Biography
UJane Austin ngumbhali odumileyo woncwadi lwaseklasini, abafundi abaqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi kuhlobo lokwenene. Iinoveli zayo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje zithandwa ngabantu abancinci kunye nenqanaba labantu abadala, kwaye abalawuli abakwimisebenzi badlulisela imisebenzi kaJane kwizikrini zeTV.
Nge-16 kaDisemba, 1775 kwidolophu encinci kaStevenson, ukuba kwidolophu yaseHampshire, ekuthethwa ngayo emazantsi eBritani, intombi kaJane yazalwa kwintsapho yeOstinov. Kuba ubusika babuhlungu, le ntombazana ibhaptiziwe ecaweni kuphela nge-5 ka-Epreli. Kungathiwa abazali bombhali bexesha elizayo babeka kwangaphambili ikamva lakhe, kuba igama elithi nguJane lithetha "ukubabaleka kukaThixo," ubabalo lukaThixo ".
Intsapho yeOstinov yayihlala ngokuthozama, intloko yentsapho yayingumfundisi wecawa, inkosikazi yakhe yayikhokelele ikhaya. Amaqabane aqhele ukuqhelana kwikholeji yaseSt John. UCassandra wenzeka kwintsapho ebalaseleyo, utata wakhe wayengumgcini okwikholeji yayo yonke imiphefumlo. I-Dowry Mrs. I-LI yayithobekile, kuba lonke ilifa elivela kugogo bafumana lo mzalwana umdala uJames. UGeorge wayekhe wahamba ukusuka kwigumbi elityebileyo labarhwebi, kodwa usapho lwayo yayinguHeleras.
I-epoch yamayeza okhuseleko azange iphuhliswe, kwaye ngelo xesha kukho ukufa kakhulu kubantwana: kuqhubela izifo ezinjenge-vapotimi, ikholera, i-sulebel yesifo sephepha kunye nezinye. Kodwa bonke abantwana bakaGeorge Austin kunye nommangaliso wakhe amthandayo wahlala ephila.
Ngenxa yoko, umbhali wakhula kwintsapho enkulu, apho, ngaphandle kwayo, ukongeza amakhwenkwe amathandathu kunye nentombazana enye. UJane wayengumntwana omangalisayo kwaye wazalwa ngenyanga yeshumi yokukhulelwa. Ekuqaleni, i-nsborns yayihlala phantsi kweliso likamama. Emva koko umfazi wabakhathalela uElizabhete omncinci, owaphakamisa abantwana de iinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-12.
Ukususela ngoko ubuntwana kwakuphumeza amandla akhe okuyila kwaye kwabandakanyeka kuncwadi: wabhala amabali ayolisayo. Kodwa ikamva lalilungiselele umfana othile ngendlela eyahlukileyo: ukuba mdala, uJames waqalisa ukuba ngumfundisi kwicawe yendawo. Malunga nomnye umzalwana - uGeorge - Ibali elithule, kuba I-Ostini ithande ukungathethi ngaye. Kuyaziwa ukuba inkwenkwe ibuyile kwaye ayizange ifunde ukuthetha. Kodwa umbhali wayemthanda uGeorge, ngenxa yoko wayifunda oonobumba besi sithulu-kunye nesidenge.
Edward yamkela izalamane zeOstinov, inkwenkwe yakhuselwa kwi-knight ye-knight ye-knight, noHenry - umntu oqaqambileyo - wasebenza njengebhanki, emva koko wamkela iSan. UFrancis noCharles bahlobisa ubomi nolwandle, kwaye udade ka-Cassandra, woba ukupeyinta yi-Watercolor, akazange afumane ulonwabo kubomi bakhe. UJane noKssandra badweliswe kumaziko emfundo amaninzi, kodwa amantombazana ayengabi nethamsanqa kunye nezikhombisi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwenye ye-TRIPS ukuya e-Soripyton, iJane iye yabulala, kwaye kwakungekho mali yokufunda kwintsapho yeOstinov.
