Biography
Umsunguli wenzululwazi yemfuza kwi-USSR, iAsicamia, i-biologist kunye nomfuyi. Umntu onengqondo ye-encyclopedpedic, othumela iilwimi zakwa-European, kwiminyaka engama-41 ubudala waba ngumongameli weSayensi yezeZolimo.
UNikolai Ivanovich Vavilov wazalwa ngonyaka we-1887 kusapho lomthengisi wesibini we-Ivan Ilylich Vavich, i-nugget evela kubalingane. I-Vavilov ilawule i-hue ye-hue, kwaye ngo-1909 uvan illich ilungu lentlanganiso yesixeko uDuma. Intsapho yezommiselo yayihlala kwindlu yakhe kwizinto eziphakathi. Umama - Alexander Mikhailovna Prenikova - ukusuka kwi-moscow ye-moscow echumileyo yabasebenzi be-mafactory.
Abathathu kwabasixhenxe abasixhenxe baseWavilov babhubhile kwasebusaneni. Udadewaba omncinci kaNikolai - uLidiya Vavilov, i-Microbiologist-iswelekile evela kwi-Mnyama emnyama ngo-1914, esosulelwe sisifo esibulalayo kuhambo. Umninawa omncinci waseSergey Vivilov, umfundisi odumileyo kunye ne-physics kunye neFumetimian, wayengekho ngo-1951 (wasweleka ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo).
Utata waphupha ukuba olo nyana uya kumayeza eenyawo zakhe kwaye waqhubeka neshishini losapho. Kodwa oyena mdala, abeke phantsi i-herbarium kunye neemephu zendawo, ezifundwa iincwadi zebhayoloji, omncinci wathwaxwa yi-physics kunye nemathematics. Utata wazama '"ukukholisa" inzala ngoncedo lwebhanti, bandigculela, kodwa oonyana bazuze njengelifa kwintloko yentsapho.
Emva kokuphumelela kwi-Gymnasium, uNikolai noSergey waphulukana notata wangena kwisikolo sentengiso kwi-oozen, kodwa amaphupha omsebenzi onokuphumelela. UNikolai, ongafuni kuchitha unyaka ukuphonononga ulwimi lwesiLatin ofunekayo xa ungena kwiYunivesithi yaseMoses, ngo-1906 waba ngumfundi weziko lezolimo, ekhetha i-Agroset. ISergey yangena kwi-facultics ye-physics ye-fithi ye-Moscow.
Ootitshala baseVavilov kwiYunivesithi yezoLimo yayiyi-Sotist Nikolai Khudyai Khudyai KHudyaic kunye noMsunguli weSumistry Dmittary Sanids, iSoving yeSoviet Acience yeSayensi. Phantsi kwabo, uNikolay wabekwa njengososayensi.
Ukukhetha kunye nemfuza
KwiZiko, kwiphulo le-achechemistry, i-bitmiry spicynikova vavilov ifundwe kukhetho. Ukufumene idiploma ye-Academy, ifudukele kwi-St. Petersburg Bureau efakwe i-botany.
Ngo-1913, kwathunyelwa i-bilogist ye-biologisty ukuba ifunde phesheya. Kwindlela yokuzala eFrance eFrance, waqhelana nembewu yokufuya, eJamani uJena kunye nesiNgesi uMerorton wasebenza kwiilebhu. Iinyanga ezintandathu zasebenza kunye ne-biogist eyaziwayo ye-william baton. ECambridge, uNikolai Vavilov uqhubeke nokuphonononga iinkozo zesonka, imbewu yembewu eqhuba evela eRussia ukuya kwifama yaseyunivesithi.
Iphulo lesayensi laqhubeka ngenxa yeMfazwe yeHlabathi ndaqala. Ikhomishini eceliweyo ikhululwe usoyishini oselula kwiNkonzo: UNicholas wafumana ukulimala kwamehlo okude.
Ngo-1916, i-Vavilov yatyelela i-Iran Iran, fergana kunye nePamiire. Ukuhamba sele kuqokelele impahla yesayensi, yaqulunqa imithetho ye-homologous uthotholise kwaye iseka ugxininiso lokusasazeka kwezityalo ezilinywe.
