Biography
Abantu bexesha elizwe abizwa ngokuba yi-Alexey Nikolayevich "igrafu ebomvu", egxininisa i-parady yebhayiloji yakhe: ngo-1917, ii-bolsheviks zabiwa ngezihloko kunye neendlela zabo ezingenakwenzeka. "Ibala le-comrade" laba yinto ebubuyekezwa: Ukuzithiya i-bolsheviks, wayedla ngokuthile njengolawulo kwaye akwazi ukufumana amabhaso amathathu oqinileyo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umbhali wazalwa ngoJanuwari 1883 kwidolophu yaseNikolaevsk Samara. Ubuntwana bombhali "County County Caliostro" kwaye "ukukhathalela imihlambi" kwilifa lidluliselwe kwilifa le-bielotel, eyakhonza urhulumente we-zemstvo, i-alexey bostrom kwifama ikufuphi neSamara.
Wayengubani uTata wemfuzo uAlexei Tellstoy - Uxoxa namhlanje. Umama wombhali uAlexander Leontievna Turgenev Wandiwelela kwindoda yakhe - umnini-mhlaba waseSamara, igosa le-Gussa Laursavich Alexandrovich Tolstoy, ukhulelwe. Waya eBostrom, eshiya umyeni wakhe abantwana abathathu. I-biographers kunye nabantu ababephila ngexesha lika-Alexei Tolstoy obizwa ngokuba nguyise wombhali wommiselo weBostroma. Ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-13 ubudala, prosaic wanxiba igama lakhe lokugqibela kwaye wajonga utata wakhe. Umtshato uAlexei Bostrom Alexander LeontievV akaphumanga: akazange avumele ibandla.
Xa uAlyosha wakhula, umama waqala ukumangalelana nomntwana oneminyaka emi-4, efuna ukubuyela uNyana we-GRAP ye-GRAF, igama kunye ne-patrolicmic yomyeni wokuqala. Ityala laphela ukuya kwisikhumbuzo se-17 se-Alexei Nikolayevich: Ngo-1901, waba yigrafu iTolstoy, engasazi umntu kunye nefani yakhe.
Uthando loncwadi kunye nombhali batsala uAlexey Tolstoy Mama, umzukulwana waseNikolai Turgenev. Imisebenzi-iinoveli kunye neencwadi zabantwana - watyikitya i-Alexandeny ye-Alexander Hestrom.
Imfundo yokuqala Umbhali wexesha elizayo we "Garperboloid ye-Graini ye-Gyperboloid" ifunyenwe ekhaya. Kodwa ngo-1897, le ntsapho yafudukela eSamara, apho uTolstoy waba ngumfundi wesikolo wokwenene. Ngo-1901, umfana wayeqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eSt. Petersburg, ebhalisa kwiZiko leTekhnoloji yeTekhnoloji.
Uncwadi
Ukuqokelelwa kwemibongo ye-Tolstoy "amazwi" aphuma ngo-1907. Abagxeki baphawulwe ekusebenzeni kwangoko kwe-Alexei yokuqala yeminyaka engama-24, impembelelo yeNikolai Nekrasi ye-Naston: Umbhali oselula waxelwa nguMaram. Emva koko uAlexey Nikolayevich wayeneentloni ngonyamezelo lwengqokelela kwaye angazami ukukhumbula iivesi.
Ibali lokuqala "Inqaba endala" yavela emva kohambo lokuya eUrals, apho wathunyelwa khona umfundi ukuba aziqhelise. Inyanga ne-Alexei Tolstoy yakudala yayihlala kwi-Nyvoy yakudala, apho aqokelele iintsomi, ulwazi lwembali malunga nommandla kunye nomtsalane wayo, kubandakanya inqaba ye-nevy.
Ngo-1907, uAlexey Nikolayevich washiya iZiko kwaye wazahlulela ukuba abhale. NgokukaTolstoy, 'wahlasela isihloko sakhe ", wacebisa ngamabali kamama nezalamane: Yayililizwe eliphumayo lobulumko, abameli bangubani abamenzi bomibala kunye nabahlekisayo."
