Biography
I-mayakovsky kumbongo ithe:"Yitya iipinaples, amalangatye, usuku lwakho lokugqibela lufika, bourgeois."Uluvo olubalaseleyo lokulingana kunye ne-proletariat kwindawo yeSoviet yenziwa yinguqulelo yomsebenzi wamanani oluntu owaziwayo - i-kartrich iss kunye ne-Karl Marx. Yiyeke imfundiso yakhe, yayingu-Utopini, njengoko kubonisiwe ngumzekelo obonakeleyo we-USSR, kodwa aba bantu bashiya uphawu embalini, intanda-bulumko kunye noqoqosho.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umsunguli waseMarxism wazalwa amazibulo (abantwana abayi-9 bakhula endlini) nge-28 kaNovemba kwidolophu yaseBartender, osisithili se-Rhine-Westphalia, eJamani). I-ofisi yePolitiki yexesha elizayo yakhuselwa kwintsapho yomvelisi we-frictrich ye-friedy ye-eelsy esekwe kwisixeko saseBergish-Godbach ngenkulungwane ye-16, yaye yahlulahlulwa zizimvo zobomi.
Umama wenguqulelo ka-Elizabeth uElizabeth I-Engels (Hallo) yaphuma kwindalo yabahloli abahlonitshwayo, yayingumntu onobubele, ofundileyo, efundiswe kwaye enetalente. Kunyana wakhe omkhulu, uElizabhete wayenempembelelo entle. I-Engels-SR yayilikholwa, njengabazali bakhe, lalilixhonywa kwi-chietism, elaphakama kwiimfundiso zikaLuther. Abaphathi babengabi ngabaxhasi bemibono ehlonitshwe ngamaLutherns, kodwa bakhuthaza ukuncokola noThixo kunye nocokishekileyo. UFridrich Jr., wakhula kwimozulu, wasamkela isivuno samaProtestanti esalawula endlini.
Kodwa xa i-eels yaba mdala, waqalisa ukulugatya ukholo kuzo zonke iindlela ukuba abekho thixo: Utyekelo lwe-atheiti lwenziwa qho ngonyaka. Yonke loo nto iqalile emva kokuba lo mfana wadibana nendalo kaDavid Straus -izonyango lwenkolo. Emva kokufunda umsebenzi wakhe ophambili "Ubomi bukaYesu", ii-enguel zaqalisa ukuthandabuza umbono wokholo lobuqu. Kwixa elizayo, "ixhala" lesifuba laba sisikhubekiso phakathi kukaYise noNyana.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elizayo unolwalamano olufudumeleyo notat'omkhulu womgca woomama Gerhard Berhard Vear, umfilini wezemfundo, ukuba ngaxeshanye yayikwindawo ephezulu yokuhlawula. UGerhard wazisa umzukulwana ngehlabathi eliqaqambileyo neyahlukileyo loncwadi, ngakumbi i-EPIC yamandulo yesiGrike. Inkwenkwe yayinomdla "u-Ilia" i-Homerr, apho uMeneli onesibindi wangena kwindibano kunye nentliziyo yakhe ye-Elena. Abaselula abancinci banomdla kumabali athetha ngemfazwe yeTronjan engenalo i-Trojan, apho amagorha angamahlobi athabathileyo, alwa nobomi, kodwa ekufeni.
I-Emelis yaqalisa ukuya kwiziko leMfundo ngokuBalaseleyo kwi-Bartender yakhe, apho corpel ngaphezulu kweencwadi zezifundo kwi-physics kunye ne-chemistry, kwaye ikwabonisa ubuchule bakhe kulwazi lweelwimi. Emva kwexesha, i-rincrich yaba ngumfundi weGyrnasium Elberfeld. Ekwindla yango-1837, umfana wanyanzelwa ukuba ashiye ibhentshi yesikolo ekunyanzelweni koYise, owayefuna ukuba imbewu yakhe ihambe emanyathelweni akhe kwaye ibophelele ubomi kunye neshishini losapho.
