Biography
Igrafu ye-Leo Tolstoy, i-classic ye-Russian kunye noncwadi lwehlabathi lubizwa ngokuba yiNkosi yengqondo, uMdali wohlobo lwe-Epopea, ocinga kakhulu kunye nomfundisi-ntsapho. Imisebenzi yombhali oqaqambileyo yelona lizwe likhulu laseRussia.
Ngo-Agasti 1828, i-classic yoncwadi yaseRussia yazalelwa kwilifa le-Poyana eliqhelekileyo kwiPhondo le-Tula. Umbhali wexesha elizayo 'weMfazwe neHlabathi' yaba ngumntwana wesine kusapho lwezilwanyana ezidumileyo. Ngokweli candelo lookhokho, wayengowentsapho endala ye-Tolstoy igrafu eyakhonza uIvan owoyikekayo noPeter kuqala. Kumgca onoMgca weLevi ye-Lev Nikolayevich yinzala yeRurikov. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ingonyama i-Tollstoy kunye ne-Alexander Pushkin yi-ossis oqhelekileyo - i-Admiral Ivan mikilovich golovin.
Umama Leo Nikolayevich - I-NEE Princess Volkwaskaya-wasweleka ekuzalweni kobushushu emva kokuzalwa kwentombi yakhe. Ngelo xesha, ingonyama yayingeyominyaka emibini. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, intloko yentsapho yafa-Bala uNikolai Tolstoy.
Inkathalo yabantwana ilele emagxeni wombhali ka-Aunt-T. A. Ergolkaya. Kamva abantwana abaziinkedama abagcini babantwana baba nguma-A. M. OSTNAMSn. Emva kokubhubha kwakhe ngo-1840, abantwana bafudukela eKazan, kumgcini ongu-dade omtsha waseBawo P. I. Yushkova. Umakazi uye waphembelela umtshana, kunye nobuntwana endlwini yakhe, eyayithathwa njengeyona ndoda ichwayitisayo, umbhali obizwa ngokuba noyolo. Emva kwexesha, ingonyama i-Tollstoy yachaza iimpembelelo zobomi kwilifa lika-Yushkov ebalini "lobuntwana".
I-classic yemfundo yamabanga aphantsi ifunyenwe ekhaya evela kubafundisi-ntsapho baseJamani nangeFransi. Ngo-1843, ingonyama i-Tollstoy yangena kwiYunivesithi yaseKazan, inyula i-faculty yeilwimi zaseMpuma. Kungekudala, ngenxa yokusebenza okuphantsi, watshintsha kwenye i-faulting-esemthethweni. Kodwa kwakhona ayiphumelelanga: Kwiminyaka emibini, wayishiya eyunivesithi ngaphandle kokufumana izidanga.
Ingonyama uNikolayevich ibuyele kwi-coppice ecacileyo, efuna ukuseka ubudlelwane kunye nabalingane ngendlela entsha. Imbono ayiphumelelanga, kodwa le ndoda iphumelela idayari, yakuthanda ukuzonwabisa kwaye yaba nomculo. Iwotshi kaTolstoy yazimamela uJohann Bhach, uFrederick Chopin noWolfgang Amanas Azas Mozart.
Edanile ngobomi bomnini-mhlaba emva kokuba bechithwe kwilali yasehlotyeni, ingonyama eneminyaka engama-20 i-Tollstoy yashiya impahla kwaye yafudukela eMoscow, kwaye ukusuka apho ukuya kwi-St. Petersburg. Umfana ohamba phakathi kweMviwo zeDume kwiYunivesithi, umculo, umculo kunye ne-gypies, kwaye amaphupha abe ligosa, emva koko umnyusi we-coundskyky. Izihlobo zabizwa ngokuba yingonyama "yeyona nto incinci", kwaye amatyala afune ukuba abekhona iminyaka.
Uncwadi
Ngo-1851, umntakwabo wombhali-igosa uNgikolai Tolstoy - wacenga ingonyama ukuya kwiCaucasus. Kwiminyaka emithathu, uLevikolaevich wayehlala kwilali emisendweni ye-terek. Uhlobo lweCaucasus kunye nobomi bobuqili be-cossack StunnyE emva koko zaboniswa "kwi-Cossacks" kunye "nezihloko ze" raid "kunye" nokugada ".
ECaucasus, uLeo Tolstoy wabhala ibali "ebuntwaneni", eyapapashwa kwimagazini "yangenayiphi indawo" phantsi koonobumba besiThumela "kulutsha" ngokudibanisa ibali kwi-trilogy. I-bitut enye ye-bitut yaguquka iqaqambe kwaye yazisa i-thely nikolayevich yokuqonda okokuqala.
