Biography
I-jumper, kokukhona ibuhlungu ngakumbi ngobomi bukasolusapho waseMoscow kwaye yonke iRussia ibonakaliswa ngulo mzekeliso waseRussia. Ukuhamba kwelali elula ebusuku kakhulu yaba yinto entle yokumkani, kodwa yaphulukana ne-sana enkulu. Igama losolusapho liqhagamshelwe kumsitho kwimbali - ukwahlulwa kweCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRussia.
Kwi-Nizhny Novgorod Umhlaba, kwilali yeVeldeminavo, nge-1605, isiganeko esonwabisayo senzeka kwintsapho elula yodidi: Ebizwa ngokuba yiNikita ngexesha likaNikita ngexesha lobhaptizo. Ukusuka kwi-biography yabazali besolusapho wexesha elizayo, yonke iRussia yaziwa kancinci: utata wenkwenkwe kaMinin yayinguMariz, umama wakhe wasweleka ekuzaleni.
UNikita wakhuliswa kwindawo esingqongqo, utata wakhe wayehlala engakho ekhaya, ke umntwana wahlala enyamekela umama omkhulu. Ngendlela, umfazi wesibini weemigodi wayengqongqo kwaye engenazimpawu zenkohlakalo: Ibhinqa lithiyile inyathelo lomtshato kwaye yabetha inkwenkwe ngesikhokelo esincinci, ngamanye amaxesha ityhafisa iqhekeza lesonka kunye nokubulawa kwabantu. Utata wosapho, owayecaphukile ngumfazi wesibini ngokunxulumene noNyana wakhe, ukuba abuyele ekhaya adla ngokubetha iqabane lakhe. Nangona kunjalo, kwakufanelekile ukuba ngumgodi wendlu yendlu, ukuhlaselwa okungapheliyo kwenkwenkwana yaqhubeka.
UNikita wafumana isimo sengqondo esipheleleyo sikaMama owamkelweyo, ukufumana intuthuzelo eZibhalweni, kunye nenkwenkwe etyhalela uthando lukatatomzana. Umphathiswa weCawa weCawe wayengumntwana onesiphithiphithi, endaweni yemidlalo emoyeni omtsha nabafana abakhetha idiploma.
I-orthodoxy
Xa ukushiywa kwentsapho yovalo yayiyiminyaka eli-12 ubudala, inkwenkwana yaya kwi-Zhovetyoodsky makariyev i-monastery, ikwibhanki yasekhohlo yeVolga, apho wayehlala khona ukuya kwi-1624. Kodwa ekugxininiseni izalamane ezazikhulisa umfana ovela kwinkonzo enobuqhetseba kwilali yakhe, apho wayefumana ukufa kukaMgogo wakhe othandekayo notata wakhe amthandayo notata wakhe amthandayo.
EVelddemanovo Nikon Marries kwaye uthathe i-san ierie. Ekuqaleni, umfundisi-ntsapho abaphethe iindibano zecawa kwilali yaseLyskovo, kodwa emva kwengozi, ityhefu kwinkonzo yaseMoscow, kuba abathengisi beMetropolin bafunda malunga nokwenziwa nokufunda iSelelanin. Kwakusekomkhulu laseRussia ukuba iqhekeza lekamva lekamva leCawa yeOrthodox iya kwenzeka.
Ubomi bosapho Nikita kunye namaqabane akhe kunzima ukufowunela: Esi sibini asiphumelelanga ukuqala inzala, kuba abantwana abasandul 'ukuzalwa basweleka bekwiminyaka emininzi. Umfundisi wabona ilahleko elusizi njengophawu lwayo, olu kuthetha ukususwa kubomi behlabathi. Ke, ngo-1635, uIreia waqinisekisa iqabane ukuba libe yindawo yokungasebenzi le-Alekseeevsky.
Ukushiya imali yomxholo womfazi wakhe, uNikita-oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anawina uthatha i-godnare kwimonating ye-Sudtack kwaye uba nguNikon: I-Abbon ye-Elezare yenze le rite yangaphandle. Ngokusekwe kwiNkolo ye-Orthodox, umntu othathe inxaxheba kwiimonki usweleka ebomini behlabathi kwaye uthatha elinye igama, ukufumana isiqalo esitsha ngokomoya.
UNikon wabungapheliyo ebomini kunye nokuxinana kukaNikon kutsho ubomi obukeleyo, ngaphandle kokudinwa, ufunda iincwadi ezingcwele aze athandaze, enze ukuthanda kunye nomphefumlo kunqulo lukaThixo. Ubomi kwi-skeete, ibekwe kwiibhanki zechibi elijikelezayo, lwalungqongqo, iimpendulo kuye kwafuneka zifunde imibhalo yebhayibhile ebusuku, engahlanjwa ngamehlo adiniweyo. Ukutya ekunikezelweni kweemonki akuzange kube nzima kakhulu: Iimbango zenziwa zizinto zokugcina amakhonkco neziqhamo, nomgubo obingenguye urhulumente.
