenzi basetyenziswa kakhulu.
- "I-Pawn yeAntiiaume" (1840-1841). Inoveli iphakathi kombhali wombhali odumileyo. Ibali le-nell encinci, iqhawe lencwadi, kwaye namhlanje lenzeka kwabo bafuna ukuphuculwa ngombono wabo wobomi. Umgca welize lomsebenzi uguquguquka ngumzabalazo ongonaphakade phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi, apho uhlala ephumelela khona. Kwangelo xesha, ukubonelelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwakhiwe ngekhefu elihlekisayo, elilula lokuqonda.
- "Imbali yeKrisimesi" (1843). Ibali elihle eliphefumlelwe ngu-2009 UMlawuli we-Robert Zeeekisis ukuba asuse ividiyo yabantwana - i-cale yekhathuni yomsebenzi wesiNgesi, eyabetha abaphulaphuli ifomati, ifomathi emithathu, iziqendu ezithathu. Incwadi icinga ukuba umfundi acinge ngokunzulu ngobomi obuphindiweyo. Kumabali abo eKrisimesi, uDickens uyakhanyela izinto ezimbi zoluntu olubalaseleyo kubudlelwane nabantu abahlelelekileyo.
- UDavid Copperfield (1849-1850). Kolu phawu lomoveli, ukuhlekisa kulandelwa kancinci kwaye ngaphantsi. Umsebenzi unokubizwa ngokuba yi-Autobiography yoMbutho weSiNgesi, apho abaqhankqalazi babungxoweni banxamnye nobunkunkqele kunye nokuziphatha neenqobo zokuziphatha kunye neenqobo zentsapho ziyafika kwisicwangciso sokudumisa. Abagxeki abaninzi kunye noncwadi olugunyazisiweyo olubizwa ngokuba yinoveli owona msebenzi mkhulu we-dickens.
- "Indlu ebandayo" (1853). Umsebenzi luhlobo lwesithoba uCharles. Apha i-classic sele ineempawu zobugcisa. Ngokwembali yombhali, onke amagorha akhe afana naye. Incwadi ibonisa izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiMisebenzi yakhe yokuqala: Ukungabikho kokusesikweni, ukungabinamandla, ubunzima bobudlelwane boluntu, kodwa amandla abalinganiswa abajamelana nazo zonke iingxaki.
- "Intsomi yezixeko ezibini" (1859). Inoveli yembali ibhalwa nge-dickens ngexesha lawo lezengqondo. Ngokuhambelana, umbhali ukhoyo malunga nenguqu. Zonke ezi zinto zihambelana kakuhle, ezizazisayo kubafundi kwimifanekiso yemizuzu enomdla ngokweenjongo zenkolo, idrama kunye nolwandiso.
- "Ndinethemba lokuthemba" (1860). Icebo lale ncwadi likhethekileyo kwaye lenzala kumazwe amaninzi, ebonisa ukuba idumileyo kunye nempumelelo yomsebenzi. Kulungile kwaye kwangaxeshanye udubule uchaze umbhali wabantamo (i-aristocrats) ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yobukho besabele kwabasebenzi abalula.
Ubomi Buqu
Uthando lokuqala lukaCharles Dickens yayiyintombi yomphathi webhanki - i-maria birdnell. Ngelo xesha (ngo-1830), umfana oselula wayeyintandona elula, eyayingazange ivese indawo kwintsapho etyebileyo yeebhidi. Udumo olonakalisiweyo lukayise wombhali (elalisakuba lifungo elityala) lwasomeleza isimo sengqondo esingalunganga kumyeni. UMariya waya kufunda eParis, kwaye wabuyela kwi-Couler kunye nomnye umntu.
Ngo-1836, i-novelist itshatile intombi yakhe - intombi kamanyano. Intombazana ibibizwa ngokuba yiCatherine Thomson Hogarth. Waba ngumfazi onyanisekileyo weklasiki, wazala abantwana abalishumi emtshatweni, kodwa iingxabano zihlala zihlala phakathi kwamaqabane. Intsapho iye yaba ngumbhali ngomthwalo, umthombo wexhala kunye nezinto ezisisigxina.
