Biography
UAlexandra Mikhailovna Kollondta-Inguquko yamaza okuqala, i-comissor kawonke-wonke isisa, i-amessador ye-USSR eScainavia naseMexico.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAlexandra wazalwa ngoMatshi 19, 1872 eSt. Petersburg kusapho ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-Deser Mikhail Alekseevich, Imvelaphi yaseUkraine. U-Alexandra utata wathatha inxaxheba kumkhosi wokuchasana neHungary, wazibandakanya kwimfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho. UMisikail Alekseevich unokubandakanya uluntu lwendawo, wabhala umsebenzi kwimbali yomkhosi, unyaka wayekhonza njengeRhuluneli yePhondo lase-TARMNV.
Umama wohlaziyo lwexesha elizayo, iFinnish ingeniswe i-Alexander Maliya-Mravinskaya, yayingaphantsi komyeni wakhe, kodwa yayingumtshato wokuqala wokuqala emva kwamahlombe. Ukusuka kwimanyano yangaphambili, wayenentombi eUgene Mravinskaya, edume ngemvumi ye-opera. Utat'omkhulu kumgca woomama, ukuba neengcambu zabantwana, wadala inkampani yokuloga, apho kwaye zizityebi.
UShura wazalwa xa utata wakhe wayesele eneminyaka engama-42 ubudala, kunjalo noMikhail Alekseevich, wayenolwalamano olufudumeleyo. Ngokubanzi, intombi ethambileyo iyayithanda imbali, iJografi, ezopolitiko. Ukujonga utata, le ntombazana yafunda ukucinga uhlalutyo. Abazali bazinyamekele eyona mfundo yekhaya yekhaya. Ekupheleni kwesikolo, uShura wayechaza ngesiFrentshi ngesiFrentshi, isiNgesi, isiFinnish, eSweden, Norway naseJamani.
Kwiminyaka eyi-16, uAlexander waphumelela kwiimviwo ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kwaye wafumana iDiploma yerhuluneli. Umama ongqongqo waqwalaselwa kwimfundo engakumbi ngobusuku, kwaye intombazana yayinomdla ngokupeyinta. Ukongeza kwiiklasi zokuyila, eli linenekazi eliselula laya kwiibhola, apho, ngokutsho kwabazali, kwafuneka ukuba afumane nomyeni olungileyo. Kodwa uAlexander omkhulu uAlexander wayengafuni ukutshata nendawo yokuhlala, nangona wayeyithanda impumelelo engathethekiyo phakathi kwabameli bendawo ephezulu.
Kwiminyaka yo-1990, uAlexander wayenomdla kwintshukumo ye-Plassing, le ntombazana iveliswe yimibono yoguquko ukusukela ebuntwaneni, ilandela umzekelo katitshala M. I. I-inshurensi. Emva kokuba uAlexander, phantse ukuthanda kuka-Alexander, phantse kuye kuya kutshata isihlobo esikude esikude, uVladimir Kolllouktaya wasuka endlwini, intombazana yaziva ikhululekile. Ibhinqa eliselula laqalisa ukunyamalala kwiqokelelo eyimfihlakalo ethi i-Elena Dmitevevna stasov, intombi yethemba leKryskaya kunye ne-vladimir ulyov.
I-Alexandra Kollondty inikwe igunya lokuba sisithunywa. Intombazana ibeka esichengeni ubomi kunye negama, ukuya kwikota engasebenziyo kunye neepasile ezinqatshelwe luncwadi. Ukuthandana kwenguquko ngokukhawuleza kwathabatha ibhinqa eliselula, kwaye walishiya lonke ukhathalelo lwasekhaya. Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, uKollondtai wafunda i-lenin kunye neMarx.
Ngo-1898, uAlexander usonjululwe ekuqhubeni phesheya, otshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo umtshato wakhe ngokupheleleyo. Kwi-Switzerland, uguquko oluselula luza kwiyunivesithi enkulu, umcebisi wakhe nguNjingalwazi Heinrich Geerner, i-Theotlics yoqoqosho. Ucebisa umfundi ongathethekiyo oya eNgilani wokuvavanya abaseki beSikolo seLondon ye-Economics nakwiiNtlawulo zabaSebenzi bakaSyrice Sydney Sybumi.
Ukubuya iminyaka emibini eRussia, uAlexander uba lilungu leqela lezentlalontle laseRussia. Ngokutsho komyalelo weqela, i-prosarionary iphinde yathunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe, apho isiganeko esibalulekileyo senzekile kwaAlexandra. Ngo-1901, eGeneva, wadibana noguquko lwe-Leeland wase-George Pleorge Plkhanov.
