Biography
Akukho nto imbi, ngaphandle kokulunga, i-theikhail dukhail zhashchenko.Kubonakala ngathi i-internence ngokwayo ithathe isigqibo sokuphikisana nombhali kwaye ingqina ukuba akalunganga. Ndikunye noMikhail Mikhailovich, ngenxa yoko le nto yenzekileyo kwenzekileyo phantsi komthwalo wabo, i-prosais iphinde yajongana nee-psychotherapists. Kwaye ukudakumba okungapheliyo kwenza isifundo kwaye wabhala incwadi, njengoko wayephatha. Kodwa inesifo se-fiasco.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umtshutshisi waseRussia wazalwa ngehlobo le-1894 kwi-Mantla ye-Mikhail Zoshchenko, Elena china. Intloko yosapho ngumculi-iselfowuni, onomosa kwaye namhlanje ehombisa i-faec yemyuziyam yase-Alexander Stvorv kwi-St. Petersburg. Umntu odalayo wayengumama wombhali: i-Elena iooifornavna umtshato waya kwizindlu zemorical njengomdlali weqonga. Kwaye emva, xa abantwana abasibhozo bazalwe ngasinye emva kwenye, wakwazi ukubhala amabali athabatha iphephandaba uKopeyk.
Kwiminyaka eyi-8 i-misha yasiwa kwindawo yokuzivocavoca. Emva kwexesha kwi-autobiography kaZoshinko yaxelela ukuba ayifundile ingabalulekanga, kwaye kwiimviwo zokugqibela yayibhala isincoko "", nangona wayephupha ngomsebenzi wombhali. Intsapho yeZshhenko yoSanshinko incitshisiweyo incitshisiweyo iphela. Ngo-1913, emva kokuphumelela kwindawo yokuzivocavoca, i-mikhail zoshchenko yaba ngumfundi weyunivesithi yase-Imperial, enyula igunya. Kodwa emva konyaka wagxothwa-kwakungekho nto yokuhlawula isifundo. Umfana kwakufuneka aphile. Wafumana umlawuli kaloliwe. Umsebenzi unyaka: Imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yabulawa.
Kwimemo, iZshshenkO yabhala ukuba wayengena "meko yokuthand 'ilizwe". Nangona kunjalo, uMikhail wazanda, efumana ii-odolo ezine zokulwa. Waphinda wenzakala, kwaye emva kwetyhefu, 'wabhalwa "kuloo ndawo ugcino. Kodwa uZoshinko Awe kwaye wabuyela ngaphambili.
Utshintsho lwe-1917 lwathintelwa nguZshchenko ukuba lube ngumphathi kwaye ufumane i-odolo ye-St. Vladimir. Kumbhali we-1915 uthumele kwi-reser. Ehlotyeni, i-zoshinkon yonyule i-ofisi yePosi yePetrograd, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezintandathu washiya idolophu yakowakhe yaza yashiya i-Arthangelk. Ukushiya iRussia kwaye uye eFrance, uMikhail Zoshchenko Awe.
Kwibhayiloji yakhe, i-Proseca itshintshe ubuncinci i-15 yobungcali. Wayesebenza enkundleni, umvundla ogqunywe kunye neenkukhu kwiphondo le-smolensk, basebenza njengesixhobo. Ngo-1919, i-mikhail zoshchenko yangena kwivolontiya emkhosini obomvu. Kodwa kwintwasahlobo yawa esibhedlele, yayidlazelwe kwaye yafudukela kwinkonzo yeTelephonist.
Uncwadi
UMisikail Noshinkon waqala ukubhala kwi-8 iminyaka: imibongo yokuqala, ngamabali. Ngo-1907, xa wayeneminyaka eli-13, wabhala ibali "ingubo". Iimpembelelo zabantwana kunye neengxaki zosapho zazinempembelelo enkulu kuye, kamva zifumana izibonakaliso zabo kwimisebenzi ye-mingail zoshchenko yabantwana: "Kalosh kunye ne-ice cream", "imbali enkulu".