Ngenxa yenkonzo ethembekileyo kunye nolwazi lokufunda nokubhala, uNikon uba yi-novice otyhidiweyo ka-Eleazar Azerky, othi kwixesha elizayo angenela i-midion yokuqhuba i-midion, kwaye iziko likaNikon lithembekile.
Kodwa ngonyaka ka-1639, uTok Nikon kunye nomdala uElezare wayenokuphumeza malunga nokwakhiwa kwecawe entsha, ngenxa yoko, owayexhaswa yi-moscow, ongekayiba inkxaso yabazalwana.
Emva kokubhadula, uNikon efumana intuthuzelo kwimoyakazi yesikhumba, kwaye emva kokuba umntu efile i-Igume.
Ngo-1646, i-Sorneymanman ibuyela kwikomkhulu laseRussia ukuba iyokuqokelela iminikelo yeemonki kwaye ngokwesiko lakudala liza nesaphetha kwi-Alebey Mikhailovich.
UNikon wabetha inkosi kunye neentetho ezibalaseleyo. Ngendlela, uAlexey Mikhailovich wahamba wayibona le ndoda ngaphandle nenkolo yobuOthodoki kwaye icawe yayizithoba.
Emva kokunxibelelana nombingeleli, inkosana yaqonda ukuba ufuna ukumbona lo mntu eMoscow, ke i-Igoman iguqulelwe kwikomkhulu. Abanye oontamo babengalithandi ilungiselelo lokumkani kwisidala esilula, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba kwentsapho yolingano yaba yiNdawo ye-Orthodox yaseNotethossian.
Ukuba kwinkonzo, uNikon uba lilungu 'elinomona woThixo ", owawusenziwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17.
Emva kwexesha, ngo-1649, i-minin iba yiMetropolitan ye-Invopolitan ye-Diocese ye-Diocese kunye nenkuthalo eyodwa yenza imisebenzi, esenza iinkonzo zimiselwe ngokungqongqo.
Ngo-1650, kwaqhambuka i-velity ethandwayo eVeliky Novgorod, isizathu sokungoneliseki kwabemi yayikukuphakama okukhawulezileyo kumaxabiso esonka. Abathathi-nxaxheba bemvukelo bekukho abantu beeklasi ezahlukeneyo, abanyulu, kwabo bangamahlwempu nabangamagcisa: abantu baseRussia bachasene nemeko yoMongami. Kodwa ngenxa yesikhundla esizinzileyo seMetropolitan Nikon, othe wakhusela umdla ka-Alexei Mikhailovich nabanye abahlobo, iBunk yeNovgorod yayixinezelekile.
Iinkokeli zemvukelo zazilinde isigwebo sentambo, esatshintshelwa kamva saya kubambekisi besitshixo. Ukuhlala isohlwayo kusenzeka kwi-Metropolitan, engazange ihlale ingangathanga abantu behlabathi: uNikon watyelela i-duntgen kwaye waphulaphula abantu abalula, ngenxa yokuba abanye abantu bafumanayo kwiNtetho ye I-Metropolitan yonyulo.
Usolusapho
UNikon waba ngumthombo wobungcwele bakhe uYosefu, owasweleka nge-25 ka-Epreli 1652 ukuya kuLwesine oManyano. I-pire ifune icawa yecan yeSan ukuba inike umsunguli wokuhamba kwe "Jeques" Stefan, kodwa akazange ayeke ukutyumba isilwanyana sasekumkanini.
Kwinkulungwane yaseRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17, umxholo woMbhishophu-primer wagonyamela umbingeleli: usolusapho wayo yonke iRussia yayinokuyicombulula imicimbi yeRussia, iyohlwaya inkolelo kwaye ibongoze abantu ngubani owaphula imithetho yokomoya. Ngapha koko, uAlexey Mikhailovich wenza iNikon iqabane lakhe.
Ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwe-uparrysky san niikon, i-Alexey Mikilovich iphumelele isithembiso sokuba kungaphantsi kwezinto eziza kuphazamisa kwimicimbi yecawa.
UTSHINTSHO NOKUGQIBELA
I-Minin ihleli intshabalalo oyithandayo kwaye ichaphazele imiba yezopolitiko e-MOSCOW ngo-1654, ukuhlangana kwakhona kweRussia neUkraine, kwaye uNikon wayenomdla wokwakha nokubuyiselwa kweetempile.
Umsebenzi wokuguqula usolusapho waseMoscow kunye nawo wonke iRussia Nikon ushiye umkhondo kwimbali ngenxa yeCawa ye-Orthodox yaseRussia ngo-1650-1660.
Isizathu sokuqhekeka kwaqala ukuvela ukusukela ixesha lokuqulunqa 'ukhathalelo lokutyeba'. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela lenkolo baxoxa ngombandela womanyano lwabefundisi kwaye bafuna ukufana ngokufunda iZibhalo nokuqhuba izithethe. Kuphela apha malunga nokwamkelwa kwesampulu yokuqala kwindawo edibeneyo ibingavisisani: Umntu othile wayezibophelela kwinkcubeko yaseByzantine, xa abanye bexhomekeke kwimibhalo-ngqangi ye-Russian yaseRussia.