Uhlaziyo
Ngo-1903, kwiCongress ye-RSDRP, eyahluliweyo phakathi kwamaphiko athile enziwe, ngenxa yoko: I-Bolshevis ene-vladimir lenin entloko nase-Mulius Markov yayisentloko. Iqela le-MenHevik libandakanya i-Plkhanov nase-Sotai. Kodwa emva kweminyaka eli-11, uAlexander watshintsha iimbono zakhe aze ami phantsi kweebhanti zephiko leBolshevik.Ngexesha loguqulelo lokuqala lwentlalo ntle ka-1905, oloyisiweyo, ixesha lokubamba lincedisile abafazi abasebenzayo, besasaza incwadana yaseFinland neyaseMpuzi. Emva koloyiso lweentsilelo, ukubaleka kude nentshutshiso kunye nokubhekiswa, impikiso lalifihla kwelinye ilizwe. UKollondta awuhlali kwindawo enye, ulungisa ubudlelwane kunye neDemocrats yeNtlalontle, iSweden, eFinland, eBritane, eBritain, eNorway, Norway.
EJamani, uAlexandra akalawulwa ukuba enze ubuhlobo kunye neenkokeli zeqela lobuKomanisi nguRosa Luxembourg noKarl Liebknecht. Abaguquki banceda ekuhambeni neqabane elitsha kwiSweden xa iJamani ivakalisa ukuqala kwemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala.
Emva kokugxothwa kweenguqu ezithandekayo ukusuka kwi-stockholm ukuya eDenmark. Ukusukela kule nto kwi-collittai fune nge-bolsheviks.
Ngokuseka unxibelelwano nobukrelekrele baseJamani kwaye bafumane ukufikelela kwimali engenamkhawulo, iiBolsheviks ziba ziinkokeli zentshukumo yovuthuzo ka-1917 eRussia. Kodwa urhulumente wexeshana emva kwemisitho kaFebruwari uyakwazi ukubamba i-Alexander ukuba i-Espionage ilungele iJamani.
Ekwa-An Amber, kwiCongress yeThongo, i-coolntai ithatha kumalungu ekomiti ephakathi. Itshaneli yesibindi yaba ngumfazi wokuqala owelokuqala eBolshevik, kunye neStalin, i-Sverdlovy, eTrotsky, Dzerzhinsky, Emenev, Bokarin.
ULenin, ophinde walandelwa nguRhulumente wexeshana, ngeli xesha ufihla amagumbi afihlakeleyo. Ekwindla, i-collantai sele ishiya intolongo kwaye ithatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zeqela, apho isigqibo senziwe isigqibo esixhobileyo senziwe.
Inguqu yenziwa ngo-Oktobha 25, kwaye kwiintsuku ezi-2 okwenziwa ngumzimba ophambili wamandla-iBhunga likaRhulumente, apho i-Kollondtai iphathiswe isithuba se-PRINGICICT ye-messic. Ngapha koko, esi sisikhundla soMphathiswa apho inguqulelo ithathe indawo ephambi kokuqala kwentwasahlobo yowe-1918.
I-Ambassadoor ye-USSR
Ngo-1922, kwadalwa iSoviet Union. Umbuso oselula ufuna isibhengezo sehlabathi, ke abantu abanamava phesheya kunye nonxibelelwano kwiqela ledemokhrasi laseYurophu lwakhethwa njengeediplomats. UAlexander Kollontai kwisicelo sakhe urhulumente wanyula i-ambassadoian ye-scavinavia. "I-Valkyie Revols" ithunyelwe eNorway, apho ifuna ukuthandwa kwezopolitiko kwe-USSR, ngokuhambelana ngokuthengisa ubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kwamazwe.
Ngo-1926, uKollondta oqeqesha ummeli we-Mexico, kodwa, ngaphandle kokulungisa imeko eshushu, echaphazela kakubi umsebenzi wentliziyo, uAlexander wabuyela eOslo.
Ukusukela ngo-1930 ukuya ku-1945, ukuba ngummeli we-USSR eSweden, Kollondta iphumelele inani lezinto ezizezona ngxi. UAlexander Mikhailovna, xa uthethathethwano, ilawula ukukhusela imikhosi yaseSweden ukuya kwi-Finnish kwiphulo lokuphuma kwimfazwe, eyokuphumeza imikhosi yeSoviet Intsimi yaseYurophu.
Onke amaqhina ezopolitiko anehlabathi leScandinavia ayesezandleni zomfazi onesibindi, ke uStalin wayengamchukumisi ngexesha lokucocwa kwezopolitiko. Ngapha koko, inkokeli yabantu yayingayimfihlakalo kunye nokuhlekisa, ngaphandle kokuqonda iCollittai njengotshaba olubi, lihlala liphelelwa. Emva koko, uAlexander Mikhailovna uxhasa ngokupheleleyo umgaqo-nkqubo kaJosefu Vissisriavich.