Emva kovukelo kunye nokudilizwa kweZoshchenkkazi ukukhangela umvuzo wazama ubugcisa beshumi elinambini, oboniswe emsebenzini wakhe kwaye bawutyebise imisebenzi yeenkcukacha ezinomdla. Ngo-1919, i-mikhail zoshchenko ityelele iStudio yeStudio esekwe phantsi kwendlu yokupapasha "Uncwadi lwehlabathi" kunye nokukhokela iKornee Chukovsky. Iingcambu zikaIvanovich, zazinemisebenzi ehlekisayo yaseZshchenkkazi, yaxabisa kakhulu italente yombhali, kodwa ndamangaliswa kukuba i-hungerist yayiyindoda elusizi. "
EStudio, umbhali waqhelana ne-Penjamin Kaverin, eVevolod Ivanov kunye nabanye oogxa bakhe, ekunye nabo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1920, bemanyene kwiqela lencwadi, eligama lithi "Barapiones". "Iindlela", kubabhali ababize ababhali, baqinisekiswa ukuba inkululeko yobuchule kwezopolitiko.
Iimpapasho zokuqala zitsala umdla kwi-mingail zoshchenko. Ukuthandwa kombhali kwiRhafu yasemva kweRussia kuyakhula ngokukhawuleza. Amabinzana kumabali akhe ahlekisayo ayagutyungelwa. Ukususela ngo-1922 ukuya ku-1946, iincwadi ze-prosauika ziphinde zaqeshwa amaxesha ali-100, kubandakanya imisebenzi eyi-6-tomny eqokelele.
Phakathi phakathi kwe-1920, uMisikail Noshilchenko yayikwi-Zenith yozuko. Amabali "I-Baya", "Aristoct", "Imbali Yezifo", "Ukulala" zigcwele zibubudenge, zifundwe ngawo onke amacandelo oluntu. Ababhali babacele ukuba bafundele ezintlanganisweni kubaphulaphuli baphukile kubalandeli. Umsebenzi we-theramist uxabisa kakhulu i-manim gorky, wavuya 'ngo "umlinganiselo ohlekisayo neLirrism" kumabali eZshchenko.
Abagxeki boncwadi emva kokukhutshwa kweengqokelela ezimbini ziqwalaselwe ukuba i-mikhail zoshchenko yenziwa uhlobo olutsha lwegorha. Le yindoda efundiswe kakuhle ngaphandle kwempahla yenkcubeko, ecinga kunye nomnqweno ogqibeleleyo wokuthelekiswa 'nabanye ubuntu ". Izithethi "zekhampasi" zihlekisa kwaye zihlekisa, kodwa zihleka ngaphezulu kweqhawe alinomsindo. Rhoqo, iprojekisi ikhokelela ibali egameni legorha, linyanzela umfundi ngcono ukuba aqonde iinjongo zezenzo. Abagxeki bachonge i-maner mikhalil mikilovich njenge "intle." Iingcambu zikaChukovsky zaphawula ukuba umbhali wazisa intetho entsha engaphezulu, abafundisamkela abafundi bamkelekileyo.
Kodwa ayingabo bonke abantu abaphuma phantsi kwababhali bepeni bavunywa ngokunconywa. Amabali ahlekisayo kunye nebali likaMikhail Zoshchenko ebuthandayo, kodwa umbhali wayelinde ukuqhubeka komoya omnye. Kwaye ngo-1929 wakhulula incwadi ethi "Iileta eziya kumbhali." Olu luhlobo lophando lwezemiziseko lwezemiziseko olubandakanya iileta ezininzi umbhali kubafundi. Incwadi ibangele ukuba ubugqwetha kunye nokucaphuka kwabalandeli betalente yetaletchchenko, impendulo engentle yabasemagunyeni.
UMlawuli we-VSEvod Meerverser wanyanzelwa ukuba asuse "iqabane elithandekayo" kunye ne-themba. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, i-mikhaped i-mikhail zoshchenkon iye kuxinzelelo, ekhuliswe emva kohambo lokuya kwindawo emhlophe. Ngeminyaka yee-1930s, abasemagunyeni balungelelanisa uhambo lwababhali, benethemba lokuba baya kuphinda imfundo kwakhona kwiinkampu ze-stalinist 'kwi-Strolime "," ukuhlangulwa "kwakhe".
Kodwa kwi-mikhail shshchenkon ibonwe kwi-heyuskanal yakhe yenza isiphumo esibi senze isiphumo - uxinzelelo, kwaye wabhala konke oko kwakulindelwe kuye. Kwibali lebali lobomi obunye, ovele ngo-1934, wabelana ngemeko entle.
Ukuzama ukususa imeko yoxinzelelo, i-mikhail zoshchenko eqatshelwe ibali "yobutsha obutsha." Olu luphononongo lwengqondo olungele umdla kwimeko yesayensi. Iprosaik iqhubekile ngempendulo enjalo eqhubekayo yoLonwabo loBudlelwane kwabantu, epapasha ngo-1935 ingqokelela yamabali "Incwadi eluhlaza". Kodwa ukuba isincoko safezekiswa kwindawo yesayensi ngenzala, emva koko emthendelekweni ucinezela uMikhail Zoshchenko, baqiniswa. Umbhali wawunqatshelwe ukuze uprinte imibhalo, hamba ngaphaya kwe "Satire entle ngaphaya kweempazamo ezithile".
