Biography
I-Emelylian Ivanovich pugachev - Inkokeli yemvukelo yesizwe kunye neMfazwe yeLifa leMfazwe 1773-17775. Umkhohlisi ozinikele kumlawuli uPeter III.
Umvukeli wexesha elizayo wazalwa ngonyaka we-1742 kwilali yeZimovoye (ngoku i-Vimovograd) kusapho lwe-dor cossack. Abantu bahlala kwilizwe lengingqi ye-don benenkululeko - enothando. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-110 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaEmeliya, uRozin wakhe wafika apha - uRazin razin. Utat'omkhulu uPugicheva wanxiba igama lesidlaliso i-pigach pugach, eyawa kwisiseko segama lokugqibela. Kwintsapho yabazali baka-Ivan Mikhailovich no-Anna Mikhailovna, unyana wefestile kunye neentombi ezimbini zaza zakhuliswa - u-Uína kunye neFedosya. I-pugachevs yathi i-orthodoxy, ngokwahlukileyo kubahambi.
Ngo-1760, umfana oselula wangena kwinkonzo, ngoko nangoko wawa kwiphulo lokuya emkhosini. Ngamaxesha athile ukutyelela izalamane, uPugachev watyelela iimfazwe zeminyaka esixhenxe neRuskish. Emva kweminyaka eli-10, uEmeliya wamiswa kwimpawu, kodwa, wakhonza kule nqanaba, waya ezindulini zase-Caucasus North Caucasus. Ithuba elinjalo lanikezelwa emva kwesifo esosulelayo, eyayingunobangela wokuthumela kwakhe ekhaya. Ukubuyiswa kwakhona, uEmeluan uguquka nomyeni wakhe kunye nezivakalisi zikaS. Pavlov ukuba babe ngabathomi.
Mpazamo
Isizathu semvakalelo enemvukelo, ethi uEmely pugichev waphelelwa ngu-1762 umyalelo "kwi-valopes". I-Serfdom ilungiselelwe enye iminyaka eli-100. Ngelo xesha, zonke iindawo zokuhlala zaseRussia ze-cossacks, abathengisi kunye nababanjwa ababalekayo babekhula kwiRussia. Abantu abangaphantsi kwezigidi baye boyikisa, kodwa isikhundla sakhe asitshintshanga. Imbambano phakathi kweendawo ezixineneyo zabemi kunye nabanini bomhlaba babizwa njalo. I-pucpev, njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kwiingcamango zabantu, yathatha isikhundla senkokeli, eyakwazi ukusondela kwiphupha le-reastem.
IVanovich yase-Emeravich ihlala ifuduka, ayisafuneki kwindawo enye. Rhoqo, ekuchitheni i-Cossack ekuchitheni ukuxoka, ukubizwa xa kuyimfuneko njengokuba kusongezelelekileyo okanye ukwandiswa, kodwa ngokwakhe uhlala ehlala kwizithethe zabahedeni. I-pugachev iminyaka emithathu ityelele e-Chertigov, eGomel, kumazwe asePoland, emlanjeni i-Irgiz, yayihlala kwiilali zeTeek Cossacks kunye ne-cossack-nekrasovtsev.
Ngo-1773, iPugachev, emva kwemvukelo engaphumelelanga, yabanjwa, nangowesigqibo sentlanganiso yemfihlo kwimicimbi yenkani ye-Stason, yafunyanwa enetyala lobomi beli xesha le-Pelim. Kodwa ukusuka entolongweni sibaleke ngempumelelo ehlotyeni lonyaka.
Ukuqalwa
UEmeliya weva malunga nokucinezelwa komphakamo we-Yaitsky Cossacks kwaye wakhawuleza waya kwii-Urals ukuba uza kuzibamba uPetros uPeter III kwaye abe yintloko yomkhosi wamalungelo oMlawuli. UPugadV wagqiba kwelokuba ahlanganise umkhosi owomeleleyo ukuze ahlukane nomhlaba osimahla wolusu kwaye apho uhlale khona e-Cossacks. Umbutho I.n. Zarubin-chika, m.g.shigayev, t.y.mysikov, i-Gozhevnikov ilungiselele imbali kwaye yaqala ukubiza iAtaman Peter III.
