Biography
Akukho mfihlakalo yokuba amagcisa ngamaxesha onke azamile ukukhuthaza umcimbi ofileyo. Iikrowtors zazikhupha imabula ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, engavumiyo umxube wezimbiwa eziphantsi kwebrashi kunye nababhali, ngaphambi kwemisebenzi yehlabathi, Kodwa ikwancede imiyalelo eqhelekileyo ukuba ijonge imicimbi yeminyaka elidlulileyo.
Umsebenzi welinye lawona malungu ababhali baseFrance abafundekayo - uAlexandra Dumas - unanamhla, jika abeveliseni imbali yabantu abaphuma emilenzeni entloko.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
NgoJulayi 24, 1802, "uMtyholi oMnyama" womkhosi kaTom Duma kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uMarie-Louise Laweus wazalelwa unyana, owabizwa ngokuba nguAlexander. Intsapho enelungelo yayihlala kumantla eFrance - uWiller-Kotira.
Utata wowona mbolimeli wexesha elizayo wayequka ukuba yi-Bonapaparte kwaye wayethathwa njengomhlobo osenyongweni woMlawuli. U-Tandem wabo wawa ngalo mzuzu xa umphathi, ethandabuzayo nayiphi na imiyalelo yomlawuli onamabhongo eFrance, engasixhasa isigqibo sayo ekungeneni kwimikhosi yase-Egypt.
Ukugxekwa i-napoleon engavumayo i-Napoleon i-Napoleon yangena kwiqabane ngendlela yakhe. Ngo-1801, xa i-Generat Jikelele ifakiwe, umhlobo wakhe ophakathi akazange enze into yokukhulula amaqabane kwisiphelo. Kwiminyaka emibini kuphela kamva, intuthumbo kunye neliti le-TAMA litshintshelwe kwi-ACC Jikelele ye-Austrian Jikelele.
Ikhaya le ndoda yabuyela esiya eluphaneni kwaye siyagula. Ukungafihli kunye nokungaboni ngamehlo ngamehlo kwawongezwa kumhlaza wesisu. Inkwenkwezi yakhe yaphelelwa ngokukhawuleza njengoko yayiwela. UDuma Sr. Wasweleka ngo-1806, kwaye usapho oluwela ihlazo loMlawuli lwahlala ngaphandle kwempilo.
Ngesi sizathu, ubuntwana boMbhali-mbhali odumileyo wexesha elizayo odluliselwa kwimozulu yentshabalalo nentlupheko. Unina, owazama ngelize ukunkqonkqoza isifundiswa sokufunda ngoqeqesho eLyceum, wazisa umntwana oshushu osithandayo kunye neziseko zegrama kunye nokufunda, kwaye lo dade wathanda ukudanisa.
Ikamva ihlalukene nobukrelekrele obuncinci, kwaye ekugqibeleni, uAlexander usakwazi ukungena kwiKholeji ye-Abbot Grehuhara, apho umntu obhale i-guin kwaye waphuhlisa ukubhala ngesandla.
Indawo yokuqala yomsebenzi eDumas yayiyi-ofisi ye-Shamiry, apho umfana othile wazama nendima yonobhala wenkundla. Ngaphandle kwemali efunyanwayo, indoda esele inomfana okufutshane igubungela uhlobo olufanayo lwee-odolo kunye namaphepha akhula ngokungakhathali. Lo mfana wahlanganisa izinto kwaye waya kwikomkhulu laseFransi. Apho, ekukhuseleni iqabane likaYise, walungisa umbhali kuMlawuli we-Orleans (uKing Louis Philip).
Kwangelo xesha, uAlexander dibana nababhali bendawo kwaye baqala ukwenza ubugcisa bakhe bokuqala. Ngo-1829, umdlalo "Heinrich III nentendelezo yakhe", emva kokwenziwa kozuko kumbhali. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga "port-sain-martin" kwi-NEARPERE yeNelkaya tower yayiyi-Allchlag. Ukufumana iinyanga ezili-16 ezingaphelelanga kwinqanaba, ukusebenza ezisixhenxe kwahanjiswa.
I-biography yentatheli edumileyo iphuhlise ngendlela yokuba abantu bathathe inxaxheba kwinxalenye yoluntu. Ukongeza kwinto yokuba umbhali ekhokelele ekwenziweni kwesiXeko sasePompeii, wayelilungu lenguqulelo enkulu kaJulayi (1830), apho uMdali wakwazi 'ukungcwaba. " Emva kwemvukelo elandelayo phakathi kwenani labantu, isigidimi esibuxoki savela phakathi kwamaphephandaba awadubulwa ngumbhali. Ngapha koko, uMdali wohambo malunga "neempuku ezintathu" kwicebiso labahlobo lalishiya i-paris kwaye laya eSwitzerland, apho walungisa i-witzerland, apho walungisa khona i-thessay.
