Biography
Omnye wabameli ababambeleyo kwesikolo saseklasini ye-therore diver yeza eluntwini, xa abafundi behlabathi liphela bangena emsebenzini eGarland Garland, uStephen Crane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane noFrane.
Umbhali owayephuhlisa ezona ngcinga ziphambili zobugcisa bexeshana kwimisebenzi, umzekelo wobomi obuthile obukhethekileyo wafunda i-plexus yemikhosi yendalo kunye neendlela zentlalo. Ukuba ngumkhangeli, umqhubi akazange alibale ngesihloko esithi "Iziqalekiso zenyama", ngemfesane ngokungabinantlonelo amagorha endalo yakhe.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umqhubi waseToodore Herman Albert wazalwa nge-27 ka-Agasti, nge-1871, ebekwe kwi-midred ye-terre-ishushu (Indiana). Abaqhubi abahlala kakubi. Intloko yentsapho yathatyathwa ngalo msebenzi, kodwa imali yesiqulatho yabantwana abalithoba yayigxunyekwe. Ngokunxulumene nokuhla kwemeko yemeko yezinto eziphathekayo, umbhali wexesha elizayo ekupheleni kwesikolo washiya indlu kaBawo waya eChicago ukuze afumane imali. Apho, ungoyiki ukusebenza nzima, umntu olawula ukusebenza kunye nokucoca kwindawo yokutyela, kunye ne-handyman evenkileni, kunye nomthwalo.
Ngo-1889, umfana oselula oqaqambileyo waphumelela ngempumelelo iimviwo zokungena kwiYunivesithi yaseIndiya eBloomington. Kuyinyani, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali, akunakwenzeka ukuba uphumelele kwiziko lemfundo. Phenguli ubomi obungcono, umqhubi uye esixekweni esiya esixekweni. Kwiminyaka yewadi (ukusuka ngo-1892 ukuya kwi-1894) i-theodore ikwazile ukutyelela intatheli ePittsburgh, iToledo, eCors kunye neNew York.
Uncwadi
Udade "udade udade uKerch" wabona ukukhanya ngo-1900. Kwintliziyo yeyelenqe-Imbali ye-Carolina Intombazana yePhondo (iKerry) i-mis, eyakhangela ubomi obungcono yeza eChicago. Kumsebenzi, isizathu semali yendabuko yombhali waseMelika ulandelwa ngokucacileyo. Umbhali wemibala uchaza ukuthobeka umntu akwazi ukuya kuye intlalo-ntle yakhe.
Iimpawu eziphambili zesiRoma - iKerry kunye namadoda amabini (Drraie kunye neHerrorty), odlale indima encamathisekileyo ebomini, onoxabiso lokufakelwa komzimba, umbulelo, umbulelo onyanisekileyo, ububele kunye nothando. Zontathu ezi zinto zintandathu ngezibonelelo zazo kwaye nangaliphi na ixesha ukuthanda izilangazelelo zabo zikulungele ukuhamba kwiintloko zazo.
Umsebenzi wesibini - uJenny Gerhardt - wapapashwa ngo-1911. Kumsebenzi esithetha ngomhle, kodwa amahlwempu njengentombazana enentombazana enexhoba lexhoba, nto leyo ngenxa yobume babathandekayo bangena kwimo yomxholo. Ngo-1912, inoveli yokuqala evela kwi-Trilogy "Umnqweno" wapapashwa - incwadi ethi "Imali". Umsebenzi, okusekwe kwicebo lebhayiloji ye-biography ye-American yezigidi zaseMelika, uxelela abafundi ibali lobomi bukaFrank Kauperwood.
Owona mlinganiswa uphambili wazalwa kusapho lomsebenzi wasebhankini omncinci, othi, ekufezekisweni konyana woNyana oqolileyo, uKhodi oshushu oshushu wokusebenza kwinkampani awayesebenza kuyo. Ingqiniwe embuthweni njengomrhwebi onetalente, uFrank, emva kwethuba, waya emoyisa iPhiladelphia. Apho, umrhwebi wesitokhwe achithe izibini eziphumeleleyo kwaye waba sisigidi. Imeko entsha ivumela oosomashishini abancinci ukuba bangene kwizangqa ezibonakalayo zePhiladelphia yoluntu.
Encwadini, kunye nenkcazo yobuqhetseba bezemali, imbali yesibini ibanjiwe, ixelele ngobomi bukaKap yeKap. Umqhubi uchaze umlinganiswa wenoveli yakhe ngaphandle kokuboleka, exhoma zombini iimpawu ezintle nezingalunganga. Ekugqibeleni, yayinganqweneleki ukuba ihlawule imigaqo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha egxile kuluntu oluphezulu, i-Bunlet Na Natara Frank izisa entolongweni.