Iziganeko zotshintsho zika-1917, zaza zafumana iRussia, zafumana uNikolai Vavilov eSaratov, apho wafumana utitshala eyunivesithi. Kungekudala i-Aideminaia yasemva kwexesha ipapasha isifundo malunga nokuzinza kwezityalo kosulelo apho kuqala kubonakalise ubume bemvelo bokungenziwa.
Ukuvulwa koNjingalwazi we-Soviet ozifundileyo nge-1920s kwiCongress yabafuyi eSaratov. Ingxelo yesayensi ikhuphe ukukhanya kwisiseko sethiyori yomahluko. Oogxa-nye Nikolai Ivanovich ebizwa ngokuba yiVavilov ehambelana nesikali sokufunyanwa kweDMMMERY METHETEV kwi-chemistry kunye nokuvula amathemba abanzi bokuziqhelanisa.
Kunyaka emva koko, uNikolai Vavilov wachaza umthetho we-homologous uthotho eMelika, kwiComparess yezolimo yamanye amazwe. Ingxelo ye-Vavilov ibizwa ngokuba yimvakalelo, imifanekiso yenzululwazi yeSoviet yabahlonela abahleli bamaphephandaba.
Emva kwexesha, emva kokupapashwa nguNikolai Vavilov, uphando kumaziko emvelaphi yezityalo, izazinzulu zafumana uhlobo lweCompass, ezivumela ukuba zingene kwilizwe elingenasityalo sehlabathi.
Ngo-1921, uNikolai Ivanovich wamenyelwa kwiPetrograd, apho yena neqela labafundi kunye nabantu abanentliziyo efanayo baququzelele inkcubeko yomanyano. IYunivesithi, ekwindawo yaseRoyal Villali, yadlula kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini akutshanje ngobomi bolwazi oludumileyo.
Ngo-1929, uNikolai Vavilov uba yingcali kunye noMongameli Vaschnil. Umongameli oneminyaka engama-42 ubudala wazivalela abafowunelwa kunye noogxa bakhe ukusuka eMelika naseYurophu. I-Soviet Geletics kwi-1930s kunye nesiqingatha sokuqala se-40s sihamba ngaphambi kwesayensi yaseNtshona.
I-Biologizy
Isiqingatha sobomi be-Vavilov senzekile kwiindlovu. Kumfundi, olona nzululwazi luselula lwaya kwintente yeCaucasus kunye neCaucasus yaseNyakatho.
Ngeminyaka yee-1920, inzululwazi inkokeli eyaziwayo yebhayoloji yeSoviet kunye ne-Inzululwazi yeSayensi yoBini yeAgrical-bomeleza ukuvulwa kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezinto ezityebileyo, ezaziqokelelwa ndawonye zabafundi.
Ngo-1924, uNjingalwazi watyelela i-Nuristan - evaliwe kubantu baseYurophu kwiphondo laseAfghanistan. Uhambo lwangaphandle kwiMeditera, iAfrika kunye ne-India bayichitha kakhulu ingqokelela yembewu. Inzululwazi yabhala ukuba e-India "yafumana i-razhi" kwaye i-gindukush iguqulelwe kane amaxesha, kanye kwindlela yeAlexander Macecensky. "
Kwi-Vider-1920 ye-1920, watyelela uhambo kwi-Assinsky Oasis ka-Uzbekistan, kwaye ngo-1926-27 waqhuba umsebenzi wophando eAlgeria, eMorocco, ePalestina. UNikolay Vavilov wafunda i-Floral's Greece Floral Wlowline, emazantsi eFrance, eSpain kunye nePortugal. Iindlela zokuhamba nge-vavilov kunye namaqela akhe afikelela kwiikhilomitha ezi-2, kwaye izinto eziqokelelweyo zazinamawaka eesampulu.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1920 nasekuqalekeni kwe-1930s, inzululwazi yatyelela iJapan, China noMzantsi Merika. Emva kokuphuma, umsebenzi wakhe wesibini obalulekileyo kumaziko emveni izityalo ezilinywe zililipapashwa, apho i-I. I-Lenin inikezelweyo.
I-Nikolai Ivanovich yobomi obufutshane obuziinyani ezili-180 eMelika nase-Eurasia, ocebisayo weSayensi yeHlabathi yeHlabathi kwaye wamzisa iLavra yomhambi omkhulu. Iziphumo zohambo yayikukutyhutywe okutyebileyo kwezityalo ezinamatyala, ezifikile ezingama-250 iisampulu zeminyaka engama-40 kwaye iba yibhanki yokuqala yehlabathi.
