Biography
I-jack london's biography igcwele iinyani ezinomdla kunye nokujika okungalindelekanga zexesha elifanelekileyo: Ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumbhali odumileyo weRomanov nebali, iLondon yayifanele ihambe ngendlela enzima. Ebomini bukaJack ndizibuza ukuba yonke into, ndiqala kubazali abangaqhelekanga bombhali kwaye ndiphelisa ngokuhamba ngaphezu. ILondon iba ngomnye wababhali bamanye amazwe adumileyo, owayefundwe eSoviet Union: Ngokwe-USSR, iAmerican Gapprook Hosnehristu i-Arhy Anderden.
Umbhali wexesha elizayo wazalwa ngoJanuwari 12, 1876 kwidolophu yaseSan Francisco, eCalifornia. Abanye ababhali bahlekisa ngoJohn Griffith Cheney (igama lokwenyani uJack London) kwaziwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Inyani yile yokuba abazali bombhali banobuntu obuphezulu abathanda ukukhulisa esidlangalaleni. Unina ye-Flora uMlilo yentombi yeMarshall Wellman, usomashishini onamandla ovela eOhio.
Intombazana yafudukela eCalifornia ukufumana umvuzo wokufundisa. Kodwa umsebenzi weflora wayengapheleli kwizifundo zomculo, umama wombhali wexesha elizayo wayezithanda ngokomoya kwaye waphikisa ukuba wayetyetyiswa ngokomoya kwinkokeli yaseIndiya. Kwakhona, i-flora yabandezeleka ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-nevervous kunye nemozulu rhoqo yemozulu ngenxa ye-thaid, eyayidlula apho le ntombazana ibingaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini.
Ukuhlala eSan Francisco, i-amateur ye-Esoteric iqhelene nomntu onomdla onomdla-uWilliam Cheney (NITI), Imvelaphi yaseIrish. Igqwetha layam laziqonda kwiMathematics nakuncwadi, kodwa yayidume ngokuba ngomnye we-profesi odumileyo yomlingo kunye nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi eMelika. Le ndoda yakhokelwa yindlela yokuphila enamachaphaza kwaye yamkela i-Maritime Harime, kodwa ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi kwanika iiyure ezili-16 ngosuku.
Eccentric intanda ithandwayo kumtshato waseburhulumenteni, kwaye emva kwethuba iFlora yakhulelwa. Unjingalwazi uCheney unyanzelise ukukhupha isisu, nto leyo eyabenza babe nezihloko ezibuhlungu, ezazithetha ezi zihloko zamaphephandaba: I-queperate i-feedder izama ukudubula ngoncedo lwe-rusty elikhulileyo. Ngokutsho kolunye uhlobo, uFlora wachaza umzamo wokuzibulala ngenxa yokupholisa iimvakalelo ezithandekayo.
Nangona kunjalo, intatheli yaseSan Francisco ingene kweli bali, iindaba zabizwa ngokuba "ngumfazi oshiyekileyo" wathengwa kuzo zonke iikhiloji zeso sixeko. Umatshini ophuziweyo ubhale, esekwe kumabali entombazana yangaphambili kaWilliam, wanyamalala igama le-Esoteic. Iintatheli zixelelwa ngeCheney njenge-mcebica eyaphosa abafazi abaninzi, kwaye, wakhonza entolongweni. I-faying fames fameme fashossosor-chievelver ngehlobo lamaxesha ali-1875 kwaye ngonaphakade elaliSixeko. Kwixa elizayo, uJack London wazama ukunxibelelana noWilliam, kodwa akazange abone utata ongafundanga umsebenzi omnye woNyana odumileyo, kwaye akazange avume yena.
Emva kokuzalwa unyana Flore, oko kanye ukwenza ukukhulisa umntwana, njengokuba yena akazange anikezele xa iziganeko zehlabathi, ngoko ke inkwenkwe usana obanikelwa ngabalondolozi ukuya onokwanyisa imvelaphi Negrogenian ka Jenny Prince, leyo Umbhali ukhumbula ukuba umama wesibini.
UMondokazi ongaqondakaliyo nokuba emva kokuzalwa koNyana efumana uncedo lweeseshoni zokomoya. Ngo-1876, uJohn London, ophulukene nenkosikazi yakhe nonyana wakhe, utywala ngoncedo lokomoya lololiwe. UGekhre kaJohn, uJohn wayiva indoda elungileyo nenobubele, yazisa iintombi ezimbini kwaye akazange athandabuze umsebenzi. Emva komtshato wase-Pellman naseLondon, kwi-76th enye, umfazi uthathe unyana osandul 'ukuzalwa kwintsapho kaYohane.