Izenzo zenoveli elandelayo "iTitan" ka-1914 e-chicago. Ayikwazi ukutsala iziphumo ze-Frank Retu ukuya kumtshato wakhe wesithathu woomatshini. Ngoku injongo yayo ziinkampani zegesi kunye nezothutho. I-genius yezemali ikhetha ngokwayo i-whit kunye nendlela ye-gingerbread. Amagosa anye uyanyavala, kwaye omnye owoyikekayo. Abakhuphisana nabo bomdla womrhwebi, bajoyine ishishini lokugxothwa kwimfazwe evuthayo yamandla.
UFrank Kauperwood uphulukana nedabi kwaye ungene emthunzini. Kwangelo xesha linye, iqela elimnyama lifika ebomini bentsapho yegorha eliyintloko. Umfazi, owabuphanga uqhagamshelo lweqabane lakhe nentombazana esencinci, uzama ukuzibulala. UFrank usisindisa ethembekileyo kwaye emela ukuba ahambe naye eLondon, apho, ngokuqiniseka kwakhe, baya kuqalisa ubomi obutsha.
Izenzo zeNoveli yeSithathu, inoveli "(emva kokubhubha kombhali ngo-1947) zityhilwe kwikomkhulu laseFransi. Apho, iKauperwood ibandakanyeke ekwakhiweni komgca weMetro. Ngaphandle kweminyaka yobudala obuqinileyo, i-baloveman yekamva isazama ukubeka yonke imali epokothweni yakhe. Ngeli xesha isifo sezintso siphazamisa izicwangciso zakhe. Emva kwesinye inkqantosi, umntu oqingqiweyo engamvumelanga ukuba aphile ubomi obonwabisayo noxolo, ukuba nexesha phambi kwekomiti yokusweleka phambi kwenkosikazi yakhe kunye nenkosikazi yakhe.
Phakathi kweempapasho zencwadi ethi "Yintoni entsukeni" kwizinto zokubala ziphuma "" (1915), "intlekele yaseMelika (ngo-1925) kunye" optot "(1946). Isiqingatha senoveli ye-autobiographical "I-Geius" Yazisa umfundi ngobomi bomculi uJijina, onobuntu bakhe buya kutshintsha xa ungena kwi-bourgeoium ephakathi. Yonke indlela yobomi bukaYujina, echazwe kwinoveli, umqhubi wabelana ngamanqanaba amathathu: ulutsha, umzabalazo, ulutsha. Ibali, elilukiweyo ukusuka kubuchule kunye nenkanuko, ukusuka kuthando lwabasetyhini kunye nokupeyinta, ukuwisa impumelelo kunye nokukrakra, akuyi kushiya namnye umntu ongafundanga.
Imeko yomsebenzi wesibini ("Intlungu yaseMelika") yeyona ziganeko zenzekileyo eMelika ngo-1906. Le mveliso inokwahlulwa ngokwengqondo ibe ngamacandelo amathathu. Kumfundi wokuqala uqhelane negorha eliphambili leClyderdes, enabo, kunye nosapho olukhohlakeleyo, uhamba kwizixeko zaseMelika kunye nomsebenzi wonqulo. Ukuhlala kubuhlwempu bomfana ophambukele kwiHlabathi liphela kubazali abajonga umsebenzi wabo wokufundisa abantu abaninzi bokwenyani.
Umfana, yonke imiphefumlo ilwela ubomi obungcono, biza umnxeba ehotele, apho abahlobo abatsha bangena nabahlobo abangazaziyo ubomi obuhle balowo utywala kunye nokundwendwela ihenyukazi. Umnqweno weendwendwe ezityebileyo zeClyde, obukele kwidrafti yedrafti, wakhula. Inxalenye yesibini yenoveli iqala eChicago. Kulapho owona mlinganiswa uphambili wabaleka emva kokuba kwenzeke ntoni kuye kwimiphetho yemvelo yesigameko esingathandekiyo.
Kwisixeko samathuba amakhulu, wadibana nomalume wakhe, owamnika umsebenzi kumzi-mveliso ngemveliso yekhola. I-Griffiths yamkele isithembiso kwaye yafudukela kwangoko e-Lukhrg (iNew York). Xa kuveliswa komfana osebenza nzima ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu lifuna lenyuka. Kwangelo xesha linye, ubomi bobuqu buqu bafumana utshintsho. Uwela eluthandweni kunye ne-robordinate yakhe - iRoberta- kwaye, efuna indawo enenekazi elincinci elithobekileyo, lupholisa ukubangela umdla kwakanye. Ke ebomini bakhe kubonakala ngathi yi-Aristoct yangaphakathi yeSondra.