UGeorge waqonda ukuba loo nto iintombi zayo zingayi kufumana imfundo, ngoko ke yenza utitshala, uzithabathela zonke iimbopheleleko. Ngenxa yoko, kwiintetho ze-ERDIT kunye nombhali ofunda kakuhle, umbhali wexesha elizayo kunye nodade wabo bafundile ngaphezulu kwebhentshi yesikolo. Le ndoda yagxile kuncwadi, ngoko amantombazana asusela kubudala athandana nomsebenzi kaShakespeare, yum, uRichardson nabanye ababhali. Emva kokufunda, banikezela ngokuqalisa umsebenzi ngamnye kwimemori, bexoxa neenoveli, baxoxa kwaye bavakalise izimvo.
Uncwadi
UGeethe wakuba wathi: "Indoda enesifo sokuzalwa ifumana ulonwabo olukhulu xa isetyenziswa letalente." Ngapha koko, uJane wayesithanda isipho sikaThixo esipheleleyo: Intombazana yaqala ukubandakanyeka ngokubhala ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-14 ubudala. Emva koko waqulunqa umsebenzi we-proutstorary "uthando kunye nobuhlobo". Kwakhona ebutsheni, imbali ye-Blesque "yaseNgilani" kunye nokubhalwa "kokubhalwa kwe" Cassandra entle ", ngenye indlela, i-chateobrica kunye ne-chateobrica, ngaba ngubani iimvakalelo ezingaphezu kwesizathu ibhaliwe.
Ke ngoko, imisebenzi yokuphumla okanye engafakwanga, ifundwe ngamanenekazi ehlabathi, ayengekho phantsi: i-Jane Austin yangenisa imbali yoncwadi eyinyani, ngokwemithetho yobomi echazwe kwiimpawu zayo eziqhelekileyo, Ngaphandle komzekeliso obalaseleyo kunye ne-PHEAPET kakhulu, impinda elungileyo.
Ngo-1811, phantsi kwe-Pseuduguanym Gysedy Gyness ivelisa inoveli kunye nemvakalelo kunye nemvakalelo ", engafaniyo nothando: I-Marianna Dashwood ihlala Khokelwa yingqondo. Ngenxa yoko, ekucingeni komfundi, intiyo elixhaphakileyo ikhula phakathi kweempawu zabantu.
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, uJane wajonga amanenekazi anobuchule kunye neNkosi "yekratshi", ukuba ngubani ekuhambeni kwexesha uye kwiikowuteshini. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-Austin yaqalisa ukusebenza kwiNcwadi ngo-1795 (96), kodwa le noveli yayingakhange ichukumiseke kakuhle yabavakalisi, ngoko ke yayinguthuli kwishelufu kangangeminyaka eli-15.
Ngumbulelo kuphela "kwimvakalelo kunye nemvakalelo" - inoveli eyanika umbhali indlela eya kwihlabathi eliya kwelinye ilizwe - umsebenzi wesibini wawubona ukukhanya. Kuyinyani, ngaphambi kokuba udlulise incwadi epapashoni, uJane waphinda wanikela ngegama "Ekuqaleni enxibe igama elithi" imibono yokuqala ", phantse engaphaya kokuqatshelwa kombhali kwaye wafumana amava.
Ngo-1814, inoveli eyaziwayo "Mansfield Park" iphuma, kwaye unyaka, ukushicilela uJohn Murray Pauble upapasha umsebenzi ohlekisayo we-EMMA, uzama ukucwangcisa ubomi bobuqu kunye nabahlobo. Le veli ichukumisekile nenkosi yepeni uWalter Scott.
Ngo-1816, uJane uba ngumbhali wenoveli yekhaya "yesizathu" (epapashwe emvayo), isiza soWart Sir Sirte, owayesekupheleni kwento engekhoyo. Kuwo wonke umntu onobuninzi babalinganiswa kulo msebenzi, unokwabela intombi eneminyaka engama-27 ubudala uWalter Ann Elliot, kuba le ntombazana inesithukuthezi yigorha leNcwadi ye-Austical.
