Biography
Abagxeki boncwadi bayaphikisana ukuba inkqubo yobugcisa edalwe yiClacec itshintshe inoveli yenoveli yesiqingatha se-Xix. U-Ivan Turgenev waqala waziva "umntu omtsha" - umlingani wamashumi amathandathu - wambonisa ootata nabantwana bakhe. " Ngenxa yombhali wokwenene ngesiRashiya, igama elithi "ningist" lazalwa. U-Ivan sergeeeeeeevich owazisa umfanekiso we-comatriot, ofumene inkcazo "ntombazana".Ubuntwana noLutsha
Enye yeentsika zoncwadi lweRich Russia e-Orel, kwintsapho yakudala yoluntu, yazalwa. Ubuntwana buka-Ivan sergeeeevich babanjwa kwindawo yoomama ngesandla baseSpass-Lutovinovinov kufutshane neMTSonsk. Waba ngunyana wesibini kwaba bathathu, bazalwa eVarvara Lutovinova kunye neSergey Turgenev.
Ubomi bosapho lwabazali khange basebenze. Utata, oye wathuthumela imeko ye-cavaliery, etshatile ukuba angahle, kodwa yintombazana etyebileyo yeVarvar, eyayingaphezulu kweminyaka emi-6. Xa i-Ivan Turgenev yajika 12, utata wakhe waphuma usapho, eshiya iqabane labantwana abathathu. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, uSergey Nikolayevich wasweleka. Kungekudala, unyana omncinci weSergey wasweleka etywina.
UNicholas noIvan wayewile - umama wayenempawu e-despotic. I-Smart nemfundo efundileyo inesithukuthezi ebuntwaneni nolutsha oluninzi. Utata Vasvara Lutova wasweleka xa intombi yayingumntwana. Umama, uxhwine kunye nenenekazi elifunekileyo, umfanekiso wokuba abafundi babona ibali le-turgenev "Ukufa", utshatile kwakhona. Utata womtshato wesibini wasela kwaye akazange athandabuze ukubetha kwaye athobele isitayile esihlafunayo. Hayi eyona ndlela yokubhenela kwintombi yakhe kunye nonina. Ngenxa yokukhohlakala kukamama kunye nokubetha, intombazana yasinda kumalume wakhe, owashiya umtshana emva kokufa kwakufumana ilifa.
Umama owayengamazi umama njengomntwana, nangona wayebathanda abantwana, ngakumbi u-Vanya, kodwa waguqukela kubazali bakhe abanyangeni - oonyana bakhe bakhunjulwa ngesandla somama osisiphelo. Ngaphandle komsindo onomsindo, i-Varvara Petrovna yayingumfazi ofundileyo. Wathetha nekhaya lakhe kuphela ngesiFrentshi, efuna okufanayo nakwi-Ivan kunye neNicholas. I-Spassky igcine ilayibrari etyebileyo, equka iincwadi zaseFransi.
Xa i-Ivan Turgenev yaguquka 9, intsapho yafudukela kwikomkhulu, endlwini yaseNerelinke. Umama ufunde kakhulu kwaye wavala abantwana uthando loncwadi. Ukukhetha ababhali bobuqili, i-Lutovinov-turgenev ilandele i-Innovations intsha, yayingabahlobo kunye ne-vasily zhukovsky kunye ne-mingail zagoskin. I-Varvara Petrovna iwazi ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi kaNikolai Karazin, Alexander Puykin, Nikolai Gogol kwaye wacaphula kwimbalelwano nonyana wakhe.
Ukusekwa kwe-Ivan Turgenev kwabandakanyeka kubalawuli eJamani naseFrance, apho umnini-mhlaba akazange azisole imali. Ubutyebi boncwadi lwaseRussia ukuya kumbhali wexesha elizayo wavula i-serf Camdiner Feder Lobanov, owaba yi-prototype yeqhawe "kunye ne-baburin".
Emva kokufudukela eMoscow, iVan Turgenev yayimisiwe kwi-Ivan Kratase. Ekhaya nakwiipenshini zabucala, i-Drin encinci yadlula ikhosi yesikolo yesibini, eneminyaka eli-15 waba ngumfundi weDolophu yaseMoscow. Kwicandelo loncwadi, iVan Turgenev yayiqhutywa le khosi, emva koko idluliselwe kwi-St. Petersburg, apho wafumana imfundo yaseyunivesithi kwi-faculty yembali kunye nefilosofi.
Kwiminyaka yobudala, i-turgenegs iguqulela imibongo yeShakespeare kunye neNkosi ukuba i-bayron kwaye iphupha ngokuba yimbongi.