Inkwenkwe yayinolwalamano olufudumeleyo ngotata ophelileyo, uJohn SR. endaweni yekamva likaTata kamva, kwaye lo mfana akazange azive ngowasemzini. UJack waqalisa abahlobo bakhe nodade wabo odityanisiweyo uElise kwaye wawugqala umhlobo osenyongweni.
Ngo-1873, imbambano yezoqoqosho yaqala eMelika, ngenxa yokuba baninzi abahlali beli lizwe. I-London yayihlala kwintlupheko kwaye ihamba kwizixeko zikarhulumente zikhangela ubomi obungcono. Kwixa elizayo, umbhali waseRomanov ukhumbule ukuba le flora ayinanto yakubambelela etafileni, kunye neJack encinci ayengazi ukuba ifumane ntoni ukuba nezakhe iithoyi. Ihempe yokuqala ethengiweyo evenkileni, umntwana wamiswa xa wayeneminyaka eyi-8.
UJohn dala wazama ukuhlala efuya iinkomo, kodwa i-flovagaged flora ayithandi xa umsebenzi wawuhamba kancinci. Lo mfazi wayehlala egcinwe entlokweni ye-adventure, ethi, ngokoluvo lwayo, kwakufuneka ancede ngokukhawuleza ukuba sisityebi: ngamanye amaxesha wayethenge amatikiti e-lottery, ngethemba lokufumana ithamsanqa. Kodwa ngenxa yeminqweno engaqhelekanga, usapho lwalungaphezu kwendlela eya kutshoyo.
Emva kwewayile, iilogo zahlala e-Auckland, hayi kude neSan Francisco, kwesi sixeko inkwenkwana yaya esikolweni. Umbhali wexesha elizayo wayeqhelene nokwenza oko kwakusekweni kobuntwana bakhe wabizwa ngokuba uJack, efinyeziwe igama kuYohane.
UJack London wayengoyena mntu iindwendwe ezihamba rhoqo kwilayibrari ye-Oakland: Umbhali wexesha elizayo phantse waya kwigumbi lokufundela yonke imihla kwaye waziginya iincwadi emva kwenye. U-Mina Kuinbrit, i-LaureAte yomvuzo walapha kuncwadi, uqaphele ukuthanda inkwenkwe kwiincwadi kwaye walungisa isangqa sakhe sokufunda.
Rhoqo kusasa esikolweni, i-jack encinci yathabatha isiphatho sephepha kwaye irekhodwe malunga newaka lamagama anokukhululwa kwizifundo zokucula. Inkwenkwe yayiqhubeka ethe cwaka kwikwayari, apho wafumana isohlwayo, kwixesha elizayo esinombhali esandleni sakhe.
UJack kwafuneka avuke ekuseni ukuze phambi kwezifundo zokumolula iphephandaba lesikolo esitsha, iLondon ibekwe iLondon kwi-Bondon kwi-Bondon ngeempelaveki kwaye icocwe i-pildes epakini ukuze ufumane imali.
Xa iLondon yayingaphantsi kweminyaka eli-14 ubudala, yaphumelela kwiiklasi zamanqanaba, kodwa inkwenkwe yayingenakuqhubeka noqeqesho, kuba kwakungekho nto yokuhlawula.
Ewe, kwaye kwakungekho xesha lokufumana iiklasi kumbhali wexesha elizayo: Ngo-1891, ii-crummers ze-John London Showson zawela phantsi koololiwe zaza zakhubazeka, nto leyo eyayisenza indoda ikhubazekile. Ke ngoko, iJack yaselula emva kokuphela kwesikolo incinci kwafuneka iye kumzi-mveliso we-wonnin. Ngeentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kweziyure zokusebenza, umbhali wexesha elizayo wamabali ongafiyo afumana idola enye. Umsebenzi wawunzima kwaye ukuphela kweenkumbulo zombhali, wayengafuni ukuguqukela 'kwiinkomo' ezisebenzayo - ezo ngcinga zatyhalela umntwana okwishumi elivisayo ukuba ashiye isityalo.