I-Prosaisa, uChinter owomeleleyo, ugxile kumabali okubhala abantwana. Zipapashwa kwimagazini "iChizh" kunye "noHedgehog". Emva kwexesha, amabali angenela ingqokelela "uLea, noMinka". Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, umhlaba wabona ingqokelela yamabali ebantwana, ebizwa ngokuba "yinto ebaluleke kakhulu."
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930, i-mikhail zoshinkon igxile kwimikhosi esebenzayo encwadini, awayigqala imveliso yobomi bakhe. Akazange aphazamise umsebenzi kuyo kwiminyaka yeMfazwe yesibini (III) yeHlabathi. Ngaphambili, umbhali oneminyaka engama-47 ubudala wayengekho, nangona ukusuka kwiintsuku zokuqala zemfazwe zafakwa ingxelo kwiBhodi yedrafti, eyathathwa ngokuzithandela. Kodwa uvavanyo lwezonyango aluzange ludlule umbhali - wamkelwa njengabangafaneleki ukuya emkhosini. UZorshinkon wabhalisa kwiqela lokuzikhusela umlilo kunye nonyana wakhe eluphahleni lwezindlu zeLeningrad, ebakhuselayo kwiigobolondo ezincedileyo.
Umbhali wakhutshwa ngenkani eAlmaty, evumela umthwalo kunye nawo ayinzima kuneekhilogrem ezili-12. I-Zoshinko yathatha iincwadana kunye nemibhalo-ngqangi-umbhalo ongumsebenzi "wencwadi ephambili", eyathi yaqala igama lokusebenza - "utshintshelwe kwilanga" ngaphambi kokuba liphume ilanga ". Ubunzima bombhalo-mbhalo-zi-8 zeekhilogram. Ezine zine zizinto zabucala kunye neempahla.
Ekukhutshelweni, umbhali wasebenza kwiSosfilm Studio, apho wabhala khona imeko kwiifilimu ezimbini: "Ulonwabo lwesondlo" kunye "namagqabi awileyo." Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1943, umbhali weza eMoscow, apho wahlala khona kwiBhodi yoHlelo lwejenali yaseGuomati ". Ibhaliwe kwi-Evacuy Gody Doby "I-Caulis Portfolio" iza (i-200 yemilo yonyaka) kwithiyetha yeLeningrad.
NGOWE-1943, iintloko zokuqala zophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa "ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe ilanga" zipapashwa kwiNjalo "yeNkwenkwezi". UMisikailcheokO wabhala ukuba umsebenzi wawungubomi bakhe bonke kule, ubeka amathemba amakhulu okuqonda kunye nokuvunywa kwencwadi yabafundi kunye nabagxeki boncwadi.
Ibali loshchenko ivuliwe. Kuyo, iMikhail Mikhalovich, esekwe kwimibhalo ye-Ivan Parlov naseSigmund Freud, izamile ukuzithethelela ngokwesayensi. Kwi-autobiography, umbhali uthetha ngamava abantwana bakhe kunye nokulimala, echaza ngokucacileyo ngeminyaka evuthiweyo koko wayekufumana ebuntwaneni. Le ncwadi yincwadi yesayensi kwabo, kunye ne-mingail zoshchenko, izamile ukulahla iingcinezelo zengqondo zengqondo.
"Inkanyezi" inqatshelwe ukupapasha incwadi yencwadi, yalandela i-protoncer. Kumigangatho yeqela, i-mingail yehashchenko kunye neemagazini ezazimnika amatye ahlukane noHlelo lweqela. Iphephandaba leLeningrad livalekile.
Ibali lagxeka uJoseph Stalin, emva kwakhe noAndrei Zhezanov, bebiza umsebenzi 'onezothe'. I-phawu ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-Zoshchenko yeZoshinko. Le ncwadi ibizwa ngokuba "nguGalimia", ezikwiintshaba ze-USSR. Kungekudala kwabakho isigqibo sekomiti ephambili ye-VKPB, apho ababhali babiza ngokuba "ngwala" kunye "nechibi". UMikhail Zoshchenko watyholwa ngokungahambi ngaphambili, nangona wayetyelele eofisini yemfazwe ngeentsuku zokuqala zemfazwe. Inguquko yayilinde.
