Biography
"Lo gama abantu baba umbane, baya kusoloko khumbula igama Faraday," watsho German Helmgolts.Michael Faraday i IsiNgesi yamachiza experimenter, ekhemesti, uMdali nokusetyenziswa kwi esigangeni electromagnetic. It wavula yokuqhelaniswa magnetic, nto leyo isisiseko yemveliso mveliso wombane kunye izicelo kwiimeko mihla.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Michael Faraday wazalwa ngo September 22, Ngo1791 e Newington Batts, engekude eLondon. UYise - Yakobi Faraday (1761-1810), Kuznets. Umama - uMargaret (1764-1838). Ukongezelela uMikayeli, uRobert Noodade Elizabeth kunye uMargaret wakhulela entsatsheni. Bahlala kakubi, ngoko Michael akazange wamqinisekisa ngokwakhe esikolweni waya umsebenzi kwivenkile eneminyaka engama-13 ubudala.
Imfundo akuphumelelanga. Ukufunda iincwadi physics kanye chemistry wanelisekile kukwazi kukwazi iincwadi evenkileni ncwadi kwemfuneko. Lo mfana kakuhle yemifuniselo kuqala. Wakha umthombo yangoku - "Leiden Bank". UYise umzalwana inkxaso uMikayeli nokutsala ku imifuniselo.
Ngowe-1810, lo mfana nyaka-19 ubudala yaba lilungu le-club bulumko, apho izifundo physics kunye ngeenkwenkwezi zafundwa. UMichael inxaxheba impikiswano zenzululwazi. Omnye umfana onesiphiwo kwatsala ingqalelo yoluntu nzulu. Umthengi we kwivenkile William Dance thaca Michael isipho - itikiti ukuya kutyelela inani lwezifundo chemistry kunye nokwakheka Davy Gemphri (ngunozala le electrochemistry, lo discoverer eziqalelo eekhemikhali potassium, calcium, isodiyam, barium, boron) .
Ikamva Isazinzulu, ukungathethi iintetho ze Gemphri Davy, wenza ndibopha yaye wathumela unjingalwazi, kunye neleta ukufumana umsebenzi ethile kwi-Royal Institute. Davy wathabatha inxaxheba bayahlelwa mfana, yaye emva kwethutyana, Faradays oneminyaka eli-22 ubudala wafumana umsebenzi ngokophando kwilebhu imichiza.
Isayensi
Ukwenza iimbopheleleko umncedisi elebhu, Faradays akazange akakuphosi ithuba ukuphulaphula iintetho, ekulungiseleleni kuyo inxaxheba. Kwakhona, yintsikelelo nguNjingalwazi Davy, umfana baqhube imifuniselo zakhe imichiza. Le nesazela nokuba vutshila umsebenzi umsebenzi kunye nomncedisi laboratory kwaba njalo Assistant uDavy.
Ngowe-1813, Davy Yamthatha nonobhala Faraday eluhambeni eneminyaka emibini ubudala yaseYurophu. Ebudeni hambo,-nzulu oselula badibana izikhanyiso lenzululwazi yehlabathi: Andre-Marie Ampera, uYosefu Louis Gay-Loussak, Alessandro Volta.
Ukubuyela eLondon ngo-1815, i-FARADADAY ifumene isithuba somncedisi. Ngokuhambelana, eyona nto ithandwayo iyaqhubeka - yeka ezakhe iimvavanyo. Ubomi boMfumlo, bekukho iimvavanyo ezingama-30,000. Kwimijikelezo yesayensi yokusebenza kwezenzululwazi kunye nokusebenza nzima, wafumana isihloko esithi "KUKHONA WOKUGQIBELA". Inkcazo yamava ngalunye atyhalwe ngenyameko kwiidayari. Emva kwexesha, ngo-1931, ezi daries zapapashwa.
Ushicilelo lokuqala loshicilelo lwe-FARADDAY LIYENZIWE NGO-1816. Ngo-1819, kwashicilelwa imisebenzi engama-40. Iinkqubo zinikelwe kwi-chemistry. Ngowe-1820, ukususela ii-experimenti ezininzi kunye aluminiyamu, isazinzulu oselula wafumanisa ukuba ingxubevange ngentsimbi kongezwe nickel ayinikezi igcwala. Kodwa iziphumo zovavanyo olupakenwe zii-metforgists. Ukuvulwa kwensimbi engenalo i-staight kamva.
Ngo-1820, uMelisi waba yiCaulier yezobuchwephesha kwi-Royal. Ngo-1821, watshintsha kwi-physics kwi-chemistry. Imihla ngemihla eyenziwa njengenzululwazi ekhoyo, ifumene ubunzima kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Inqaku lapapashwa ngokomgaqo-siseko wemoto yombane, obeke ukuqala kobunjineli bombane boMsebenzi.