Ubomi Buqu
UAlexandra Kollondnani, njengohlaselo lwenene, kumnqweno wenkululeko ofanelekileyo uye esiphelweni, ke umxholo wothando lwasimahla wawumfanelekile kwiNqanaba laseNcinci. Nangona wayesemncinci kakhulu, uAlexander wanyanzelisa ukhetho lwakhe olukhethwe ngumyeni, owayeka ukuba kwisalamane esikude Vladimir Kollontai. Bazali ngandlela zonke bathintela lo mtshato, kunye namadoda acebileyo namatyesi atyebileyo, anjenge-Ivan Tuomin Tuomin, unyana kaDuman Rugan-jikelele, enikeza isandla kunye nentliziyo. Kodwa ukuthanda kwentombazana akuphume nakubani na kuye.Umtshato wenzeka ngo-1893, kwaye ngonyaka kaMisha wazalwa entsatsheni. Ngaphezulu kokuwa kwabantwana bekungekho. Thatha iliso labazali, uAlexander luyela phantsi kwempembelelo yohlaziyo kunokutshabalalisa usapho. Ngo-1898, ibhinqa eliselula ligqiba kwelokuba lisindile eYurophu kwaye liyeke umyeni nonyana wakhe ngonaphakade. Umtshato ophakathi kuka-Alexander noVladimir baphelelwa kuphela ngo-1916, kodwa igama elithi hlaselo alitshintshanga.
Emva kokuba ngumfazi okhululekileyo, uKollondtai wangena uthotho lothando lothando, ixesha elide kunye nokudlula. Amadoda akhe abe ziipolitiki ezidumileyo phantsi kwakhe, kuba u-Alexander yena wayehlala ebonakala emncinci kuneminyaka yakhe.
Kubomi bobuntu bukaKollondtai bavakalisa "ithiyori yamanzi", eyayisekwe kwinto yokuba uthando kufuneka lunikezwe wonke umntu oyifunayo. I-Compantai yayingengombhali wale mvoti, kodwa kuphela yi-Ebodiment yakhe eqaqambileyo. Ixesha elide, i "Valkyrie yenguqu" edibene ne-Alexander Gavrilovich Hatpnikov, iqabane langaphambili leLenin.
Kodwa ngo-1917, ikamva le-SUR SHUR kunye ne-Salore yaseKilere Pavel DyBenoko utshatile. Ukubhala i-Compay yomtshato kunye neDyuboko yaba yinto yokuqala kwincwadi ye-Accounting yeMicimbi yoLuntu. Ubuhlobo abuthathanga ixesha elide, ngeli xesha ngenxa yokunganyaniseki kukaPawulos. Akumangalisi, xa emkhosini yayiphantsi komfazi wayo iminyaka eli-17. Ke ngoko, ngo-1922, uAlexander watshisa iibhulorho namagqabi phesheya.
ENorway, utshintsho olwenziwa luhlasele kumazantsi e-Frimerines ye-Marseil Yakovvich. Kodwa urhulumente waseSoviet wangenelela kubudlelwane boDiplomat kunye nomntwana osetyhini waseFrentshi, kwaye esi sibini saqhekeka.
Ekupheleni kwe-20s, uAlexander Mikhailovna ukhumbula uNyana, ngokuyintloko ongumfazi ongowasemzini, umfazi wesibini kaVladimir Kollondty. Inguqu iza ne-mikhail ekuqaleni kommeli weBerlin, kwaye emva kwe-USSR ERDY eLondon kunye neStockholm. I-collaga uthatha umzukulwana weVladimir, owazalwa ngo-1927.
Ukufa
Ngorhatya lwemfazwe yemfazwe enkulu, uKollolians akakwazanga ukuma ngaphezulu, kwaye wayetshutshisa. Kule, imbali yezopolitiko yaseAlexandra Mikhailovna, njenge-PATATAMBA, igqityiwe. Nge-Matshi 1945, iDiplomat yahlangulwa ngenxa yomda eMoscow, apho kwaqala khona ukuvuselelwa.
Iminyaka esixhenxe ubudala, uKollondta waxutywa kwisitulo esinamavili kwaye wahlala kwindlu yakhe kwisitalato saseKaligagaga. Ukukhubazeka kwenxalenye yomzimba akuzange kukhuphane ne-Alexander Mikhailovna ukuzalisekisa imisebenzi yomcebisi ngemicimbi yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle: Ubungqina bamanyezwe babuxabiswa. I-callock yafa ngo-Matshi 9, 1952 evela kwintliziyo, eye yenzeka ephupheni. Ingcwaba lohlaziyo libekwe kumangcwaba leNovodevichy.