I-biography yendalo ye-leo tolstoy ikhula ngokukhawuleza: Ukuqeshwa kwiBucharest, ukuguqulela kwi-sevastopol efakiweyo, umyalelo webhetri uye wawuphucula umbhali ngembonakalo. Ukusuka phantsi kwentsiba yeLeo nikolayevich, umjikelo we "sevastopol amabali" akhululwa. Imibhalo yombhali oselula yabetha abagxeki ngohlalutyo lwengqondo engqonge. I-Nikolali cheryshevsky ifumaneka kuyo "i-syrics yomphefumlo", kunye noMlawuli uAlexander II Funda isincoko "sevastopol II Funda italente" kwaye ibonakalise italente yeTolstoy.
Kwibusika ye-1855, ingonyama eneminyaka engama-28 i-28 i-Tolstoy ifikile eSt. Kodwa kulo nyaka, okusingqongileyo okubhalwa kunye neengxabano zayo kunye neengxabano, ukufundwa kunye nezidlo sasemini zoncwadi kudiniwe. Emva kwexesha "kwi-telstoy" iTolstoy yavuma:
"Bandidluliselwa ngabantu ababanje, kwaye ndiba lilitye."Ekwindla yonyaka we-1856, umbhali oselula waya kwilifa le-polyana eqhelekileyo, kwaye ngoJanuwari 1857 - phesheya. Isiqingatha sonyaka, ingonyama iTolstoy yahamba iYurophu. Undwendwela iJamani, e-Itali, eFrance neSwitzerland. Ibuyiselwe eMoscow, kwaye ukusuka apho- ngokucacileyo. Kwilifa le-genecc, lalibandakanyeke kwilungiselelo lezikolo zabantwana abancinci. Kwindawo ekufuphi ne-Poyana, amashumi amabini amaziko emfundo avela ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe. Nge-1860s, umbhali wahamba kakhulu: eJamani, eSwitzerland, iBelgium, wafunda iinkqubo zendibano zamazwe aseYurophu ukuba zisebenzise eRussia.
I-niche ekhethekileyo ekusebenzeni ingonyama i-Tollstoy yintsomi kunye nezincoko zabantwana kunye nolutsha. Umbhali odale amakhulu emisebenzi abafundi abancinci, phakathi kwemfumba elungileyo neyayo "ye-titen", "bazalwana babini", "ingonyama".
I-Alfabhethi yesikolo "I-alfabhethi" ingonyama i-Tolstoy yabhala ifundise ukubhala abantwana, ukufunda kunye ne-Arithmetic. Umsebenzi wokubhala kunye nomsebenzi we-pegogogical uneencwadi ezine. Umbhali uwaquka amabali afundisayo, iintsomi, iintsomi, kunye neengcebiso zeMedica kootitshala. Incwadi yesithathu yangena kwibali leCaucasian.
Ngo-1870, ingonyama iTolstoy, ukuqhubeka nokufundisa abantwana abaphumeleleyo, wabhala inoveli "uAnna Karena", apho wayechasa amabali amabini e-Kina karesina ", apho wathetha khona amabali amabini e-idlin, awachazayo . Inoveli yokuqala kwabonakala ngathi luthando: Iklasi enkulu iphakamise ingxaki yentsingiselo yobukho bohlobo "lweklasi enkulu", yamchasa inyani yobomi baseMetzutsky. "UAnna Karena" uxabiso kakhulu nge-dostoevsky.
Ukuqhekeka ekunganyameni kombhali kubonakaliswe kwimisebenzi ebhalwe nge-1880s. Ukuqonda ngokomoya, ukutshintsha ubomi, kuhlala indawo ephakathi kumabali kunye nezihloko. "Ukufa kukaIvan Ilylich", "iCreicherova Shota", "UBawo" nembali "nebali lika-Bala. I-classic yoncwadi yaseRussia itsala imifanekiso yokungalingani kwezentlalo, i-bichties yomkhuhlane wezinto ezintle.
Ukukhangela impendulo kumbuzo malunga nentsingiselo yobomi, ingonyama i-Tollstoy ibongoza kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRussia, kodwa ayifumananga ulwaneliseko. Umbhali weza eqinisekisile ukuba icawa yamaKristu iyonakaliswa, kwaye phantsi konqulo, ababingeleli bakhuthaza iimfundiso zobuxoki. Ngo-1883, uLevi Nalolavich wawuseka i-"tor "yoshicilelo", apho iinkolelo zokomoya zazichaza ngokugxekwa kweCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRussia. Kule nto, uTolstoy wayishiya icawe, amapolisa afihlakeleyo abukele umbhali.