I-Cossack ye-cossack iphupha ngokudala ubukumkani obukhululekileyo obuhle, entlokweni yenkosi iya kuma umntu. Imibono ye-thuive ye-pugachev yafumana impendulo ezintliziyweni ze-cossocks engazange ikhathazeki kunye nabantu abadandathekileyo.
I-pugachev iya kwinjongo ephambili, esebenzisa ubundlobongela, ukungangqinelani, ukungabinamsebenzi obungenakwenzeka kunye nabanini bomhlaba kunye nomkhosi. Ngenxa yemiphangi kunye nokubhengeza, ukunqula i-Don Canaman kwakuhlala kubizwa ngokuba yiqela lemigulukudu. Izinto ezenziwa ngokwembali azivumelani nokuba iPugidv yayingundwendwe lwamkelekile kwizixeko nakwiilali zatyelelwa nguye, okanye abantu boyika umvukeli. Ngokunxulumene nokufihlwa kwamaxwebhu kwimeko ye-pugachev inunt ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200, uninzi lwamabakala lusesifihliwe kubantu baseMbali.
Imfazwe yeMfazwe
Kwi-Autumn ye-1773, kwacwangciswa emkhosini enkulu ye-puckachev, eyayiza kuxhasa iisethi. U-Emelylyan wasekelwa kuluntu lwelizwe leBashkirov, eTatars, Kalmykov, Kazakhs, iKazakh, ngaloo ndlela ikrelekrele kurhulumente waseRussia. Kumamkeli wempikiswano, iqhawe le-bashkir abantu Salavat Yulaev nomkhosi wakhe basinceda iqhawe le-bashkir abantu.
Umkhombelo walawulwa ebusika owe-1773 ukuqokelela i-25 yamawaka amawaka, kwi-arsenal apho kukho imipu engama-86 kunye nezixhobo ezivela kwizityalo zasemkhosini. Entloko yombutho wasemkhosini wema kwiBhunga, eyayibandakanyeka ekuhlaleni imicimbi yomkhosi, yezopolitiko nezentlalo. "I-pugacheva eyimfihlo yayikwi-Gerdy Sloboda, i-Imerity yasasazwa ziimaski ezithenjiweyo zeMiboniso yeZithembiso eZiheyiweyo eMvali uPeter III.
Ngamafutshane obucacileyo bePugachev, wenza inani leempazamo ezinesicwangciso-qhinga eziphembelela iziphumo zovuko. Isixeko sokuqala, esathabatha abavukeli, yaba yidolophu yaseIitsky, emva koko i-Pal Orenburg. Ukucoca iindawo ezisentla, i-pugichev ithimba izityalo ze-Armory, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngomkhosi weArtullery. Ifuthe lomkhosi wama-vissack oluninzi lwe-Cossack ihla phezu kweendawo ezisezantsi zeVolga, kuzo zonke izixeko ezixakekileyo ezihlanganisana abantu ukubulisa ukumkani.
Inkqubo eyoyiphumeleleyo yakwazi ukuya kwi-pugachev ngenkcitho yezithembiso zakhe ukuba iphazamisekile iSerfdom kunye nokunciphisa iisaza. Intsimi igutyungelwe yimvukelo ikhule ukusuka entshona yeSiberia ukuya kwi-Perm, kwiPhondo leTambov kwaye ihla kwi-volga. I-pugichev yathimba isiXeko saseSaransk, iPENZA, eSaratov, Chelyabinsk, i-UFA, KRASOFIMSK. UAtaman wamisela amandla kwimagnethi, iKaraga, Petropavlovsk, Steppe kunye neTrinice Torress. Kodwa abo bashiyekileyo ngasemva komasipala weVolga baba yibhodi yeqonga ukuze baphendule imikhosi kaRhulumente.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo le-1774, uMkhosi uMichelson woyisa i-cossocks kufutshane neTsaritn, eguqula utshaba ukubalekela kuLwandlekazi lweCaspian. I-100 lamawaka e-ruble, i-pugdv betrad andahling go. f. E.fumakov, i.aideveeveveeve kunye ne-Eappelogia, iBanjwa elikhulu, inkokeli ye-iprinta ibanjwa.