Nangona wayeselula, uAnn uvela phambi kwabafundi ngokomfanekiso womfazi osisilumko nobonwabisayo, obizwa ngokuba yintombi enkulu. UAnn wathandana nomfana oselula, nangona kunjalo, ekhokelwa ziingxoxo zengqondo, wamgatya ngenxa yentlalo-ntle.
Ukuba sithetha ngohlobo lombhali uJane Austin, ke, kunjalo, ungugqirha wezengqondo onobunkunkqele, owazi ukubini kwimiphefumlo yabantu nakwiingxaki zemihla ngemihla, yintoni enokugwetywa ngemisebenzi yakhe. Kwaye uJane wayeqhele ukukhangela imibhalo-ngqangi yezabelo zezabelo kunye ne-sarcasm. Nangona ii-epchs ezikhanyisiweyo neVictorian zidlula kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ezo zinto zibalulekileyo zabantu, njengohanahaniso, ukubawa, ikratshi, inkanuko, njl njl. Khange ahambe kwimpukane.
Yonke le nto yayikukuba ngexesha lamaxesha eebhola ezinobunyameko kunye neeSalon zoncwadi. Umzekelo, ungakukhumbula ukuba intiyo kaNkskz Bennet kwi-damect ekuqhubeni iliso iguqulwa ibe yimvakalelo enomdla emva kweendaba eziza kwenza isindululo sendoda yakhe kunye nentliziyo yentombazana yakhe (" Ikratshi nomkhethe"). Yiyo loo nto, uJane waphula i-stereotypes kwi-fluff nothuli, ababengabafundi beenoveli ezivakalayo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu bombolozo wesiNgesi buzaliswa ziimfihlo kunye neentsomi. Umzekelo, abanikiweyo bebhagraphe abasazi ukuba inyani yenenekazi. Eminye imithombo ibanga ukuba yayilinenekazi elincinci elinomtsalane, abanye bayichaza njengesixhobo sokuntywila, ababethunyelwa ebuntwaneni, ebalekayo. Ngohlobo lwentombazana, nayo, kukho izimvo ezithandwayo: Ibonakala njengentombazana eyintloko neyinto esebenzayo, ngoko, ngokuchaseneyo, inenekazi elinobuthathaka nelinomtsalane elinomlinganiso olungileyo kunye nomlinganiswa olungileyo. Malunga nenkangeleko kaJane inokugwetywa ngumzobo owenza uCessandra ngo-1810.
I-novelist yazisa amabali othando ehlabathini, kodwa yena akazange afumane ulonwabo. Ubomi bakhe bajika ngo-1796. UThomas Langlua Lefra Lefra, umfana ofundileyo, iinyawo ze-Huhuuenot, weza kufuna izalamane zakhe, zahlala kufutshane neOstinov. UThomas watshiswa yintliziyo yombhali, inkanuko yequla yaguqukela ekubeni ngumntu okufutshane, okwaqala ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza kwana. Ngokutsho kweentsomi zosapho, ubudlelwane babantu abaselula bangena kwisiphelo esifileyo ngenxa yokungoneliseki kuka-Aunt Lefrir. Emva kwexesha, abantu ababephila ngexesha bathi ezi ziganeko zifumene i-echoes "zengxolo yengqondo", kodwa uTomas wathi ethanda uJane "uthando lwabantu" - akunakuthetha nto.
Kodwa uAustin akazange akhokelwe kukuxambulisana kwengqondo, kodwa waguqukela ekubeni yintombazana ethandekayo, eyafundwa luthando olungafanelekanga kangangeentsuku nobusuku, ngenxa yokuba, njengoko i-pushkin isetyenziselwa i-Engennian, Kulula esithandwayo. " Ngelixa uThomist wayenesithukuthezi, uThomas walungisa ubomi bakhe bobuqu ngaphandle kobunzima: waba ngumgwebi oPhezulu weIreland nakatshata umntu osisibhozo, watshata nabantwana abasibhozo.