Ukufumene idiploma ngo-1838, iVan Turgenev yaqhubeka imfundo yakhe eJamani. EBerlin, waphulaphula ikhondo lezifundo zeDyunivesithi kunye nefilogys, ebhalela imibongo. Emva kweholide yeKrisimesi eRussia, iTurgenev yaya kwiinyanga ezintandathu e-Itali, ukusuka apho wabuyela khona eBerlin.
Ngentwasahlobo ye-1841, i-Ivan Turgenev ifikile eRussia kwaye ngonyaka waphumelela iimviwo, ukuba ifumene isidanga se-Master kwiPhilosofi kwiYunivesithi yaseSt. Ngo-1843, wafumana isigxina kwinkonzo yangaphakathi, kodwa ukuthanda ukubhala kunye noncwadi lwajika.
Uncwadi
Okokuqala ngqa ivan Turgenev yathetha ngo-1836, yapapasha uphononongo kwincwadi ka-Andrei MuravYov "Uhambo lweendawo ezingcwele". Emva konyaka, ndabhala ndaza ndapapasha imibongo ethi "," I-Fysshmago kwibusuku ebusuku "kunye" nokulala ".
UFeme weza ngo-1843, xa uIvan Sergeeeeeeeeevich eqokelelwe ngu-Parasha's Porsarion Belinsky. Kungekudala iTurgenev noBelinsky basondela kwindlela yokuba umbhali ongumbhali waba nguThixo woNyana wogxeki odumileyo. I-rappidrochement ene-belinsky kunye ne-nikolai nekrasov efuthe kwi-Creagraphy ye-Ivan Turgenev: Oko kwabonakala emva kokupapashwa kombongo "," iNkokeli "ye-Andrei", "I-Breater".
IVan Turgenev ibuyele eRussia ngo-1850. Wayehlala kwigumbi lokuzalwa komntwana, emva koko eMoscow, emva koko e-St. Petersburg, apho wabhalwa khona amadlala, ohamba ngempumelelo kwi-capitals ezimbini.
Ngo-1852, uNikolai Gogol wayengekho. I-Ivan Turgenev iphendule kumsitho ombi kakhulu kunye nostrologist, kodwa eSt. Pretersburg, ngokomyalelo kasihlalo wekomiti ekhutshiweyo, uAlexei Musina Sungkin, wala ukupapasha. I-Dares ukubeka inqaku lephephandaba laseTurgenev "Moscow VeDosti". Umphathi wawungazixoleli. I-musin-Pungkin ebizwa ngokuba yiGgol "I-Lacéi Umbhali", akakufanelekeli ukukhankanywa eluntwini, kwaye wabona icebiso lokuvalwa kwe-chieckin i-alexander typkin kunye ne-mingail lermandov kwi-alexal lermoontov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-maricov kwi-alexal lermoontov kwi-alexam lermandov kwi-alexal lermoontov kwi-alexam lermandov kwi-alexal lermoontov kwi-alexail lermages.
Umnxibelelanisi wabhala ingxelo ye-Emperor Nikolai i. Ivan Sergeeevich, owayephantsi kohambo rhoqo, enxibelelana ne-Blinsky, imbonakalo enkulu kakhulu yabasemagunyeni.
Ngo-Epreli wonyaka omnye, umbhali wabekwa kwinyanga, emva koko wathumela ukubanjwa ekhaya kwilifa. Iminyaka enesiqingatha, i-Ivan Turgenev yayingeyonto ingekhoyo kwi-Spassky, iminyaka emi-3 akazange abe nelungelo lokushiya ilizwe.
Inkxalabo ye-turgenev malunga nokuvalwa kokuvalwa kwe-"AMANQAKU AQHELEKILEYO" Incwadi eyahlukileyo ayifikeleki: Ingqokelela yamabali awayepapashwe ngaphambili kwi "Doloyini", uphume. Ukufumana imvume yokuprinta incwadi, iVladimir LVVEv isebenze ekungeneni kwe-goards. Umjikelo ubandakanya amabali "I-BIGIn Luga", "iBiryuk", "iimvumi", "intamo yesiseko". Ngokwahlukeneyo, iinoveli zazingabi yingozi, kodwa iqokelelwe ndawonye yayingavumi.
U-Ivan Turgenev wabhala abantu abadala kunye nabantwana. Abafundi abancinci i-prosaik bavele iintsomi kunye namabali okujonga, "inja" kunye "namajuba", abhalwe ngolwimi lwesityebi.