I-pugcheva ifakwe kwikheyi, apho kungekho lula ukususa lonke ukukhula, kwaye kule ndlela, phantsi kolawulo lobuqu lwe-Alexander Suvov, uhambise kwikomkhulu. Imeko yomsebenzi kunye nemithombo yakhe ibandakanyeka kwiNkundla yeSenate. Isigwebo sentambo siququzelelwa ngokobuqu nge-purress catherine II. Ukongeza kwi-Emely Pugacheva, A. P. Pugchav, M. G. G. shieyev, t. i. pryrov, v. I. I-Tornov igwetyiwe.
Iziphumo zobutshaba kwemfazwe yeminquba yayintshabalalo yeentsapho ezingaphezulu kwama-3,000, izityalo ezingama-60 zomlomo. Iinqaba zomkhosi zatshatyalaliswa, iicawa ze-Orthodox zaziphangiwe zaza zatshatyalaliswa, izixeko zatshiswa. I-PugdV Cossacks yayingalunganga ngokuziphatha gwenxa amaGosa karhulumente, wadidaza abafazi neentombi zabo. Abavukeli babulala ababingeleli, kunye nabantu abalula, ngaphandle kokuthantamisa okanye abantwana, okanye abantu abadala. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwa esidlangalaleni kwinkundla yamatyala. Injongo kaPugacheve ayifikelelekanga, yakhawuleza kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zegazi.
Imfazwe yokuvalela yoyika ngokwenene ukuba i-rulting ephezulu yelizwe laseRussia. Urhulumente kunye, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukumkanikazi waseCatherine II uthathe amanyathelo agqithisileyo okuphelisa ukukhumbula kwabo bavukeli ebantwini. Ilali apho uEmely-wazalwa apho wafuduselwa kwenye indawo waza wafumana igama le-phuckin. Umlambo i-YAIK ibizwa ngokuba yi-urals, kunye nee-yaitskaya cossacks-kwii-Urals. UZaporiniia Schish ngonaphakade waphela njengemfundo enokuba yiyunivesithi. Iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala zidluliselwa kwiziko kwaye zahlulwe.
Ukufa
Emva kovavanyo lwe-puctudv kunye nabahlobo abane bagwetywa iikota. Kodwa ukubulawa kwabantu abangakuvundiyo kuncitshiswe, kwaye nge-10 kaJanuwari, 1775, kwisikwere soboloya isikwere sabahlanu banqunyaziwe kuqala, emva koko bakhawuleza.Phambi kokuba ukubulawa kukaEmedwav i-pugichev yayizolile, yayibhaptizelwe kuwo onke amacala amane, kwiitampu, ezibonakalayo kumgama, kwaye wacela ukuxolelwa kubantu baseOrthodox.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1760, uPugachev wathabatha umfazi womfazi waseSophia Dmirivna Neshzhezhezhezhezhezhezhev, indawo yendawo yelali yase-Essavskaya. Kodwa kwakamsinya nje amatshatwe athunyelwa emfazweni kunye nePrussia, kwaye iqabane lakhe lahlala likhathalele abazali bakhe. Emva kokubuya kwexesha elincinci le-cossack kwilizwe lakhe ngo-1764, amazibulo-uTrofim uzalelwe usapho. Emva koko, uSophia wazala abantwana abaninzi, kodwa yintombi ye-agraphen noChristine, 1768 neminyaka eli-1770 yokuzalwa esisinda. Emva kokubaleka kwe-pugachev kwi-pucky Cossacks, wahlukana nomfazi wakhe nabantwana kwaye waqalisa ukubakho indlela yokuphila yasimahla.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1774, ukufika kwidolophu yaseIisky, i-Emely pugichev ithathele ingqalelo kwintombazana eselula yase-UStiny Kuznetssov, intombi ye-Cossack yendawo, eyayineminyaka eli-17 ubudala. UPugidV uthumele umlinganiso wemidlalo kwiNdlu yomtshakazi izihlandlo ezininzi, kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha wafumana ukwala. Ekugqibeleni, uAtaman wagqiba kwelokuba aqonde i-USTYNI ngokunyanzelekileyo kwaye ubukeke, kwaye ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari, umtshato wenzeka kwicawa yasekuhlaleni.
Emva komtshato, intombazana yahlala kwi "zewadi zasebukhosini" kwaye zazingenakuphika. Kodwa kusekhona u-UStinya besiya kuba sisikhundla sakhe. Umtshato kwi-cossacki elula ubuthathaka ukungqinelana kwe-AMABADEV, malunga nomlawuli ogama linguMlawuli, kwaye wachukumisa umntu wakhe obakhokelela ekungcatshani.