Ebutsheni, uJack London wayetsala nge-adventure, mhlawumbi inkanuko yokufika kuka-Adventred yatshintshelwa kuJack ovela kunina. Zazele ngethemba lokuphelisa intlupheko. I-15 ye-15 yeminyaka ithatha i-300 ye-nanny kwaye ithenga isiphene esisetyenzisiweyo. "UKapteni Jack" uqokelela iqela lepirate kubahlobo bakhe abakwishumi elivisayo kwaye uthunyelwa ukuba loyise intsimi "yeOyster". Yiyo loo nto, uJack kunye ne-colliat yakhe ye-brollings kwi-bay yabucala yaseSan Francisco.
Iingcuka zolwandle eziselula zathengisa ixhoba lendawo yokutyela yasekhaya kwaye yafumana imali entle: UJack wafumana ityala elimalunga namakhulu amathathu ukuba anike amatyala amakhulu makhulu. Kodwa eCalifornia, baqhubeka beqinile kwishishini elingekho mthethweni, iLondon kwafuneka ishiye ishishini elinenzuzo. Ukongeza, imali yayichithwe ngumfana: Uninzi lweemali zichithwe kwindlela yokuphila engaxhamli, iphule engapheliyo kunye nokulwa.
UJack London wayethanda i-adventritures yolwandle, ngenxa yoko ndivumile kwinkonzo "yokujikeleza okuloba" ukuze ndilwe nabazingeli, kwaye ngo-1893 umbhali wexesha elizayo uya kwisikhephe saseJapan ngokusa iikati zolwandle.
ILondon yachukunyiswa ngamabali ase-Autobiographical, eyayisekwe kwingqokelela yamabali "amabali e-rybiatsky", kunye ne-advents yombhali efuthe kwi-plots ze "rurine" zaselwandle ". Emva kokuhambahamba emanzini, iLondon kwakufuneka ibuyele kwimeko yomsebenzi wefektri, ngoku wayesebenza kwisityalo sokwenzela ukwenziwa kwe-levas ukusuka kwi-canvas evela kwi-levas. Ngo-1894, uJack uthatha inxaxheba kwiphulo lokungasebenzi eWashington, kamva lo mfana uya kubanjwa kwi-Vagabonds - lo mzuzu ube sisitshixo sokubhala "ihempe yoxinzelelo."
Ngo-19, le ndoda isedlule iimviwo kwaye yangena kwiDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia, kodwa yanyanzeleka ukuba ishiye izifundo zazo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali. Emva kokuphelisa ukutya kwifektri kunye nethutyana, apho iipeni ziyahlawulwa, iLondon iza kwisigqibo sokuba ayikulungelanga indlela yokuphila, ezele yimisebenzi yomzimba, engavavanywanga.
Uncwadi
I-London yaqala ukuzama indima yombhali, isemizi-mveliso ye-JTEE: Ke usuku lokusebenza lwahlala ngentsimbi ye-13 ngentsimbi ye-13, kwaye wayengenalo ixesha lamabali: Umfana osemncinci wayefuna okungenani iyure ngosuku ukuchitha ixesha ngolonwabo.
ESan Francisco, iphepha ndaba lasekuhlaleni "umnxeba" wonyule ibhaso lelona bali lilungileyo. I-Flora ityhalele unyana wakhe ukuba ithathe inxaxheba, kwaye netalente ye-LOndon yaqala ukuzibonakalisa kwiminyaka yesikolo, xa endaweni yokucula inkwenkwe yabhala izincoko. Ke, ukwazi ukuba ngentsimbi yesi-5 kusasa kufuneka ube semsebenzini, uJack uhlala ezinzulwini zobusuku ngokubhala ibali, kwaye ke ubusuku bathabathela. Isihloko salo mfana sinyule "i-typhoon elunxwemeni laseJapan."
London wahlala phantsi emva kwebali elele kwaye edinwa, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wathabatha indawo yokuqala, kwaye okwesibini neyesibini baya kwabafundi beeyunivesithi abazithandayo. Emva kwesi sigameko, iLondon iqala ukucinga ngomsebenzi wokubhala. UJack ubhala amabali ambalwa ngakumbi kwaye athumela iphephandaba, elamnyula yena ngophumeleleyo, kodwa abahleli balile ukuba yindoda.
Ke ithemba kwakhona lashiya italente encinci, kwaye iLondon ithunyelwe kwi-handyman yesityalo samandla. Emva kokuba efundile ukuba umntu osebenza naye uzinikele ekuzibulaleni ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali, ukholo lubuyela kuJack ukuba uyakwazi ukulwa.