UFridrich waphupha ngokufumana imfundo yeDyunivesithi yerhafu, kodwa akakwazanga ukungathobeli ukuthanda komzali wakhe, ngenxa yoko waqala ukusebenza e-Engels-mdala, engenakuphikiswa. Ukuba lo mfo wayenokukhetha phakathi kweshishini kunye nokubhala, emva koko, kunjalo, uya kwenza ukuba bakhethe abasemva. UFridrich Jr. Ubukuphuphuma koncwadi, mhlawumbi i-eniel yayiza kuba yi-goethe yesibini okanye i-schiller yesibini, kodwa ifutha lenze uhlengahlengiso. Nangona e-1238 ye-1238 ye-1238th, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, waba ngumbhali we-ballares obizwa ngokuba "yiBedouins".
Ngo-Agasti 1838, i-riverich, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa iNtloko yoSapho, yaqhubeka nokufunda kumsebenzi wezorhwebo kwidolophu yaseBremen, entshona yeJamani. Njengomfundi, i-e-i-engus wayifumana imali encinci, esebenza njengento ehambelana nayo: Umfana obhale amanqaku entywila kwiingxaki zokuhlaziywa kwephepha-mvume kwi-Stsetygart kusasa i-Oswald. I-Friedrich yayingafuni ukuba abafundi bazi ukuba wayehamba kwintsapho yongxowankulu.
MAHHALA kufunda kunye nexesha lokusebenza intanda-bulumko yexesha elizayo echithwe ngengenelo: Wazifunda ngoncwadi lwaseklasini, wazama ukudibanisa imibongo, aqambe imibongo kwaye wabhala izincoko ezibi. Ukongeza, ii-enis yayingumdlalo onenzondelelo wezemidlalo: wayezibandakanya ukuqubha kunye nokukhwela ihashe. I-Friedrich yaqhutywa ngemisebenzi yomsunguli wemfihlo ye-Mysticy kunye neSondology yaYakobi, kodwa lo mkhwa wawusenzeka.
Ngokubhekele phaya, ukubathandani abathandaziweyo baba yingcali yenkolo kunye nomshumayeli uSchleierrmakshiver, owayengumntu onamahlathi kwaye ehlasela ihlaselo lwe-metaphysics kwinkolo. Emva koko uFridrich waqalisa ukufunda lo mbhalo-bhabha olawulwa sisithandi-sobulumko saseJamani Georgi Hegel, oboniswa kwibala lezinto, kunye nenkolo, imbali kunye nobugcisa.
Ngo-1841, ii-engus zafikelela kwiminyaka yeenkungo kwaye zisiya kwinkonzo emkhosini eBerlin, apho waba linqaku kwi-artilled. UFrederick akazange enze umsebenzi wasemkhosini, kodwa naye waya kwiyunivesithi enkulu, apho waya kumilo kwintanda-bulumko njengendawo yaseHegelians edumisa i-george, kodwa engazange ayithathele ingqalelo. UFridrich yayiyigolide embindini phakathi kwekhohlo nasekunene, kuba wayekhusela iHegel kwiindlela ezihlaselayo.
Marxism
I-Ees kunye neMarx Reainstance yenzekile ngo-1842. Abantu ababini abanengxaki badibana eCologne, kwi-ofisi yoHlelo lwephephandaba iRhine. Ekuqaleni, i-riverich ayizange ibangele inkathalo evela kwiMarx, kuba isithandi-sobulumko sibagqabekukele i-pellas ukuba namathele kwi-Encinati, eyahlukane naye. Ngapha koko, indlela ye-Eeel yalandelwa eManchester, apho wafunda khona i-Azam yeshishini likatata. Kwidolophu enkulu yaseMantla-Ntshona e-England, iMarxist yexesha elizayo yahlala iminyaka emibini. Kwiindawo ezintle ze-United Kingdom, i-E-iels wadibana nobomi kunye nobomi babantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye oku kube negalelo elihle kwimbono yakhe elandelayo.