Ubomi Buqu
Abantu abafunda nabo bevavilov kwiZiko lezoLimo lamangaliswa kwizifundo zezolimo, befunda ngetyala letyala elikrelekrele ne-nikolai kumfundi kaKamharov. UCathetherine yintombi yomthengisi waseSiberia, akukho buhle, "iblue eluhlaza", umtya wowomileyo unxibelelwano. Kodwa uNikolai Vavilov wathandana nentombazana yengqondo yakhe ebukhali. NgeKatyya, wathetha yonke imixholo. Basondele ukuziqhelanisa nephondo lasePoltava. Utshatile ngo-1912. Akukho ntetho yomtshato ihamba-kule minyaka, abafundi bexesha elizayo babehlala kwimowudi ye "Vavilovy": Ukuhamba nge-vavilovy "kwinyanga ye-inshuan kunye ne-icedrication yenyanga, umsebenzi wesihlanu wawusihlanu walala.
Kwindlu kaBawo kwibunzi eliphakathi, apho esi sibini sahlala khona, iwileriki yeKhabhinethi iqaqamba kude kuse.
I-SR. Vavilov ayisamkeli i-Okthobha kwaye yafudukela eBulgaria ngo-1918. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba emkile, owayenguMthengisi uvan Ilylich Vavich waba nguTatomkhulu: UNikolai noCatherine babene-oleg yokuqala ekhankanyiweyo. Utatomkhulu wabona umzukulwana ngo-1928, ngaphambi kokuba afe. UNikolai Ivanovich waphembelela utata wakhe ukuba abuyele eRussia, kwaye kwiveki kamva, uIvan Vavilov wasweleka.
Ubomi bobuqu bakwaNikolai Vavilov kunye ne-Ekaterina Sakharov ayisebenzi. Emva kokuzalwa konyana, inzululwazi yaya emsebenzini eSaratov. UKatynya nonyana omncinci bahlala eMoscow. Kunyaka emva koko, umyeni wafumana igumbi, kwaye usapho lwaphinda lwadibana. Kodwa i-Vavilov yayinomnye umfazi. Ndikunye no-Elena barina, inzululwazi idibene nohambo. Umfundi ophumeleleyo ngaphandle kwenkumbulo wathandana nonjingalwazi we-agronomic faculty, i-8 iminyaka.
UNikolai Vavilov wazama ukusindisa usapho: Ngo-1921, xa wayefudukela eLeyadrad, wambiza umfazi wakhe kunye nonyana wakhe. Kodwa uCatherine wala, eqonda ukuba indawo entliziyweni yomyeni wakhe yayixakekile. Umfazi wasala eSaratov, emva koko wabuyela eMoscow, apho wayehlala khona nonyana wakhe uElee endlwini embindini.
E-Elena Barulina Nikolai Vavilov utshatile ngo-1926. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, unyana kaYuri wazalelwa kumaqabane.
Oonyana bakaVavilov baba ngamagqirha. U-Oleg Vavilov, uphumelele kwi-MSU, wasebenza njengabaphandi welebhu yemifanekiso ye-cosmic. NgoDisemba ngo-1945, emva kokusweleka kukayise, kokukhusela i-thesis yakhe. Wasweleka ngo-1946 eDombay, apho wayehamba neqela leqela lembembeli.
UYuri Vavilov ovela kwiDyunivesithi yaseLesingrad, apho wayefunda khona kwi-faculty ye-sucleary physics - okhethekileyo evaliweyo yabantwana "beentshaba zabantu."
Ukubanjwa
Abaphathi bengingqi nge-1920s, kwi-30s Nikolai Vavilov baziva ukuba iringi icinezela ngeenxa zonke kuye. Ukusuka kwiZiko Lemveliso yezityalo, kwagxothwa abahlobo abakufuphi neVavilov.
Ngo-1929, iimpindezelo zaye zancedwa: iinjineli ezingezopolitiko, izazinzulu zezolimo ezibizwa ngokuba "ziingcali zezolimo" kunye "nezitshabalalisi", zidutyulwe. UNikolai Vavilov wabambiza kubalingane abaninzi, ogunyazisiweyo akazange avumele abasemagunyeni ukuba bazithathe ixesha elide.