Ngo-1897, uJack London wayexakekile ngumkhuhlane wegolide kwaye washiya i-piech yentsimbi exabisekileyo kwiAlaska. UJack akaphumelelanga ukufumana igolide, neqhwa, wagula nge-qhe.
"Ndabalasela ukubhala, ndigqiba kwelokuba ndingumntu ohluphekayo, ndaya eKlondike ngegolide," ukhumbula umbhali omkhulu.Emva kwexesha, lonke ixesha lokufika kombhali wexesha elizayo kuya kuba sisiseko samabali ayo kunye neenoveli. Ke emva kokubuya kwimigodi yegolide ngo-1899, iLondon iqala umsebenzi onzulu wokubhala kwaye ibhala "amabali aseMantla", umzekelo, ukuthula okumhlophe ". Kunyaka kamva, umbhali uvakalisa incwadi yokuqala ethi "unyana wengcuka." UJack unika onke amandla akhe ukubhala iincwadi: Umbhali oselula wabhala phantse yonke imihla, eshiya iiyure ezimbalwa ekhefini nobuthongo.
Ngo-1902, uJack ufudukela kwikomkhulu le-Great Britain, ebhala amabali abaluleke kakhulu kunye neenoveli: "I-noves emhlophe" (1903), "Martin Eden" (1909), "Ixesha alilindelanga" (1910), "I-Nyala yeNyanga" (1913), njl.
Ngomsebenzi wakhe olungileyo, uJack wayijonga "inkosikazi encinci yendlu enkulu" - inoveli enethambeka, epapashwe ngo-1916. Le mveliso yahlukile kwi-adventure kunye neencwadi ezizinzileyo zombhali. Inoveli yabhalwa kunyaka ophelileyo wobomi bukaLondon kwaye ibonisa imeko yokomoya yaseMelika ngelo xesha.
Ubomi Buqu
UMSEBENZI WOKUFUNDA I-UJack London ibonakalisa ubomi bakhe. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, onke amaqhawe ombhali ngabantu abasokolayo ubunzima bobomi, ngaphandle kwemiqobo. Umzekelo, ibali 'lothando lobomi ", epapashwe ngo-1907 lixelela ngomntu onesizungu, owathi emva kokungcatsha komhlobo ehamba eluhambeni. Umlinganiswa ophambili owenzakala emlenzeni kwaye udibane kwindawo enye kunye namarhamncwa asendle, kodwa uyaqhubeka ukuqhubela phambili. Ke kunokwenzeka ukuba ibonakalise iLondon ngokwayo, kuba ingenguye wonke umntu omdala anokuphila ukuba umbhali ahlangabezana nobuntwana.
Ebomini, uJack wayeyindoda echwayithileyo neyonwabisayo eye yancuma ngalo lonke ixesha. Ngokukhethekileyo uJack ngokuthembekileyo ekukhetheni ukhetho lomfazi, kwaye ngo-1900 watshata nomtshakazi womhlobo oswelekileyo waseBessie Maddern.
Kumtshato wokuqala, umbhali wabonakala iintombi ezimbini, i-bass noJoan. Kodwa ubomi bomtshato bombhali weencwadi azinakuthathwa njengowonwabileyo: Emva kweminyaka emi-4, iLondon yathi iqabane elizimisele ukuqhawula umtshato. Kutheni ukupholisa obukhala kweemvakalelo zikaJack kwenzeka, umfazi wakhe wabuza ukuba ixesha elide, ingcinga yokuqala yayikukuba iLondon yaphinda yathandana ne-Ana Strings.
Emva kwexesha, uMaddern wafumanisa ukuba iLondon inolwalamano ne-charrian kitteretzh, onokuthi umbhali angayinyamezeli. Intombazana yayingahlukanga ngobuhle, kwaye ayizange iqaqambe ngengqondo, ngamanye amaxesha oqhelileyo bahleka ku-Charrian, kuba wabaleka emva kwamadoda. Kutheni umbhali ewushiye umfazi wangaphambili waza waqala ukubandakanyeka kumtshakazi ongenzi nkani - ihleli kuphela ukuba uqikelele. Emva kwexesha kwacaca ukuba iKitatzez yoyisa iLondon ngencwadi eneeleta ezininzi ezinokuvuma izivumo zothando. I-London yeLondon yayiyonwabisa kunye neqabane elitsha, kuba iyafana nombhali yi-attenur adventure kunye nokuhamba.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi, uJack London wafumana ukwehla komxholo: Umbhali wayengenamandla kwaye ephefumlelwe ngokubhala umsebenzi omtsha, waqala ukujonga uncwadi ngentshutshiso. Ngenxa yoko, umbhali uqalisa ukusebenzisa kakubi utywala. UJack wakwazi ukuyeka umkhwa ombi, kodwa utywala buchaphazele kakhulu impilo yakhe.