Ngo-1843, i-riverich ingena kwizikhundla zemfazwe yaseJamani, awayedibana naye eLondon. Ngelo xesha, ii-eels zaqhubeka nokusebenza njengentatheli, ukuthumela umsebenzi wakhe, apho iimpikiswano zobukomanisi zikhanyisiwe, kubandakanywa neNcwadi yoNyaka emininzi, eyapapashwa nguRuga neRuga eParis. Imbalelwano yaqala phakathi kwamaqabane amva kwexesha, ubudlelwane obufudumeleyo nobuhlobo obunobuhlobo baqala ukukhula, bahlala badibana kwaye baxoxa ngeengcinga eziqhelekileyo zefilosofi.
Ngo-1845, ii-egiel ubuyela kwilizwe lakhe kwaye yamkelwa ngokubhala umsebenzi wesayensi "isikhundla sabasebenzi baseNgilani". Kwangelo xesha, ukungavisisani kweSenright noYise baqala. I-Engels-sr. Ngokuqinisekileyo ayiqondi imisebenzi yoNyana. Umsoma wesandla esibanzi akazange abelane ngentanda-bulumko yeembono zokuchasana nokuchasana ne-protariat kunye ne-bourgeoie, awayekuthanda kakhulu. UFrederick akazange aqalise kuphela ukwala zonke iimpawu zenkolo, kodwa zibolekwe neengxaki zamapolisa, ezonakalisa udumo lwesixhobo esikhulu.
Inyani yile yokuba umhlobo kaKarl Marx akazange athandabuze ukuvakalisa iimbono zakhe aze axubushe ubuKomanisi esidlangalaleni. Ke ngoko, abagcini bonyanzeliso lomthetho bazibeka ecaleni kwesithethi esiselula. Akumangalisi ukuba iMarx iphinde yanyibilika, nangona kunjalo, kumthetho waseFransi. Ekugqibeleni, amanani oluntu afudukela kwidolophu enkulu yeBelgium Brussels. Ke ngo-1845, oogxa babo babuyela eNgilane, apho kwiminyaka emi-2 bafumana itikiti "itikiti", umbutho wasekhohlo.
Emva kokuthathwa kweMarx ne-imeyile kwizikhundla zabo, esi sangqa sabo sathatyathelwa indawo yegama "kwiManyano yamaKomanisi". Emva kwexesha, uMbutho waphoswa emva kovavanyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abalishumi elinanye kwiCologne. Ebusika, enyakeni kamva, intanda-bulumko yabuya eBrussels, apho baba ngabasunguli besixhobo esibonisa ukuba "kwiKomiti yeTranisi lamaKomanisi", eyenzelwe unxibelelwano lweposi phakathi kwabaxhasi bezoluntu.
Ukususela ngo-Novemba 1845, iintabalala ezincinci zaqalisa ukusebenza ngevolumu yesibini "ye-Germer", leyo yaba yi-arch ye-arch ye-marx kunye ne-hells. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali abafumani mshicileli, ke incwadi ebalulekileyo yapapashwa kuphela ngo-1932 eMoscow ehlelwe yiDemocrat kaDavidravich Ryazavich. Nangona uninzi lokuqhelanisa kakhulu luqonda i-peels njengesithunzi kunye ne-violin yesibini yeKarl Marx, iRlerich yenze igalelo lesiseko sembali. ULenin uthe:
"Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqonde iMarxism kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba uyicele, ungakholelwa kuzo zonke izinto ezibhaliweyo ze-ories."IMarx kunye ne-Eels babelana ngethiyori iyonke ye-protaliati, kwaye ikhuthaza nemfuneko yokwenza itheko lotshintsho. Ifanele icinge ukuba ngokwahlukeneyo ezi ntliziyo zinkulu aziyi kufezekisa uzuko. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-engus ibiyindlela esebenzayo yamalungelo abasebenzi, ekusebenzeni kwayo "ubungxowankulu" ifilosofi yaphawula ubume obufihlakeleyo. Kwi- "Manifesto yeqela lamaKomanisi", i-Engelo kunye neMarx iqwalasele inguquko yongxowankulu njengokuphela kwendlela, enomda ophakathi komda phakathi kwe-protariatiat kunye ne-bourgeoisie.