Ngokuqala kokumbiwa komgodi kwi-starchar, isangqa sakwa-ntsapho ukuba siwile, kodwa amakholwa amadala ezopolitiko akazange achaze uHlaziyo loTyelelo. UNikon wazisa imigaqo emitsha ka-1653, ebangela ukwahlulwa phakathi kukasolusapho kunye namakholwa amadala.
Utshintsho lukaNikon lwaluza kulandelayo:
- Iincwadi zecawe zaphinda zaphinda zabhalwa zaza zaguqulelwa ngokweephenyane zamaGrike
- Uphawu lwandlela ezimbini lwaziswa kunye nobhaptizo lwaseRussia lwathathelwa indawo ngenjongo ezintathu. Kumlandeli "weOrthodoxy ondala", iminwe emibini yayithetha isilwanyana esimanyeneyo so-Kristu omanyeneyo, kwaye ezintathu zifanekisela uBathathu Emnye oNgcwele. Ke ngoko, kuya kubonakala ukuba, utshintsho oluncinci oluncinci kule nkonzo lubalulekile kubantu bonqulo.
- Uguqulwe ukubhala igama likaKristu: U-Izus waba nguYesu
- I-wow yomhlaba iguqulwe yi-Bondl Bonds
- Igama elithi "Alizisoya" laqala ukubiza kathathu endaweni emibini, njl.
Amakholwa amadala awonelisekanga yimithetho entsha yecawe, kodwa kunye neendlela ezinzima ezikhokelwa ngusolusapho nikon, umzekelo, amaqela eminwe emibini abhengezwe ngu-Anticma. Umchasi wokuqala obeke phambili inkcaso yohlengahlengiso olutsha yayingumnxibelelanisi we-AVVANGUM.
UAlexey Mikhailovich wayehlonitshwa uNikon kwaye wanika i-mina ye-Midiky isihloko esithi "Veliky Soviet" (uTatet Fedorovich Filaret), kodwa kungekudala kwabakho ukungavisisani phakathi kosolusapho nokumkani. Isizathu sokungavisisani yayiyikhowudi yeCaperal eyamkelwe ngo-1649. Le meko yemithetho kaRhulumente inciphise imeko yeCawa yeOrthodox kwaye yaxhomekeka kwimeko kaRhulumente.
Kananjalo, abafana abangayithandiyo indlela yeNikon kukumkani, beqhiphuke usolusapho ukuba bangenelele, kwaye umphumo awuzange ulinde: ukuhleba kwengca itshintshe i-Alexey Minn. Ngenxa yeziganeko ezazisongela kumfundisi, uNikon unyanzeliswa ngokungavisisani ukumka eMoscow.
Ngo-1666, iNkundla yeCawa yaseRussia yagqiba kwelokuba ikhuphe uNikon ovela kuPatriarystsky sana kwaye ipele kububingeleli "anti-nqwelo moya".
Ubomi Buqu
Ebudeni bobomi bukasolusapho uNikon wayengumntu ofundileyo kwaye ofunda kakuhle engafundanga kungekuphela nje ulwazi oluchanileyo lweZibhalo Ezingcwele, kodwa nobulumko bemihla ngemihla. Kunzima ukugweba i-nikon, njengamakholwa amadala kunye nabaxhasi bohlengahlengiso olutsha ababonisa lo mntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Abanye ebomini babhalelwa ukuba uNikon ngowona mfanekiso usisilumko wobulumko, oguqukayo oguqukayo ukuze bazuze; Abanye bakholelwa ukuba i-minin ingumntu onamandla, obawayo nobekhohlakeleyo ababekulungele ukuya kuyo yonke into yokufumana indawo yokumkani.
Xa abagwebi basisusa uNikon eSana, iBhodi ikhokele i-Arch yalo lonke "ulwaphulo-mthetho" losolusapho, kwaye yile nto eyayikwisihloko esibhaliweyo:
"UNikon ngaphandle koqwalaselo lweCatureral ngokwakhe ngokwahlukileyo kwe-bishop yasePavel Kolomna Sana, uFerephae, wasohlwaya kakhulu", ngesizathu sokuba ulahlekelwe yingubo enkulu, okanye aswelekile izilwanyana, okanye wawa emlanjeni wasweleka.Nangona kunjalo, akukho namnye kubabhali-mbali banokugweba ukuthembeka kolu lwazi.
Ukufa
Imeko ye-cyril-ye-100 ye-curilzyky, apho iziseko zenkohlakalo ziyachuma, uNikon wazithoba impilo yakhe.
I-Tsar entsha yaseRussia i-Tar Pedor Alekseevich ikhutshiwe i-Stanti ekhutshiweyo, ngokuchasene nomnqweno wecawa, wavumela umntu owayekade esolusapho ukuba abuyele kwimoniya yovuko. Imonki enzulu kangaka engayiqondi indlela kude kwaye ifile kwi-Yaroslavl emhlabeni nge-17 ka-Agasti, 1681.