Emva kokubanjwa kwe-pugacheva, usapho lokuqala kunye ne-USTiINYKO KUZNNOVA, ngaphandle kwento yokuba babemsulwa, baya kwinqaba yaseKeshholm, apho de kuphele ubomi bejele. UCatherine II Nokuba emva kwethuba engazange arhoxise isivakalisi.
I-Puckin malunga nePugachev
Ibali le-Bunt, phantsi koBunkokeli bePugichev, yayifihlwe yiTip Stati iminyaka emininzi, kodwa umfanekiso wegorha wagcinwa ekukhunjuleni abantu. Omnye wabaphandi bokuqala abanomdla kubuntu bukaPugachev, uAlexander uCushkin waba.
Umbhali wadala imisebenzi emibini yokunikezelwa kwi-Emely-Ivanovich: "Imbali ye-puctacheva" kunye "nentombi kaKapteni". Kwisincoko sokuqala, umbhali uchaza iintshukumo kunye nezenzo zomvukeli onesibindi, ngokusekelwe kulo lonke ulwazi oluzisiweyo ngelo xesha. Imveliso yesibini ibhalwe ngolwimi lobugcisa, kodwa uphawu lwe-pugicheva ngaphakathi lunikezwe ngokuchanekileyo, eliqinisekiswe ngamaxwebhu apapashiweyo.
Imemori
I-pugidy pugichev ihlala ibangela umdla kubabhali kunye namanani eshishini lefilimu. Iifilimu ezili-13 kwisihloko se-pugdv bid sadutyud yadutyulwa. Umfanekiso wokuqala waseSoviet othetha ngo-Ataman wavela ngo-1937, uKonstantin Skorobogatov wadlala umlinganiswa ophambili kwidrama.Ezona zikhululo zefilimu ezidumileyo zePugdV zithathwa njengomsebenzi we-evgeev kwitheyiphu "ye-Emelyly Pugchev" kunye neVladimir Mashkov "i-punimil bun" i-runir bun ".
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Kwilali yaseTnimovoye, ukongeza kwi-razin yeshumi kunye ne-Emeracheva, enye i-velisory vasiovich vasiovich yazalwa. I-Cossack yaba nenxaxheba ekulungiseleleni uhlaselo lwabanqolobi ukuze iphelise i-Elexander III, kodwa umsebenzi awuphumelelanga, kwaye ooceba babanjwa. Iinjengele jikelele zenziwa kunye nabangahambi kakuhle: umfana walinqamla intloko.
- I-Ekaterina II ifihlile ulwazi malunga nokuphakama kwe-guachedv evela kubantu baseYurophu. Kodwa i-ansossi yaseJamani ukubala izisombululo zikuqaphele ukunqongophala kwe-caviaar emnyama kwiimarike ezinkulu kwiimarike zemali kwaye zenza isigqibo esichanekileyo malunga nokuziphatha kwembambano kwiVolga.
- Kucingelwa ukuba u-Emely-pugichev waqokelela ubuncwane obukhulu bobuncwane baseMpuma eMpuma. Abantu abaphindaphindayo bexaadam imvukelo baqinisekisa ubukho be-saddle kunye neepansile zedayimani kwiCanaman. Kodwa emva kokubanjwa kukaPugacheva, akukho buncwane bafunyanwa. Amaxabiso emva koko aphendokiswa kwiindawo zokupaka iPugachev zePugachev kwi-Urals esemazantsi, kodwa azifumananga nto.
- Kuyaqondakaliswa ukuba uEmeravich Ivanovich ufumene uncedo lwemali kwi-Ottoman Bison naseFrance. Kunzima ukuseka ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa ngokutsho kwenye yeenguqulelo ze-Emedwav i-pugichev yelinye ilizwe, eyayimele ukwenze buthathaka iRussia kwaye ikhusele imfazwe yaseTurkey yaseRussia. Ngokudlulisela imikhosi emikhulu evela ngaphambili ukuya kumlo wokulwa u-Ataman, iRussia yanyanzeleka ukuba igqibe ukungqubana neTurkey phantsi kweemeko ezingenamsebenzi.