Ndaphazamisa indawo ekrakra ye-ProSE Proper kwi "Star" yebali labantwana "I-Adventures yeMonkey". Kwibali ngequbuliso yabona i-satire kwinkqubo yeSoviet. Ndikunye ne-mingail zoshchenkon kunye no-Anna Akhimatov. Ukuze uphile kwaye ungafa yindlala, umbhali waguqulelwa kwiRussia imisebenzi yabalingane baseFinland. Emva kokusweleka kukaGenessimus, uMikhail Zoshchenko wavuma ababhali, apho wagxothwa khona ngo-1946. Kodwa ekunyanzeleni kukaConstantine Simonov wamkelekile njengomguquleli, kwaye akangombhali.
Emva kwe-chaw emfutshane, ukubetha kwakhona, intshutshiso yaqala kumjikelo wesibini. Kwenzekile emva kwentlanganiso yeZshhenkko ne-Akhimatova enezifundo zesiNgesi ezazicela ukuba bababonise amangcwaba ababhali. IBritish yazisa ababhali abaphilayo, befuna ukubonisa ukuthembeka kwabasemagunyeni eSoviet 'kwinqaku lotshaba ".
Kwintlanganiso kwintlanganiso yombhali ngoMeyi 1954, ababhali be-Oplia babuzwa ngesi simo sengqondo sekomiti ephambili ye-WCPB. U-Anna Andreevna, wayekrexeza unyana wakhe, waphendula wathi wavumelana isigqibo. UMikhail Zoshchenko wathi akavumelani nokuthuka kwaye azigqali mthetho okanye utshaba lwabantu. Ukulimala kwaqala kumaphephandaba. Ngo-1955, uZoshchenkko wafaka isicelo sepenshini. Kodwa isaziso sokuqeshwa kwepenshoni yobuqu kwi-ruble ye-ruble Mikhailovich ifumene kuphela ngehlobo lowe-1958 kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba afe.
Ubomi Buqu
Kubomi bombhali, nayo, yonke into ibingekho lula. NgoDisemba ngo-1918, uMikhail Zoshchenko wadibana ne-Horebian Cerbia. Batshatile kwihlobo lehlobo lehlobo le-1920s: NgoJanuwari, uMama wasweleka eZshchenko. Ukuphela konyana kaMikhail Zoshchenko - uGalery wazalwa ngentwasahlobo yowe-1922 eLeningrad.
Kubomi beeklasikhi kwakukho izinto ezininzi zokuzonwabisa kunye neenoveli, kodwa omnye wabo, kwakudala, kwenzeka kwiLidiya Chalova, ebizwa ngokuba yiMyuziyam yombhali. Kuncinci kangangeminyaka engama-20, ibhinqa uMikhail Zoshchenko yadibana ngo-1929. UChalova wasebenza kwiSebe leMirhumo "yeGazetiya" yeGazeti. I-Zoshinko, eyayikwinqanaba lokuthandwa, yayimangalisiwe xa le ntombazana yabuza igama lakhe lokugqibela.
Kwenzeka ukuntywila xa umyeni wakhe wasweleka eLida. Umbhali waxhasa ibhinqa eliselula. Kungekudala ubuhlobo wajika wathandana. Ngo-1946, umRoma wema enyathelo leChalova, kodwa imbalelwano egcinwe imbalelwano ithetha ngothando olunyanisekayo lweZshchenko, ohlala kwiLidiya emva kokuhlukanisa. Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bombhali, kwakukho inkosikazi yokholo ekufuphi. Ungcwatyelwe ecaleni kwendoda yakhe.
Ukufa
Iminyaka yakutshanje, umbhali ochithwa kwi-cottage e-sestroretsk. Ngentwasahlobo ye-1958, i-mingail yehashchenko enetyhefu i-nicotin. Ngenxa yetyhefu, i-spasm yeenqanawa zobuchopho yenzekile, umbhali akazange azivume izalamane zakhe kwaye akakwazanga ukuthetha. Ukufa kwenzeka ngoJulayi 22 ukususela ekungaphumeleli entliziyweni.
Abasemagunyeni abavumeli ukuba bangcwabe i-classics kwiZiko loLondolozo lwembali " Ndingcwaba i-zoshchenko e-sestroretsk kumangcwaba asekuhlaleni. Abaziboni bangqina ukuba kubuso beMikhail Zoshchenko, i-cubhulo ebomini, uncumo lwaqikelela.
I-Bibliography
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