Kwimfihlo yangaphakathi, i-classic yaqulunqa ibali 'le-MUMU ", kunye neenoveli" ABORK NETSK "," ngootata "," umsimelelo wobomi benkcubeko yaseRussia .
Phesheya, iVan Turgenev ihambile ngehlobo le-1856. Ebusika, eParis, wagqiba ibali le-goldry "uhambo ePoolie". EJamani, ngo-1857, wabhala "Asya" - ibali eliguqulelwe ngexesha lobomi bombhali kwiilwimi zaseYurophu. Iprototype ye-Ani, yokuzalwa komtshato wentombi ka-Barn kunye nomgibeli, abagxeki bacinga intombi yeTurgenev Polina Brewer kunye ne-dadewethu engekho mthethweni varbar zhitov.
Ephesheya, iVan Turgenev ilandele ubomi benkcubeko yaseRussia, iqhube imbalelwano nababhali abashiyekileyo kweli lizwe, banxibelelana nabafuduki. Oogxa-nye baqwalasela ukuqhutywa kobuntu obuphikisayo. Emva kwamandla okulungisa ngombono kunye nabahleli "belo xesha", oba ngumgebenga wentando yesininzi, i-turgenev yaqhekeza iphepha lephephabhuku. Kodwa, ukuba ufunde ngesibonakaliso sokwexeshana 'esingenalo ", satsho ngenxa yokuzithethelela.
Ngexesha lobomi baseNtshona, ivan sergeeevich ingene kwingxabano ende nge-LV Tolstoy, Fedr Dostoevsky kunye neNicholas nekrasov. Emva kokukhululwa kwenoveli, waxabana noluntu olubhalwayo lwabizwa ngokuba yinkqubela.
IVAN Turgenev iqale i-Russia ababhali baseRussia bafumana ukwamkelwa eYurophu njengonovelwano. EFransi, wasondela kubabhali-ukhuseleko oluyimfihlo, abazalwana beqela lemigulukula, uEmil wol noGustleve Flauber, owaba ngumhlobo osenyongweni.
Ngentwasahlobo ye-1879, i-turgenev yeza eSt. Petersburg, apho umntwana wadibana naye njengecumar. Ukonwaba kutyelelo lombhali odumileyo awuzange ubelane nabasemagunyeni, ukunika uIvan Sergeeeevich ukuqonda ukuba ukuhlala uhleli kombhali esixekweni akunakuzikhulu.
Ehlotyeni lonyaka omnye, i-Ivan Turgenev yatyelela iBritane - kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford, i-Russian ProS Isihloko soMsebenzi ka-Grachney sanikwa.
Kumaxesha amandulo, i-turgenev yeza eRussia ngo-1880. EMoscow, waya kuvulwa kwelitye lesikhumbuzo eAlexander Utyokin, owayemgqala njengomfundisi omkhulu. I-Russian intetho ebizwa ngokuba yinkxaso nenkxaso "ngemihla yendlela ebuhlungu" malunga nekamva lelizwe.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi obulalayo oye waba luthando lobomi bonke bombhali, i-heinrich heine xa kuthelekiswa nembonakalo yomhlaba, "zombini ukuzithoba kunye nokungaqhelekanga". Imvumi yaseSpain-i-Special Poina raina, ibhinqa eliphantsi nelithambileyo, yayingamadoda amakhulu, umlomo omkhulu kunye namehlo. Kodwa xa uPoina ecula, wayeguqulwe ngokuhle kakhulu. Ngexesha elinjalo, i-turgenev yabona imvumi kwaye yathanda ubomi bonke, iminyaka engama-40 eshiyekileyo.
Ubomi bukaProda ngaphambi kokudibana ne-vido yayifana nesilayidi saseMelika. Uthando lokuqala olwalu-Ivan Turgenev kunye noHornie baxelele ngebali elinye, buhlunguzela umfana oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala. Wathandana nommelwane Kataten, intombi yasePerugini Shaokhoavkaya. Yeyiphi i-Ivan igumbi edimazekileyo ivan xa wafumanisa ukuba "uKanciped ococekileyo wathi" u-tudya ongagungqiyo, etyhutywe ngabantwana kunye nenkosikazi ka Girgey, nguSergey Nikolayevich, owullaus.
Umfana waphoxeka ngamantombazana "ama-Noble" kwaye wajika amehlo akhe kumantombazana alula - inqaba enqabileyo. Enye yeendlela zokuzonwabisa ezizalisayo yi-whitdost avdota ivanov - wazala intombi ka-Ivan Turgenev Pelagia. Kodwa, ukuhamba eYurophu, umbhali wadibana ne-vido, kwaye uAvdota wahlala ngaphambili.