Ngo-1898, ingonyama iTolstoy yabhala "uvuko" lwaseRoma ", ezifumana ukuphinda zivume ukuphononongwa kwabagxeki. Kodwa impumelelo yomsebenzi yayiphantsi kuAna Karena kunye "neMfazwe noMire".
Iminyaka engama-30 idlulileyo yengonyama inguTolstoy, kunye neemfundiso malunga nokunganyangeki kobundlobongela kobubi, eyamkelwe yiNkokheli yokomoya nezenkolo yaseRussia.
"Imfazwe noxolo"
Ingonyama uTolstoy engayithandi inoveli yakhe "nemfazwe noxolo", ebiza i-Epic "i-Zabee". Umsebenzi weklasikhi ubhale nge-1860s, ehlala nosapho lwakhe ngokucekeceke. Izahluko ezibini zokuqala, ezibizwa ngokuba "ngu-1805," iprinta "i-bulletin" yaseRussia "ngo-1865. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ingonyama uTolstoy yabhala ezinye izahluko ezintathu zayigqiba inoveli, eyabangela imbambano yesaqhwithi sabagxeki.
Iimpawu zamaqhawe yomsebenzi obhalwe kwiminyaka yovuyo lwentsapho kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwengqondo, i-novelist yangena ebomini. Kwinkosazana, uMariya Bogkoe uyaqonda ukuba amagama angama-nikolayevich, utyekelo lwakhe lokucamngca, imfundo eqaqambileyo kunye nothando lobugcisa. Amanqaku katata-Ukugculela, ukuthanda ukufunda nokuzingela-umbhali unikwe uNikolai Rostov.
Xa ubhala inoveli, i-Golstoy yasebenza kwindawo yogcino, yafunda imbalelwano ye-mught kunye nemeko yokuvota, yatyelela ibala le-borodino. Umfazi oselula wamnceda, ukubabhala kwakhona bahlasele.
Inoveli yafundwe yedwa, ibetha abafundi nge-EPI yeWebhu kunye nohlalutyo lwezengqondo. Ingonyama i-Tolstoy iphawuleka umsebenzi njengenzame 'yokubhala imbali yabantu. "
Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwengonyama egxekayo egxekayo, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kuphela, imisebenzi yaseRussia yakhuselwa izihlandlo ezingama-40. Kude kube yimfazwe ye-EPIC ye-1980 kwaye uxolo "yadubula izihlandlo ezine. IYA: I-EUROL yaseYurophu, Melika naseRussia ityhila iifilimu ezili-16 kwinoveli "uAna Karena", "ukuvuka", "ukuvuka kwangaphezulu.
Okokuqala ngqa, "imfazwe nelizwe" lakhuselwa nguMlawuli uPeter Chardnin ngo-1913. Uninzi lwazo zonke ifilimu edumileyo ifihlakele nguMlawuli waseSoviet Sergey Scisorkeruk ngo-1965.
Ubomi Buqu
Kwi-Bers esondeleyo eneminyaka eli-18 ubudala i-Volstoy itshatile ngo-1862, xa wayeneminyaka engama-34 ubudala. Ukubala kwahlala nenkosikazi yakhe iminyaka engama-48, kodwa ubomi besibini kunzima ukubizwa ngokuba singenamafu.
I-Sofia Bers ngowesibini kwiintombi ezintathu ze-ofisi ka-Andrei Bersa. Intsapho yayihlala kwikomkhulu, kodwa ehlotyeni lahlala kwi-sularte yendlu ye-tula ecaleni kwePolyana eqhelekileyo. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, uToon Tollstoy wabona umfazi wekamva lomntwana. USophia wafumana imfundo yasekhaya, funda kakhulu, eqonda ubugcisa kwaye aphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Idayari, enamafutha ekhokelayo, yamkelwa njengesampulu yohlobo lweMemori.
Ekuqaleni kobomi bomtshato, i-LEEERTOY, efuna ukuba i-cuntre phakathi kwakhe nenkosikazi yakhe, banika uSophiya ukuba bafunde idayari. Elinye iqabane elithukayo lafunda ngolutsha olunesaqhwithi lomyeni wakhe, ngenkuthalo ngokungcakaza, ubomi obuqhelekileyo kunye nentombazana engu-Aksinier, elinde le-RIKOYevich Umntwana.
I-Sergey yabuhlungu yazalwa ngo-1863. Ekuqaleni kwe-1860s Tolstoy yaqala ukubhalwa kwenoveli "imfazwe noxolo". USofya noRoreevna wanceda umyeni wakhe, ngaphandle kokukhulelwa. Ibhinqa lafundisa bonke abantwana kwaye lakhuliswa ekhaya. Abahlanu kwabali-13 abantwana basweleka kusana okanye ebusaneni.