Kodwa umfana onguHarris Gigga wayenayo yonke into evaliweyo ngokuchaseneyo: Umfo uthande uJane. Kwisicelo sesandla nentliziyo, i-connenusunus, kodwa nje ngenye imini yayingancedi iyeza, akazange alindelele amayeza, akazange alibale i-thomas, ke le nene nene nene nenenekazi ilungiselela ikamva lakudala. Le ntombazana ayifanelanga ukuba ivakalelwe njengomfazi onothando kwaye yazi umtsalane womama, kuba iinoveli zazingenanyana. Kwincwadi yakhe efumaneka kuncwadi, uJane wayebandakanyekile ekuthunga kwaye wanceda umama wakhe endlwini.
Ukufa
UJane Austin wabanjwa kwisifo sika-Adoison (ukungabikho kwe-adrenal cortex). Ukugweba ngenkcazo yeklinikhi, esi sigulo mali sinokuthatha iminyaka eliqela ngaphandle kweempawu kwaye sihlala singabonwa, kodwa siqhubeka siqhubeka neemeko zoxinzelelo okanye ezinye izifo. Isigulana siphazamisa inkanuko, i-Nuseuse iyavela, ukunciphisa umzimba, iTatania, njl.
Umbhali oshiye ihlobo le-1817 ngonyaka wama-42 ngonyaka. Ufike eWinchester ukuze alawule, kodwa intombazana ayizange ikwazi ukujamelana nesi sifo. UJane wayengenalo ixesha lokugqibezela i-sandsons, i-watsons kunye nenenekazi uSusan. IRomani "Emantla eGabety" yapapashwa ngeposi.
Iifilimu
Akumangalisi ukuba i-Austin izaliswe yintsingiselo yomsebenzi ibingekatyhutyha.
- Ngo-1995, uMlawuli E-Eng LI wafumana ingqondo "yengqondo kunye neemvakalelo" kwizikrini zeTV. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uEmma Thompson wabhala iskripthi kangangesithuba seminyaka emihlanu. Iindima zenziwa ngu-EMMA Thompson, Alan Rickman, isibonelelo seHigh kunye nabanye abadlali.
- Ku-1995, kwangalowe-1995, i-Mini-Seride "Ikratshi" liphuma, apho uJennifer El, uColin Firth, uSuzanna Harker, uSuzanna asebenza kwiseti. Olu ngcende longelelanisa kwi-plop lutyhinge uthando lwe-avin kinmans kwihlabathi liphela.
- Ngo-2005, uKeira Kightley, uMatthemie Macfadien noRosamind bathatha inxaxheba kwi-meloddraman "ikratshi kunye nocalucalulo". U-Emma Thompson waphinda wasebenza njengemeko kwaye wakhetha ukutshintsha iincoko ezivela kwisabelo sesandla.
- Ngo-2006, ifilimu kaJane Austin's Biledical ifikile, ukuxelela umbhali kunye nolwalamano lweLefir. Indima yenoveli yayidlala uAnn Hatshaway, kwaye uJames Mcavoy waphinda waphinda waphila kwintanda yakhe.
- Ngo-2008, uMlawuli weDan Zeff wazisa kwiNkundla yabaphulaphuli I-Mini-∎ Incwadi ethi "Incwadi ehlaziyiweyo yeJane Austin" ngeJamaima Rupper kunye ne-Elliot Kowan Star.
- Kwakuloo nyaka, uJeremy wavring "Izihluzi zothando zikaJane Austin" baphuma.
I-Bibliography
- "Uthando Nobuhlobo" (1790);
- "Imbali yaseNgilani" (1791);
- "Oodade abathathu" (1792);
- "Imvakalelo kunye nemvakalelo" okanye "ingqondo kunye neemvakalelo" (1811);
- "Ikratshi nocalucalulo" (1813);
- "Ipaki ye-mansfield" (1814);
- I-Emma (1815);
- "Iimpikiswano zesizathu" (1817);
- "Emhlabeni phaphaty" (1818).
- "Cassandra entle";
- "Lady Susan";
- Ii-watsons;
- "USandton";
- "I-Leslie Ardle"