Ingqokelela yamabali kunye namabali "ee-ZavalzhyE", kubandakanya i-maxim gork, kodwa ivunyelwe kakhulu, kodwa i-Alexei Tellstoy yaphela, yayibiza "i-Amateur."
Kwiminyaka yobudala, iTolstoy phantsi kwempembelelo ka-Alexei Remizov yathatha ukuphuculwa kolwimi. Ezona zibalulekileyo zicetyekile ukuba zibe ngamaxesha amandulo eentsomi, i-Folklore, imibhalo ye-AVDakm kunye nezenzo zenkundla yeXvii. Kungekudala "i-soupy ye-soupy fairy" kunye nenqanaba lesibini (lokugqibela) lengqokelela "emva kwemijelo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka".
Iivesi ezingaphezulu ze-Alexey Tolstoy azibhalwanga. Kodwa amabali, amatayile, ibali kunye neenoveli zazalelwa kwinani elikhulu - umbhali wasebenza, ukuba angazijiki izandla, azimangalisa abo basebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ngo-1911, wabhala inoveli "ubomi obubini", nyaka uzayo inoveli "i-Noves" Chrome Barn "ivele, ibali" laza laya ngasemva kwesitayile "namabali. Iziqwenga zeTolstoy zifaka kwi-metropolitan yethiyetha encinci. Kwangelo xesha, umbhali ukwazile ukungena kwimibutho, ii-ashes ezivulekileyo, ii-salons kunye nazo zonke iipasethi zeqonga.
Imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yenza i-Alexei Toldstoy Intlanganiso ye-Alexei Toldstoy: Ubhale izincoko zangaphambili zephepha le-venturi yaseRussia, eFrance kunye neBritani. Ngo-1915-16, amabali athi "entabeni", "phantsi kwamanzi", "wavela inenekazi". Malunga nomdlalo weqonga, umbhali akazange alibale - ngo-1916, amaGoyi 'angcolileyo' kunye "notywala" baphuma.
Iziganeko zotshintsho zika-Oktobha 1917, u-Alexey Tolstoy wathatha i-waryoy. Ngehlobo lowe-1918, wahambisa usapho eOdesassa, ebaleka i-bolsheviks. Ibali "I-Caliosostro Count" kunye nothando "Uthando yincwadi yeGolden" yavela kwisixeko esisezantsi.
Ukusuka eOdessa, usapho lwetoltty lukhutshelwe eConstantinople, emva koko uye kwiParis. Kwimpilo yombhali, intshukumo ayichaphazeli: I-Alexei Tolstoy yasebenza, ingavuthanga umqolo wakhe. E-France, ibali "lobuntwana laseNikita" lazalwa kunye nenxalenye yokuqala ye-trilogy "ihamba emgulweni."
Ubomi bamanye amazwe babonakala kwiqhinga leRashiya kunye nombhali ongathandekiyo. Ukuqhelane nobunewunewu nentuthuzelo, igrafu yeTolstoy yabonakaliswa kukungafumaneki kobomi. Ekwindla yowe-1921, wahambisa usapho eBerlin, apho waphila khona iminyaka emibini. Ubudlelwane uAlexei Nikolayevich enehlabathi ezikhutshwayo.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ngo-1923 u-Alexey Tolstoy wabuyela eSoviet Russia ngonaphakade. Ukubuya kwakhe kwabangela intetho eshukumayo kunye nexilongo: Imijikelezo ye-okrektha ebizwa ngokuba nguMthetho ngokungcatshwa kwaye ihlazisa "igrafu yesokisi" yeziqalekiso. IBolsheviks yamkela umbhali ngeengalo ezivulekileyo: UTolstoy waba ngumhlobo wakhe uJoseph Stalin, wafumana ubulungu bendawo yeSayensi, inyulwe iSoviet esviet yase-USSR. UAlexey Nikolayevich ayisiyo ukuba wamkelekile - waxolelana nenkqubo entsha, njengokungazithembi. Waziswa kwilifa eBrovikha, wanika imoto ene-suuefrur.