Uncwadi
Ngemidlalo yeqonga, iDuma, yonke into eyenzekayo kunye nabafazi bobabini: inkanuko yomsindo ekuqaleni nokungakhathali kamva. Xa imeko eyoyisiwe, uAlexander entlokweni yakhe waya kuncwadi.
Ngo-1838, uDuma wagwetywa njengombhali. I-Roman-Feuiltone "Chevalier D'Arvannel" yapapashwa kwiphephandaba, eyaqondwayo ukuba inomdla, ngokukhawuleza, inkanuko yesahluko, iprinta eprintiweyo kwigumbi ngalinye iya kuthembisa ngakumbi Ukuqhubeka ngokunomdla kumcimbi olandelayo.
Bambalwa abantu ababaziyo, kodwa umbhali we "Chevananthal" wayengumbhali omncinci, kodwa umsebenzi ogqityiweyo nguAlexander wafumana i-alexander ephantsi kwaye wapapashwa phantsi komnqweno wakhe, kodwa kwi Imfuno enyanzelekileyo yokuba umthengi abekholelwa ukuba impumelelo yenoveli inika igama elidumileyo.
Iminyaka emine eDuma, isibini 'esine "ridagou" sikhulule i-surounds ezisithoba: "IiMusketers ezintathu", "I-viscount de iBrazhealo", "Cavalupa de la Massoe UJosefu "," uJoseph Blow "," wabini uDiana "kunye" namashumi amane anesihlanu ".
Umbhali-mbali wahamba kakhulu eYurophu kwaye waphupha ukuya eRussia. Ngo-1840, inoveli yakhe "inoveli yakhe" yaphuma, igorha lalo eliyintloko elaliyi-Annenknov. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kwintsimi yoBukhosi baseRussia, umsebenzi awuzange ugqibezele ukubandezeleka, uMsebenzi wobugcisa onobuqili ngokufihlakeleyo kumyeni wakhe, kwanawo i-Elexander Elexander Elexander Fedorovna ifundwe.
Xa uNicholas wasweleka okokuqala, umdlali wakuvunyelwa ukuba angenele uBukhosi. Kanye kwikhaya laseAlexander Sergeeeevich Suinkin, umbhali wamangaliswa sisibakala sokuba abaphulaphuli basekhaya bengazi ukuba luluphi uncwadi lwesiFrentshi kwaye lunombono womsebenzi wakhe. Ukujonga, umbhali odumileyo watyelela uMoscow, naseSt. Petersburg, naseKalmykia, nakwiCaucasun. Kwilizwe lasekhaya looveli, amanqaku ohambo wayenempumelelo enkulu.
Uluntu lwalungumpheki. Kwimisebenzi yabo emininzi, ucacisa ngokweenkcukacha ukulungiswa kwezitya ezithile.
Ngo-1870, wanikezela ukuze uprinte umbhalo obhaliweyo oqukethe inoveli engama-800 kwisihloko sobuhle. "I-Big Cubionary Chinary Chinary" yabona ukukhanya ngo-1873, emva kokusweleka kombhali. Emva kwexesha, ikopi yakhe efinyeziweyo yapapashwa - "isichazi-magama esincinci". I-Duma yayingeyomfuneko, akukho ntambo ingangomoya. Indoda inamathele nje indlela yokuphila esempilweni ngaphandle kokusela utywala, icuba nekofu.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngokuchasene nengxaki, eyona nkalo inkulu yombhali ophakamile yayingeyozi zokuzingela, hayi ukubiyela kwaye kungabikho uyilo. Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lobuthixo lwavavanywa kumgangatho wamabhinqa. Malunga ne-Amur Advereges ye-Adperament Reflordwing kwiiSlons zelo xesha lelo xesha.
Phakathi kweyona nto iphambili kumabali ahambelana nenkohliso nabafazi bobugcisa, enye yema ngakumbi.
UDumas ngelo xesha wayehlala kwisitalato iRivoli kunye ne-ferriers - umbango, odumileyo ngomsindo wakhe ongummangaliso. Ulutsha lwalungabamelwane: Intombazana eyayihlala igumbi kumgangatho wesibini, kwaye umbhali we-novice ngamagumbi amathathu kwisango lesihlanu.
Ngenye ngokuhlwa, impangelo iye kwibhola kwii-tuilees. Endleleni eya kumsitho wokuzonwabisa, indoda ityibilika yawa kwimouddle. Emva kwethuba emva koko, intatheli icaphukisayo ibuyela ekhaya yonke eludakeni, yaya kumkamfazi womkakhe, yaya egumbini lokulala laseIda. Ukuze ulibale ityala elingathandekiyo, uAlexander entlokweni yakhe waya emsebenzini.