Iingxaki ezikwintsapho zaqala emva kokuphela komsebenzi wengonyama uTolstoy ngaphaya kuka "Anna Karenina". Umbhali ubanjiwe kuxinzelelo, evakalise ukungoneliseki bubomi bukaSophia noRocervna Sophia Adoreevna wayenenkuthalo kwindlwane yentsapho. Ukucocwa kokuziphatha kwigrafu kukhokelele kwinto yokuba uLevi Nathovich efuna inyama, utywala kunye nokutshaya nokutshaya. UTolstoy wanyanzela umfazi wakhe nabantwana bakhe ukuba banxibe iimpahla ezinamancinane, kwaye banqwenela ukukhupha impahla enyuliweyo kubagadi.
USophia Andreevna wenze umzamo obonakalayo wokuphelisa umyeni wakhe kwimbono yokusasaza okuhle. Kodwa impikiswano yosapho olwahlulahlulahlula: ingonyama uTolstoy yaphuma endlwini. Ukubuya, umbhali wabeka uxanduva lokuphinda ubhale i-Drafts kwiintombi.
Ukusweleka komntwana wokugqibela - oneminyaka esixhenxe ubudala-oneminyaka esixhenxe - uVeya-ngokufutshane kufutshane namaqabane. Kodwa kwaphaya nje ingqumbo kunye nokungaqondani kwaphela ngokupheleleyo. USophia Andreevna wafumana intuthuzelo kumculo. EMoscow, eli bhinqa lathabatha izifundo kumfundisi-ntsapho ezazivela kuye iimvakalelo zothando. Ulwalamano lwabo luhleli lunobuhlobo, kodwa igrafu leyo yayingaxoleli umfazi ongulowo mfazi.
I-rock quarrel yamaqabane yenzeka ekupheleni kuka-Okthobha 1910. Ingonyama uTolstoy ishiye indlu, ishiya ileta yesolo. Ubhale ukuba uyamthanda, kodwa kungenjalo awunakukwenza.
Ukufa
Ingonyama eneminyaka engama-82 yeminyaka engama-82 i-Tollstoy, ehamba ne-DEARD YOBUCHULE D. P. Makovitsky eshiye isicaphucaphu esicacileyo. Endleleni, umbhali wagula kwaye weza kuloliwe kwisikhululo sikaloliwe saseAstapovo. Iintsuku ezisi-7 zokugqibela zobomi u-vikolayevich ochithwe endlwini yesitishi. Iindaba malunga nemeko ye-Tolstoy yezeMpilo ibukele ilizwe liphela.Abantwana nomfazi bafika kwitishi iAstapovo, kodwa ingonyama iTolstoy ayifuni ukumbona mntu. Kwakungekho klasiki ngoNovemba 7, 1910: Wasweleka ngokuvuza kwemiphunga. Iqabane lakho lasinda kwiminyaka eli-9. I-Tolstoy engcwabeni kwilitha elicocekileyo.
INgcebiso yeNgonyama iTellstoy
- Wonke umntu ufuna ukutshintsha ubuntu, kodwa akukho mntu ucinga malunga nendlela yokutshintsha yena.
- Yonke into iza kulowo unokulinda.
- Zonke iintsapho ezonwabileyo ziyafana, zonke iintsapho ezingonwabisiyo ayonwabanga ngendlela yazo.
- Bonke mababetheke phambi komnyango wakhe. Ukuba wonke umntu wenza njalo, isitrato sonke siya kuhlambulukile.
- Ngaphandle kothando, hlala ngokulula. Kodwa ngaphandle kwayo akukho ngongoma.
- Andinayo yonke into endiyithandayo. Kodwa ndiyayithanda yonke into endinayo.
- Umhlaba uqhubela phambili enkosi kwabo babandezelekayo.
- Eyona nyaniso iphambili yeyona ilula.
- Zonke zizo zonke izicwangciso, kwaye akukho namnye owaziyo ukuba uya kuphila kude kube ngokuhlwa.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1869 - "Imfazwe noxolo"
- Ngo-1877 - "Anna Karenina"
- Ngo-1899 - "UVUKO"
- 1852-1857 - "Ubuntwana". "UKWENZA". "Ulutsha"
- 1856 - "ezimbini huxar"
- Ngo-1856 - "Umnini-ndlu kusasa"
- 1863 - "Cossacks"
- 1886 - "Ukufa kukaIvan Ilylich"
- I-1903 - "Amanqaku e-Crazy"
- I-1889 - i-creaculars yeSonata
- Ngo-1898 - "Utata Sergius"
- Ngo-1904 - "haji murat"