UAlexey Tolstoy wakhathaza i-trilogy "ukuhamba entuthumbo" kwaye iboniswe kubafundi abancinci kwezincoko ezizezona. Yabantwana, wafaka i-fale carlodi ye-carlodi malunga nokufika kwePinocchio, ebiza ibali lakhe "iqhosha legolide, okanye ukufika kwepinocchio".
Ngo-1924, eli bali lazalwa ukuba abagxeki boncwadi bajonga umsebenzi obalaseleyo ka-Alexei Tolstoy - "ukufika kwe-nevzorov, okanye i-i ibikus". Umbhali wazisa umhlaba obangela imisebenzi enomdla ye-vintastic - iinoveli "Aelita" kunye ne "Hyperboloid injineli yeGardina", i-Utopian Gaties ". Kodwa ngaba abafundi bathatha imibhalo entle ye "Marade yokuBala", kunye noogxa-kunye noLogeben - ivan Bunin, iingcambu ze-chukovsky, yuritanov. Ukuqonda iinoveli ezitsha zombhali kuqinisekisiwe kuphela maxiy gork, exele ubuqaqawuli kwiinoveli zohlobo lwentsomi.
Ngo-1937, uAlexei Tolstoy wabhala ibali "isonka", awathetha ngalo ngendima ebalaseleyo yeStalitsayn ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya. Kodwa eyona ncwadi iphambili apho umbhali esebenza iminyaka eli-16 edlulileyo, yayingunovelwano lwembali "kuqala". Emva kokufunda lo msebenzi, yayikukucenga ngenxa yokuncoma, ivan Bunin, ngubani ongathandiyo iTolstoy.
Kwiminyaka yeMfazwe yeLizwe enkulu, i-Alexey Tolstoy yabhala iDrama-Dalogy "Ivan Garzny" kunye nebali "lomlinganiswa waseRussia".
Kodwa kukho imibhalo evakaliswayo kwi-Peru ye "Graf", apho wasweleka kuyo, engafuni ukwamkela ibhali. Eli libali elinamandla "I-Baya", ebizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wokuqala wokuguqula kwangaphambili kweRussia. Kodwa isiqinisekiso sokuba ibali libhale i-Alexey Tollstoy, ayiyifumananga: kananjalo ngoonobumba, okanye kudrafu yombhali bashiya amanqaku omsebenzi. Abanye abagxeki bacebisa ukuba "igumbi lokuhlambela" labhala ingonyama uToltsntoy, kodwa kukho abo babonisa uNikolai Leskov.
Mhlawumbi uAlexey Nikolayevich weza kwinani "Abarhanelwa" ngenxa yengcinga efanelekileyo malunga nokubhalwa komnye umsebenzi, apho kukho izinto zephonografi. Oku "kwidayari yobisi", kwavela ngo-1927 - i-velgar paskvil, ebhaliweyo (ngokwazisa) i-Alexei Tolgoy kunye nePavegolev kwisicelo sabasemagunyeni ukuba banciphise usapho lwasebukhosini.
I-Aleksey Tolstoy Imisebenzi iyadika. Abanye ("Chrome Barin", "behamba kwiifoto") amaxesha ama-3-4. Kwintliziyo yefilimu "yothando", "uPeter wokuqala", "ulutsha lukaPeter", "injineli yegolide", "injini ye-AELPOID", "Ubuntwana be-Nikita" busebenza yigrafu yaseSoviet.