Ngo-1857, uDickens wathandana naye. Ikhethiweyo yakhe yayingumdlali oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala uEllen Ternan. Iphefumlelwe nguPhembais isuse indlu yentanda, apho kwabanjwa khona imihla. Inoveli phakathi kwesibini sayalela de kwasweleka uCharles. Ifilimu, dubula ngo-2013, wanikezelwa kubudlelwane obuhle bobuntu bokuyila- "ngumfazi ongabonakaliyo." U-Ellen Ternan wayeye kamva yi-heiress ephambili yaseDickens.
Ukufa
Ukudibanisa ubomi bobuqu ngesaqhwithi kunye nombhali onzulu, impilo yaseDickens yavunywa. Umbhali akazange anikele ingqalelo kwizifo eziphazamisayo kwaye uqhubeke nokusebenza ngenkuthalo.
Emva kokuhamba kwiindawo zaseMelika (ukhenketho lwemviwo), kongezwa iingxaki zempilo. Ngo-1869, umbhali wamaxesha athabatha imilenze nezandla. Nge-8 kaJuni, 1870, isiganeko esothusayo senzeka kwilifa le-gaidshill ngexesha lokungena kwakhe - uCharles wayenesithsaba, kwaye ngosuku olulandelayo i-Grand Carlic ayizange ibekho.
UCharles Dickens - owona mbhali ubalaseleyo ungcwatyelwe eWestminster Abbey. Emva kokusweleka kobuqaqawuli kunye nokuthandwa komntu onoveli kwaqhubeka ukukhula, kwaye abantu bamjongisa kuncwadi lwesiNgesi.
Iikowuti ezidumileyo, iincwadi ezidumileyo zeDickens kwaye namhlanje zingena kubunzulu babafundi bakhe, benyanzela ikamva lokucingisisa.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Ngobume bayo, i-dickens yayingumntu onenkolelo kakhulu. NgoLwesihlanu kwathatyathwa ngolona suku lonwabisayo, bahlala bewela etratweni, bavavanywa i-DEJA.
- Emva kokubhala imigca engama-50 yomsebenzi ngamnye, iqinisekile ukuba isela i-SIP ezininzi zamanzi ashushu.
- Ebudlelwaneni nenkosikazi yakhe, uCatherine wabonakalisa ukuqina kunye nokugqobhoza, ekhomba ibhinqa kwinjongo yakhe yokwenyani - ukuzala abantwana, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha waqala ukulidela iqabane lakho.
- Enye yendlela yokuzonwabisa oyithandayo yayindwendwela iParis Morga.
- I-nolovelist ayizange ivume isiko lokuphakanyiswa kwezikhumbuzo, ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe ethintelwe ukuya kuye.
Iikowuti
- Abantwana abakhubekiweyo, abaziva bebuhlungu njengokungekho sikweni.
- UThixo uyabona, silize sihlaze iinyembezi zethu, bathanda imvula, bagungxule uthuli lwezinto, behlelisa iintliziyo zethu.
- Okulusizi kukubona umona onzulu kwisalathi esikhulu kunye nabaqeqeshi beli lizwe. Sele ndiqonda ngobunzima kunabantu abakhokelwa - kwaye nam ndisezenzo zam.
- Kweli lizwe, sizuzisela wonke umntu owenza umthwalo womnye umntu.
- Ubuxoki, uFrank okanye u-vasas, oveze okanye ungabi njalo, uhlala uhlala ebubuxoki.
I-Bibliography
- Inqaku leKlabhu yeKlabhu yeKlabhu
- I-Adventures ka-Oliver Twist
- Nicolas Niklby
- IParishi yeAnti
- Barneby raj.
- IKrisimesi Tale
- Martin Cessesvit
- Indlu yokurhweba kunye nonyana, urhwebo lwe-feedale, ukuthengisa nokuthumela ngaphandle
- UDavid Copperfield
- Indlu ebandayo
- Amaxesha Anzima
- I-dorrit dorrit.
- I-Tale yezixeko ezibini
- Ithemba elikhulu
- Umhlobo wethu oguqukayo
- Imfihlakalo Edwina Drudy