Wahlupheka kwisifo sezintso kwaye wabulawa kwityhefu yeMorphium, iarhente ye-anesthetic. Abanye abantu baseLondon bakholelwa ukuba ukucwangciswa kwechiza, kwaye uJack wazibulala. Kwakukho izinto eziyimfuneko zoku: Umxholo wokuzibulala unokulandelwa kwimisebenzi yombhali. Nangona kunjalo, le nguqulo ayithathwa njenge inokuthenjwa.
I-RORTO YOKUQALA YOKUGQIBELA YOKUGQIBELA I-LOndon yayiyincwadi ethi "Iintliziyo zabathathu", epapashwe emva kwe-1920.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Yintoni engakhange ayenze uJack London ukufumana imali. Kuncinci, oyena mntu wafumana iikati zesitrato ukuthengisa inyama kwi-chinese.
- Ngo-1907, umntu ovuthayo wazama ukuya kuhambo lwehlabathi kwinqanawa eyakhelwe imizobo yayo.
- I-London yahlola ababhali baseRussia kwaye balinganisa umsebenzi weMaxim gorky.
- Ibali "Uthando loBomi" uNidezhda Kuqhuda Funda iLenin ngaphambi kokulala. Kwenzekile kwiintsuku ezi-2 ngaphambi kokusweleka kwenkokeli.
- Kubo bonke ubomi, iLondon yayingqungqwa izinja kwaye ikakhulu, zazithanda iingcuka. Kwaye ayimangalisi, kuba amabali kaJack alulekileyo achaza ubomi besilwanyana sasendle. Oku kubandakanya "i-fang fang", "ingcuka emdaka", njl.
- Ngexesha lentlekele yokuyila, iJack ayikwazanga ukubhala inqaku ngokuzimeleyo, ke umbono wombhali waseRoma uthenga kwiSinclair Lewis ngo-1910. UJack waqalisa ukufunda incwadi ethi "Bureau off", kodwa akazange agqibe umsebenzi. Ngokutsho kombhali, akazange ayinze ukuqhubela phambili kwezimvo zikaLewis.
- UJack wasebenza njengomnxibelelanisi kwiMfazwe yaseRussia naseMepan yaseMexico.
- Xa iLondon yaya edume, wafumana i-50000 yencwadi enye. Kuyinto eqengqelekayo ukuba uJack waba ngowokuqala amanani oncwadi aseMelika ofumene isigidi.
Iikowuti
- "Akufanele ulinde ukuphefumlelwa, kuya kufuneka usukele emfazweni."
- "Ukuba ucinga ngokucacileyo, uya kubhala ngokucacileyo ukuba umbono wakho ubalulekile, uya kuba uxabisekile kwaye ubhalo lwakho."
- "Umntu akafanele azibone ngendlela eyinyani, ubomi bunganyamezeleki."
- "Ubomi buhlala bunika umntu ongaphantsi koko akufunayo."
- Ukuba uthe wabetha inyaniso, wayifihla, ukuba anivukanga kuloo ndawo, ningathethi, ningathethi, ningayithetha inyaniso, uyitshintshe inyaniso.
- "I-crumpled ihlala isitsalela isandla xa sinyamezele xa sibuthathaka xa sidiniwe. Kodwa izithembiso zothando lwakhe: amandla athembisayo athembisayo kukuphefumla, ukuphakamisa ingqondo kuyakhohlisa. "
- "Kungcono ndibe lothuthu kunothuli. Vumela idangatye lam liphelelwe ngcono kwiqhekeza eliqaqambileyo kuneMolsbus! "
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1903 - umnxeba wookhokho
- I-1904 -Umhobo wolwandle
- Ngo-1906 - i-fang emhlophe
- Ngo-1909 -Martin Edeni
- Ngo-1912 - Isifo se-Alya
- Ngo-1913 - uJohn Barley Rillley
- Ngo-1915-Ihempe ezilungisa
- Ngo-1916-inkosi encinci yendlu enkulu
- Ngo-1917 - UJerry Ilameler
- Ngo-1920-iintliziyo ezintathu