Inxalenye yesithathu inikelwe kumququ we-Griffiths phakathi kwekopi etyebileyo kwaye ithanda intombazana yakhe engakhathali. Le meko inzima kukuba uRobert unxibe umntwana phantsi kwentliziyo, ngoko kungenxa yokuba i-Clyde ayinakuhamba kuye. Imbali yosapho lwerns yendawo yenkolo yobuOthodoki ye-Orthodox yeentsapho ze-Barns ixelelwa kwiNcwadi yeLiso le-LOTT. Ungquzulwano lwezizukulwana olunxulumene nokuqwalaselwa kwabantwana abahlanu ngumgca ophakathi womsebenzi.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi wokuqala kaGein uGeius yayinguSara oshlophe. Ngesahluko esineenwele ezibomvu, umbhali wadibana ngo-1893. Ke intatheli yephepha elincinci le-St Phakathi kwebhaso ibiliqabane lakhe elizayo. Ukulula, ubuhle kunye neentloni zentombazana ebambe umbhali. Kwimeko yothando euphoria, isibini sakhanya. Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala emva koko, iprosesi yaqalisa ukubona umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwakhe kunye nentanda.
Umbutho welo xesha wawugweba abafowunelwa emzimbeni phakathi kwabantu abancinci abangakhange benze ngathi ubudlelwane babo. Umqhubi wayengasondeli kwintanda-bulumko enjalo, kodwa emhlophe okholelwa ukuba iZiko lomtshato kunye neminyaka emihlanu akazange alivumele i-theodore, ichaza ukuba umsondezo osondeleyo uza kwenzeka kuphela emtshatweni kuphela. NgoDisemba 28, 1898, eWashington, eHerman Teodore, umqhubi kunye noSara Osrarne White kunye nomtshato osemthethweni.
Kuba umbhali uhlala enxibelelana ne-boom yengqondo, wazama ukwazisa kwesi sisangqa noSara. Umzamo awuphumelelanga: Intombazana ayikwazanga ukuphumla kwi-bourgeois tulines. Nangona kunjalo, le meko ayiphazamisane nenenekazi elinolwazi olugqibeleleyo lokujonga isimo sengqondo sokungakhathalelwa kwabameli bendoda.
Ngokuthe ngqo ukuba eNew York, i-drivester yayinabasetyhini. Ngokukhawuleza wathandana kwaye waphola ngokukhawuleza. Ke yenzekile kude kube lixesha lobomi bombhali, iTelma Kadlipp ayiveli. UTelma wayeyintombi yomnye wabasebenzi bephephabhuku, umhleli wawo umqhubi. UHerman wamkelwe kwinkosikazi yakhe ukuba uphumelele iimvakalelo komnye. Ngo-1909 uqhawulo-mtshato lwabo lwenzeka. Sele kubomi belanga, ngo-1944, uTheodore watshata nomzala wakhe uHecharson.
Ukufa
Umqhubi kaTheodore wasweleka ekuswelekeni kwentliziyo ngoDisemba 28, ngo-1945 eLos Angeles (California).
Ilifa lokuyila lelifa lombhali ligcinwe kwingqokelela yeenoveli kunye namabali. Ukongeza kwezinye izinto, ngo-1931 nango-1951 eUnited States, umlawuli uJosefu, eSternberg naseGeorge Stevens, esekwe kwinoveli ye-prosausaika "yelitye laseMelika. Imisebenzi yombhali "uJenny Gerhardt" (1933) nodade Carri (1952) nabo bakhutshwa.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1900 - "udade we-kerry"
- Ngo-1911 - "Jenny Gerhardt"
- Ngo-1912 - "Imali"
- Ngo-1914 - "ITitan"
- Ngo-1915 - "UGEBEUS"
- Ngo-1925 - "Intlekele yaseMelika"
- Ngo-1946 - "iyelenqe"
- Ngo-1947 - "SUK"
Iikowuti
- "Ulonwabo luyeza kulowo uyazi ukulinda."
- "Imali ikhawuleza ifumanisa ukuba nezinto zabo, kamsinya nje ukuba iminqweno yomntu inxulumene nendawo yeemvakalelo."
- "Abantu abathandana kakhulu kwaye bathandane kakhulu, bathatha i-Strawsantie encinci."
- "Musa ukuba nebhongo xa unceda amahlwempu. Yiba nombulelo kuba wazisa eli thuba. "
- "Akukho nto iyinyani kwaye engapheliyo, ngaphandle kwentliziyo, ubuntu."
- "Umhlaba uya kubanda udlule ngabantu abangabandakanyeki kubuhlanya bakhe."
- "Ixesha lomeleza imikhwa yethu, iminqweno kunye neemvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo."
- "Yenza okuhle, Uze uyenze Inkulu"
- "Oyena unoyolo akanguye lowo unikweyo, wowunika.
- "Kukutyholwa ukubanika iingcebiso kubantu abangafuni ukubamkela."