U-Ivan Sergeeeeeeevich wadibana nomyeni ka-IsEer, uLouis, kwaye waba kubi kakhulu endlwini yabo. Abantu ababephila ngexesha le-turgenev, abahlobo bombhali kunye nabahlobo bebhayoloji bajongana nezimvo malunga nale manyano. Abanye bambiza nge-sublime kunye ne-platonic, abanye bathetha ngezixa ezikhululekileyo ezishiywe ngumnini-mhlaba waseRussia kwindlu kaPolina noLouis. I-Viardo's Indoda kaDirdom ngeminwe yakhe yajonga unxibelelwano lweTurgenev kunye nenkosikazi yayo kwaye yavumela ukuhlala ekhayeni labo kangangeenyanga. Kukholelwa ukuba utata wendalo wentsimi, unyana kaPolina noLouis - ivan turgenev.
Umama wombhali akazange avume ukunxibelelana kwaye aphuphe ukuba ityala lothando liya kuphola, litshatise ubukhulu becala kwaye inika abazukulwana abasemthethweni. I-Pelagey Varvara Perovna ayizange ikhalaze, zibone iisethi. U-Ivan Sergeeeeeevich wayethandana kwaye unoxolo intombi yakhe.
UPilina Viado, emamele i-Gockery yonyokheri we-Destpotic, wangena ngovelwano kwintombazana kwaye wayisa endlwini yakhe. I-Pelagia yaguquka yaba yipoliyo kwaye yakhula kunye nabantwana baseViderdo. Ngokufanelekileyo kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-Pelagia-Polynenet i-turgenet ayizange ive elabelana nothando lukaYise ka-Ginerdo, ekholelwa ukuba le ndoda yamba ingqalelo yomntu wakhe.
Ukupholisa kubudlelwane beTurgenev naseVierdo kwaba emva kokwahlula iminyaka emithathu, okwenzekayo ngenxa yokubanjwa komfundi ekhaya. Imizamo yokulibala i-Deation Ivan Turgenev ithathe kabini. Ngo-1854, umbhali oneminyaka engama-36 wadibana nobuhle obutga, intombi kazala. Kodwa xa umtshato uqhwithela kwi-horizon, ivan ye-ivan sergeeevich inyibilikisiwe kwi-Polina. Ayifuni ukwaphula ubomi bentombazana eneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, i-turgenev eyamkelwe eluthandweni lukaVisordo.
Inzame yokugqibela yokubaleka kwiingalo ze-Frenchwoman yenzekile ngo-1879, xa i-Ivan Turgenev yajika iminyaka engama-61. Umdlali waseAria Savin akazange oyikise umahluko kubudala - intanda ihamba iphindwe kabini. Kodwa xa isibini ngo-1882 saya eParis, uMama wabona izinto ezininzi kunye nexhego elifana nembangi yakhe kwindlu yeqabane elizayo, kwaye waqonda ukuba wayenomdla.
Ukufa
Ngo-1882, emva kokuhlukanisa noSavin, iVan Turgenev yagula. Oogqirha babeka isifo esidimazayo somhlaza wethambo lesibhozo. Usweleke umbhali kwihashe lelinye ilizwe ixesha elide kwaye unentlungu.
Ngo-1883, i-turgenev yasebenza eParis. Iinyanga zokugqibela zobomi bukaIvan Turgenev wayonwaba kangangoko unentlungu ephelileyo ephelileyo enokubakho - ecaleni kwakhe yayingumfazi othandekayo. Emva kokufa, wazuza ilifa lepropathi yeTurgenev.
I-classic yavuka ngo-Agasti 22, 1883. Umzimba wakhe wasiwa eSt. Pretersburg nge-27 kaSeptemba. Ukusuka eFrance ukuya eRussia Ivan Turgenev ehamba nentombi kaPolina, uClaudia Viardo. Umngcwabe ongumbhali kwi-St. petersburg ye-Sttersburg Wolf.
UAlexander II, obize i-turgenev "i-turgenev" iliso lakhe, lasabela ekufeni kukaNigista ngokukhululeka.
I-Bibliography
- 1855 - "Rudin"
- I-1858 - "indlwane enezinyo"
- Ngo-1860- "ku-Eva"
- Ngo-1862 - "Ootata nabantwana"
- Ngo-1867 - "Umsi"
- I-1877 - "Novy"
- 1851-73 - "Amanqaku oMhandi"
- 1858 - "i-Ayava"
- 1860 - "Uthando lokuqala"
- Ngo-1872 - "Amanxeba"