Azange idlule kwaye isiqingatha seyure njengokuba umnyango okhokelela kwigumbi langasese evuliwe, kwaye umbhali ohlekayo wabona umbundu we-roger de Bovwara, "ndinemveliso epheleleyo!". I-Dumas, yatsiba, ngophawu oluqhelekileyo, lawela kumthandi womlingane. E-Ontsov, intatheli yenyani iguqule ingqumbo kuGrace, ichaza ukuba ukukhuliswa kungamvumeli ukuba ayibeke esitratweni nakwindwendwe.
Ngobo busuku, ibhedi etshatileyo eDumas yahlulelane nomntu oqhelene naye. Ke kaloku, xa kwakusa, bobathathu sele bevukile, uAlesandire wathabatha isandla seNtaba yeKavalera, wayibeka indawo esondeleyo yeqabane lakhe kwaye wabhengezwa kuphela.
"URoger, xolelanisa njengamaRoma amandulo kwindawo kawonke-wonke."
Ukuqala kwembali yalootatolombali yayiyidolophu yaseLore Labha, eyayihlala endlwini enye naye e-Itali. Eli bhinqa lalinguAlexander omdala kangangeminyaka eyi-8. I-logurd kwakungekho nzima ukubayisa intliziyo yeMarie, kwaye sele ijikeleze ngoJulayi 27, 1824 wamzisa nonyana ka-Alexander, owaziwayo ngenenekazi elineNovelias ". UTamas utata wamqonda umntwana iminyaka esixhenxe azame.
Nge-26 kaMeyi, 1864, eyayisakuba yintanda yahlangabezana neofisi kaSodolophu emtshatweni wonyana wabo kunye ne-rised ithemba ngeNarshkina. Unyana oDuma-unyana wayecinga ukuba uza kutshata abazali abalupheleyo, kodwa umnqweno awuzange ubangele ukuba babe yimpendulo.
Ngokobalo lweegraphedi, uMdali wayeneentembeko ezingama-500. UDuma waphinda wathi wayetshintshe njengamagxathi kuphela eluntwini, kuba ukuba bekumele ukuba banqunyelwe kwinenekazi eliselula, into ehlwempuzekileyo bebeya kwasweleka ngeveki.
Ukufa
Umbhali odumileyo wasweleka nge-5 kaDisemba, 1870. Umzimba wangcatshwa nguMhlaba kwi-nevil-den-de-hi. Emva kwemfazwe, unyana weklasikhi yehlabathi waphinda wamothusa iintsalela zikatata waseWilller-Kotra ecaleni kwabazali bakhe.
Emva kokusweleka komntu osidlangalani, abagcini-bigraphe abonyule i-hypotheesis enesifo se-duma kunye neRussia "umprofeti" uAlexander "uAlexander Sergeeevich Sunkin nguMntu ofanayo.
Abaphandi kwimibhalo yabo bakhokelela kwinani lezibakala ezininzi ezinyanzelekileyo ukuba zithandabuze ubunyani bokusweleka kobuhlakani boncwadi lwehlabathi.
Nangona yokufana lwangaphandle kwaye inani elikhulu lamalungu 'amabala amhlophe "kwi ngobomi omabini uMdali kunye yesibini, ingxelo esemthethweni ayikaze kulo mthetho uyilwayo.
Imemori
I-Wildestsflers Dumas iphinde yahlulwa kwada kwanamhlanje. Ke ngo-2016, "i-" ABC "yomshicileli ojikelezileyo ukhuphe ubugcisa boncwadi lwehlabathi" lweeMuskeeders ezintathu ", kunye no-Maul Menter Cristo".
Enye yezitrato zeLomonosov yeSithili sasePetrodvortsov ye-St. Petersburg ibizwa emva kobupolisi.
Ibhloko ye-Granite yeGranite, phezulu kweyona ndawo ithe tyaba i-dumiting duma ikwisikwere seMalisharba kwiParis.
I-Bibliography
- "Ukumkanikazi Margo" (1845)
- "I-Counteds de monssoro" (1846)
- "Amashumi amane anesihlanu" (1847);
- "Ukumkanikazi umqala" (1849-1850);
- "Ange pita" (1853);
- "I-chardy" (1853-1855);
- "I-chevalé de meson rouge" (1845);
- "Babulala" (1843);
- "Zimbini uDiana" (1846);
- "Iphepha le-savoy" (1852);
- "Uqikelelo" (1858);
- "Mhlophe kwaye uluhlaza" (1867);
- "Amaqabane kaEhen" (1857);
- "Ukuvolontiya kumashumi asithoba aneminyaka yesibini" (1862);
- "UWolf Mashkul" (1858).