Intsimi ye-electromagnetic
Ngo-1820, i-faraday yaqhutywa ziimvavanyo ekusebenzeni kombane kunye nemagnethi. Ngeli xesha, iikhonsepthi "zomthombo we-DC" (A. Volt), "i-Electrolysis", "i-ARC yoMoya", "i-Electromagnet" ifunyenwe. Ngeli xesha, i-elektrostatics kunye ne-electrodynamics iphuhlisiwe, i-Shoriments ye-Bio, iSavara, indawo ekusebenzeni ngombane kunye ne-magnetism yapapashwa. A. I-AMPROREREAR kwi-electromagnetism yapapashwa.
Ngowe-1821, ukukhanya wabona umsebenzi Faraday "On ezinye iintshukumo ezintsha kagesi kwaye ngale ubutsalane". Kuyo, iSayensi yazisa uvavanyo ngotolo lwemagnethi olujikeleze isibonda esinye, oko kukuthi, lenze utshintsho lwamandla ombane ukuba abe ngoomatshini. Ngapha koko, wazisa ehlabathini okokuqala, nangona i-allical motor.
Uvuyo lokufunyanwa kwenze isikhalazo se-william vollarston (i-Palladium evuliweyo, i-Rhodium, yakhiwe i-goniometer kunye negoniometer). Kwisikhalazo kuNjingalwazi Davy, iSayensi yatyholwa nge-faraday kwizimvo ezinomsindo ojikelezayo. Ibali lithathe isibindi. UDavy uthathe indawo yeVollaston. Kuphela yintlanganiso yobuqu yezazinzulu ezimbini kunye nokucacisa isikhundla sabo ngoDeraday sakwazi ukusombulula imbambano. IVollarston yashiya amabango. UDavy nolwalamano lwe-suracle uphulukene nentembeko yabo yangaphambili. Nangona eyokuqala de iintsuku zokugqibela zazingadinwa kukuphinda-phinda ii-FARANAYs zezona zinto ziphambili zafunyanwa.
NgoJanuwari 1824, i-faraday yonyulwe lilungu le-Royal Social London. Unjingalwazi uDavy wavota ngokuchaseneyo.
Ngo-1823 waba lilungu elihambelanayo leParis Academy yeSayensi.
Ngowe-1825, uMichael Faraday wathabatha indawo Davi njengoko Umlawuli Laboratory Physics kunye Chemistry of the Royal Institute.
Emva kokuba ukufunyanwa ka-1821, i-nzulu zange ukushicilela umsebenzi. Ngowe-1831, waba uNjingalwazi Vuljah (Military Academy), ngo-1833, uprofesa imichiza Royal Institute. Aqhube iimpikiswano zenzululwazi, into emandiyenze kwiintlanganiso zenzululwazi.
Emva ngo-1820, Faraday uthanda amava Hans Ersteda: intshukumo ecaleni yesekethe yombane yangoku kwabangela intshukumo utolo ngemagnethi. Le yangoku yombane ukuba okuvela ubutsalane. Faraday wacebisa ukuba, ngokufanelekileyo, ubutsalane ingadala umsinga wombane. Amazwi okuqala e-worldwork theory ukuvela idayari sisazinzulu ngo-1822. kweminyaka elishumi imifuniselo baya raystery iimfihlelo yoqheliso electromagnetic.
Uloyiso weza ngo-Agasti 29, 1831. Le fowuni, okwenza ukuba Faraday ukwenza ukufunyanwa abakrelekrele yayibandakanya i ring zentsimbi kunye iseti amagophe ye ucingo ukusuka inxeba zobhedu zibe isiqingatha ezimbini. Xa umqokozo omnye isiqingatha lo msesane, wire evaliweyo, yaba utolo ngemagnethi. Le yesibini jiko eqhagamshelwe ibhetri amandla. Xa ngoku ivuliwe, utolo magnethi wenza ukuhla kwicala elinye, kwaye xa icinyiwe kwenye. Faraday wagqiba ukuba umazibuthe iyakwazi ukuguqula ubutsalane ibe amandla ombane.
Isenzeko "livela kwe yangoku yombane kwisiphaluka evaliweyo utshintsho wobhobhozayo magnetic agqitha ngaso" kwathiwa induction electromagnetic. Ekufumanekeni yoqheliso magnetic wayivula indlela imvelaphi yangoku ye yangoku - an wokuphehla umbane.
Ukufunyanwa kwaphawula isiqalo twist omtsha evuzayo imifuniselo njengesazinzulu ihlabathi "wokulinga Uphando Umbane". Faradays anamava zingqineke uhlobo olunye elivela lwamandla ombane, elizimeleyo le ndlela, awanyakazela ngayo ombane kubangelwa.
Ngowe-1832, physics wawongwa imbasa Copli.
Faraday waba yimbangi nesiguquli yokuqala. Ukuyiphi ingcamango "rhoqo Heating". Ngowe-1836, ngokuthi ii-experimenti ezininzi, wangqina ukuba isigxina ngoku kube nefuthe kuphela iqokobhe umqhubi, eshiya izinto ngaphakathi kakuhle. Kwizifundo zesayensi isicelo, ifowuni wenza kumgaqo le nto kuthiwa Faraday Cell.