Ubomi Buqu
Umbhali wabizwa ngokuba nguTelilas kunye neBonvivan. Ebomini, uAlexei Tolstoy wayenemitshato emine. Eyokuqala nge-Yulia Roggy, intombi yomcebisi wekholeji. Umbhali waqhelana nentombazana eSamara, kwindawo yokudlala yomdlalo kwiqonga leqonga laseAmateur. Ngo-1901, emva kwehlobo ihlobo lichithwe ndawonye kwilizwe leRozhansky, iTolstoy yaphembela uYulia ukuba ahambe kwiSt. Petersburg, apho wangena khona kwiZiko lezoNyango. Kunyaka olandelayo, isibini senzekile, kwaye ngoJanuwari 1903 unyana kaYuri wazalwa (wasweleka ngo-1908).
Ngexesha leminyhadala yoQhumo, uAlexei Tolltoy waya eJamani, apho wadibana khona nomculi uSophia chimshitz. Umfazi wokuqala wahlukana ngokusemthethweni nge-1910. USophia waseSochia wamkela iOthodoki kunye neTolstoy utshatile. Ngo-1911, kwazalwa intombi kaMarianna.
Kungekudala, umbhali onothando watsalela ingqalelo kwi-Peetess Natalia Krandiyevyevye kwaye washiya iqabane lesibini. Ngo-1914, uTolstoy noCradiyevskaya utshatile, umtshato uthatha de kwangowe-1935. Kwi-Union Union neNatalia Vali, eyaba yi-kati yoku 'yekati "yoMgubo," oonyana baseNikita noDhimiry bazalwa.
Ngo-Agasti ka-1935, unobhala omnandi kaLyudmila Kreskaya-Asanava weza endlwini ukuya eTolstoy. Ngo-Okthobha, uLyudmila, owayethe ngqo kuncinanana kuncinane uAlexei Nikolayevich, waba ngumfazi wakhe. Bebonke baphila ngaphambi kokusweleka kombhali.
Ukufa
Ngo-1944, oogqirha bamisela i-Alexey Tolstoy isifo esoyikekayo: Umhlaza oqhubela phambili. Isiqingatha sonyaka wombhali sikhuphe iintlungu. Usweleke ngoFebruwari 1945 eMoscow, ngaphandle koloyiso lokusinda.
I-Alexey Tolstoy ingcwatywe kumangcwaba e-novodevichy, evakalisa i-State Pailng.
Ngo-Oktobha 1987, kwidolophu enkulu kwisitalato i-spidonovka, apho umbhali womfazi wakhe uLyoudmila wayehlala kwikomkhulu, evule iMyuziyam.
Quotes Alexei Tolstoy
- Eli lizwe liya kufa ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Apha, ezinye zizonwabisa ngobulumko.
- Imelwe kukuba umntu unento yonke, ke yona ingonwabisi.
- Ukusuka kwijoni kwakufuneka ngenkani kwaye ngokuthobela ngokuthobela ukufa kwezi ndawo ziboniswa kuzo kwimephu.
- Abantu abanakushiywa ngaphandle kweenkokeli. Batsaleleka ukuba baphile
- Apha balwa ngokwabo: mzalwana kumntakwabo, utata kunyana wakhe, kuKum eKuma, kuthetha ngaphandle koloyiko kunye nokungabi nanceba.
- Kuyimfuneko ukuba isixa segolide silinganiselwe, kungenjalo siyakuphulukana nevumba lokubila komntu.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1912 - "Chrome Barin"
- Ngo-1921 - "ukubalwa kweCaliostro"
- Ngo-1922 - "Ubuntwana beNikita"
- Ngo-1923 - "Aelita"
- Ngo-1924 - "umdla we-NEVZORORVA, okanye i-IBAKUS"
- Ngo-1927 - "i-qadperbolodid kaGerina"
- Ngo-1922 - "ukuhamba kumgubo. Oodade "
- Ngo-1928 - "ukuhamba phezu komgubo. I-18 nyaka "
- Ngo-1941 - "ukuhamba kumgubo. I-Gqolord »
- Ngo-1934 - "Petros kuqala"
- Ngo-1942 - "ivan grozny. I-Eagle kunye ne-Orlitz "
- Ngo-1943 - "ivan grozny. Iminyaka Enzima "