Indima exabisekileyo kwinkuthalo yekati ye-Trogic idlala i-trofim lysennko. I-Agronoma encinci ebantwini ekuqaleni kwe-30 ye-vavilov yase-30 ye-30, nangona yayikuphawulwe ukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba ithembele kwi-Lykazi eqhubekayo kwi-lysedo efikelelayo ekuphuhlisweni kwesityalo).
Inzululwazi yolutsha yayithandwa nguJoseph Stalin "zabantu" kunye nezithembiso zabo zokufumana isivuno esingasebenziyo sonyaka kunye nesiqingatha. Xa, kwiCongress yaBasebenzisi abaDibeneyo - Abadlali ngo-1935, uTomarim Lysekazi wathi "Izinambuzane zeSayensi", kwaye amafama adibeneyo "anikele uqoqosho olulandelayo, kwaye amafama adibeneyo" avume "u-bivoriovich ngokungaphezulu" "lysenko!".
Ngo-1938, uTrofim Lynke waba ngumongameli waseVilov, endaweni ye-Vavilov kule posi. Ukusukela ngo-1939, ngenkxaso yeStalin, iLisento enabaxhasi baphanga imfuza, ebiza i-bourgeois lzheoka.
Ngehlobo lowe-1939, isandla kunye nesandla saseRomaki iLinic-i-Isaaki i-Ichich iBhunga iBhunga lase-USSR, i-vnylaiv mololiv, iMemorandam apho i-Nikovilov ye-vii yemfuza ye-vii yemfuza. Esi sipho siphakamise ukuba iCongress iya kuba yinto "yomlo wokulwa nenzululwazi."
I-VII ye-VII ye-vii yenzeka, kodwa hayi kwimanyano, kodwa eScotland. UNikolai Vavilov akafumananga imvume yokuhamba, kwaye isitulo sesitulo kwinqanaba lalingenanto.
Ngo-Agasti ka-1940, uNikolai Vavilov, owayekuhambo lwesayensi kwi-Chernovtsy, ebanjiwe. Uphando luthathe iinyanga ezili-11. Inzululwazi yayifunyelwanelwa ukuba iphinde incinwe amaxesha ama-400, kwaye ixesha lokuthintela inciniba lithathe iiyure ezili-1700. Uphando yayingumsebenzi we-NKVD alexey vrashati kunye ne-tultan albogius. Ingakumbi "izamile" ukubambelela kwi-semi ezinamagqabi, ezazisebenzisa intuthumbo yokutshutshiswa eVivilov.
Ngo-2000, umlawuli uAlexander Pokhkin uthe ngo-2000 kwimisitho ye-1940s kwidrama "Nikolay Vivilov". I-Vavilova idlale i-Kostas Smorrigas, njengoko i-trofim lysego kunye namaqabane akhe akwaSaac ababonisa iBogdan Mehane kunye neSergey Gazarov.
Ukufa
Impilo yeVavilov, imbambano nendlala, oye wasilela ekunxaxheni, ukuphanza gadalala nendlala, yabangela ukufa kososayensi. Isigwebo sokufa esirhoxisiweyo khange siguqukele nantoni na kwikamva lemfundo. Kwintolongo yeSaratov, ukupheliswa neDystrophy i-Nikolai Vavilov igula ngokuvuyela imiphunga. Ngenxa yokwehla komsebenzi wentliziyo ngoJanuwari 26, 1943, kwafika ukufa ukufa.
Inzululwazi enkulu yangcwatyelwa kwingcwaba eliqhelekileyo lamabanjwa, indawo leyo ayaziwa. Ngamangcwaba ovuko lweSaratov, ingcwaba lomntu kunye nelitye lesikhumbuzo eVavilov elifakiwe.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yeLizwe enkulu, esekwe nguVavilov kwilali ye-Tsarskoye, isityalo semveliso yezityalo sineyona bhokelele inkulu yembewu emhlabeni. Ngexesha lebhloko, abasebenzi beZiko bagcina ingqokelela yokungabikho kombane kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokushushu.
- Ebusika, ngo-1941-1942, abasebenzi abahlanu bangamaZiko babulawa yindlala, bayala ukuthathela ingqalelo izitokhwe zetyala njengokutya. Ehlotyeni, izazinzulu zaphola imbewu ephantsi kwe-Artillery.