Discoveries kunye nemisebenzi
Ivula Michael Faraday enikelwe kuphela physics. Ngowe-1824, i-benzene kunye isobutylene bavula. Le Isazinzulu wazisa imilo ulwelo lwe chlorine, emanzini, icarbon dioxide, ammonia, ethylene, nitrogen dioxide, wafumana kuyondelelaniswe hexahloran.
Ngowe-1835, Faraday ngenxa sifo kwanyanzeleka ukuba ikhefu lonyaka-emibini emsebenzini. Unobangela esisifo orhanelwa lokuqhakamshelana ISAZINZULU ngexesha amalinge kunye izibini mercury. Kuba uhambo elifutshane emva kwakhona, ngowe-1840, lo unjingalwazi kwakhona waziva embi. Persected ubuthathaka, kukho ilahleko memory yethutyana. Le sokubuyisa ixesha ekuphulukenwe yalibaziseka emi-4. Ngowe-1841, xa ukunyanzelisa koogqirha, ISAZINZULU bahamba uhambo eYurophu.
Intsapho babehlala phantse ubuhlwempu. Ngokutsho ubungqina Biograph Faraday John nguTyndal, ISAZINZULU wafumana pension ngeekhilogram 22 ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngowe-1841, iNkulumbuso William Lam, Nkosi Melbourne, phantsi ukuphehla uluntu isalelo kuchongwa Faraday ye pension karhulumente mali ngeekhilogram 300 ngonyaka ngamnye.
Ngowe-1845, enye ingcali yenzululwazi enkulu likwazile ukutsala ingqalelo uluntu elimiweyo ndafumanisa izinto ezithile ngaphezulu: kokufunyanwa utshintsho moya okukhanya kwi lo mhlaba otsalayo (i "isiphumo Faraday") kunye diamagnetism (magnetization ukwimo ku zangaphandle zibuthe esebenza kuyo).
I-Government of England akazange nakanye wacela Michael Faraday ukuba uncedo ukusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nemiba yobugcisa. Le Isazinzulu liphuhlise inkqubo izixhobo iinqanawa, iindlela yokulwa umhlwa iinqanawa, wenza nengcali egwebayo. Ukuba ngemvelo indoda elungileyo-natured noxolo-bothando, iyala ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekudaleni kwezixhobo yemichiza emfazweni ne-Russia kwi iCrimea War.
Ngowe-1848, iQueen Victoria thaca indlu phezu kodonga lasekhohlo iThames, iNkundla Hampton. I-British Queen kuhlawulwe iindleko kunye irhafu zijikeleze indlu. Le Isazinzulu kunye nentsapho yakhe bafudukela kuye, eshiya ityala ngo-1858.
Ubomi Buqu
Michael Faraday wayetshate ukuba uSara Barnard (1800-1879). Sarah - udade umhlobo Faraday. Isindululo isandla kunye neentliziyo intombazana eneminyaka eli-20 ubudala akazange ngoko nangoko --nzulu amadodana ekuvalweni. A ezithuleyo wedding senzeka Juni 12, 1821. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, Faraday wabhala:"Ndatshata - umcimbi ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye negalelo kulonwabo kwam emhlabeni kunye nemo yam usempilweni zomoya."Faraday usapho, njengosapho yomfazi wayo, amalungu oluntu ongumProtestanti "Sandemian". Faraday wayesenza umsebenzi umdikoni uluntu eLondon, waye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wakhethwa ngumdala.
Ukufa
Michael Faraday wayegula. Ngamaxesha amafutshane, xa isifo lweMedia, wasebenza. Ngowe-1862, yena wabeka phambili Cingela intshukumo lwelayini ecacicleyo entsimini ngemagnethi. Qinisekisa ithiyori yakwazi kuPetros Zeeman ngo-1897, apho ngo-1902 wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel. Faraday Zeeman ebizwa umbhali ingcamango.
Michael Faraday wafa desktop ngo-Agasti 25, 1867 eneminyaka engama-75. , Akrwiqilizwe ecaleni umfazi yakhe Highgate Amangcwaba eLondon. Le Isazinzulu wabuza phambi kokufa kwakhe malunga umngcwabo obulula, ngoko weza izalamane kuphela. Kwi elaa litye, igama sesayensi iminyaka ubomi eqingqiweyo.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- inzululwazi yamachiza ayizange silibale ngayo abantwana. Izifundo abantwana "Candle History" (1961) iprintwe unanamhla.
- Umlando Faraday kubekwa phezu Ibhili yaseBritani ngeekhilogram 20 ka 1991-1999.
- Kukho amarhe okuba Davy akazange aphendule Faraday kwisicelo umsebenzi. Kanye, ukulahlekelwa okwethutyana emehlweni ngexesha eksperimenti imichiza, uNjingalwazi wamkhumbula umfana sizingise. Ekubeni wayesebenza njengonobhala nzulu, lo mfana kangangokuba yashukumisa Davy kunye erudition bakhe wacebisa umsebenzi uMikayeli elabhoratri.
- Emva kokubuyela ukusuka kutyelelo yaseYurophu kunye nentsapho Davie Faradays, belinde indawo oncedisayo xa i Royal Institute kwakukho njengesicocisi apho.