Ubomi Buqu
UFrederick Engisel wayekrelekrele kakhulu kunye nomnxibelelanisi we-erloudite. Isithandi-sobulumko sasingabantu abasibhozo: Wayenokuchaza ngesiRashiya, isiPhuthukezi, iIrish kunye nezinye iilwimi. Inguqu idla ngokulungiselela amaqela ukuba amaqabane kaLondon awayeqhutywa nge-nkquaso. Ezi ndibano zinobuhlobo zihlala ziphelela iiyure ezi-2 okanye ezi-3 ebusuku.
Ngenye imini iJenny ide (Intombi kaKarl Marx) I-Daladrich igcwalisa iphepha lemibuzo - le phepha lemibuzo lalinandipha elingazange libonwe phakathi kwamantombazana esikolweni. I-Eels yaphendula imibuzo embalwa. Ngenxa yoko, abahlohli bebhayoloji bafumanisa ukuba uluntu oluyithandile i-charle yezakwalizwi uCharles, kodwa wafunda uShakespeare, uGoethe kwaye ukhubazekile. Kubantu, isithandi-sobulumko sasithanda isimilo esichwayitisayo, sithiyile uhanahaniso kunye nentokazi yentokazi. Kuyaziwa ukuba inani likarhulumente liyinto yonke ebomini ngokulula, kodwa, njengakuphi na ukufa, besoyika oogqirha bamazinyo. Ukongeza kwezinye izinto, ii-engs zamkelekile i-chateau i-1848 ichibi, isitya se-Irish kwisidlo sangokuhlwa kunye ne-fox yokuzingela.
Ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane bothando, inkosi kaMariya kunye nodade wabo uLizzy utsale iRlodrich badibana malunga ne-1843. I-Ees yayingathandi ukwenza ubomi bakhe eluntwini, ke malunga nekamva lolwazi lwakhe luthande loyika kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuba uMariya wayeyintombi kaDiyer kumzi-mveliso wendwangu kwaye wahlula izimvo zontlalontle zokuphinda kwakhona. Kwakhona, ngamahemuhemu, uMariya akazange anikezele ngeziselo ezishushu, kamva inkanuko yakhe ngenxa yotywala yajika yaba lutywala.
Ezinye izazinzulu ziyaguquka kwinto yokuba umkhwa owonwabisayo yayingunobangela wokufa kwakhe ongalindelekanga. Ngo-1863, kwiiyure ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokusweleka kukaSrifrich, umchasi wemitshato, eyabhalwa ngokusemthethweni ulwalamano lwakhe ngokushushu. Emva kokusweleka komfazi wakhe, i-Eess waqalisa ubudlelwane nodadewabo, uLidiya, owayengumfazi omncinci, kodwa owayesaziwa ngokuba nguLizzy. Ngo-1878, uLizzy wagula kwaye wabhabha ebhedini. Ibhinqa alikwazanga ukubuyela kwakhona kwaye lafa kungekudala. Nangona i-pelivelist wayengakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, wayezihlonela iimvakalelo zonqulo zentanda yakhe, waphinda wasayina naye ekuswelekeni kwakhe.
Ukufa
Nge-5 ka-Agasti, 1895, kwafa inkqubela phambili enkulu. Unobangela wokufa yi-esophagus umhlaza. Umzimba wefilosofi uyatshiswa. U-Urn onothuli wahliswa eya elwandle elunxwemeni lweLa Mansha.Ukuhlonitshwa kweMarx kunye ne-imeyile, izitrato zinikwe kwezinye izixeko zaseRussia, kunye nezikhumbuzo. Ngo-1985, iBhanki kaRhulumente yeSoviet Union ekhupha ingqekembe ye-coin.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1845 - "isikhundla sabasebenzi baseNgilani"
- Ngo-1848 - "I-Manivesto Cormist Cover"
- Ngo-1878 - "Anti-Dühring"
- I-1883 - "I-swiactives yendalo"
- 1884 - "Imvelaphi yosapho, impahla yabucala kunye noRhulumente"
- 1886 - "Ludwig Feyerbach kunye nokuphela kwentanda-bulumko yaseJamani"