Biography
Inkulu yaseMoscow Ivan ivan i-Dadilovich Kalita yayidume kwimbali njengomlawuli ongobondi, yandisa intsimi yentloko. Waseka ubudlelwane no-Arma Khan. Ngo-2001, uIvan Kalitu wakhiwa ebusweni beendawo ezingcwele zaseMoscow.
U-Ivan uIvan Kalisita, owazalwa eMoscow, akaphawuleki ukuba ababhali-mbali. YayiyiYunet eqhelekileyo, yakhula kwintsapho yePrince Danille Alexandrovich kunye neqabane lomlawuli. Njengomntwana, inkwenkwe ihlala iliva amabali malunga neetatathi, emva koko kwaye emva koko wahlaselwa eRashiya. Abadala abaninzi baye babona uloyiko. Imvakalelo engathandekiyo idluliselwe kwi-Ivan encinci, kokukhona kwasekutshaneni kwasebusaneni inkwenkwe ibone ukubanjwa kweMoscow.
Kuba i-boyes yabantwana, utata wakhe waxelela iMlawuli yexesha elizayo ngento eyenzekayo kwaRhulumente. Kwiminyaka emi-3, umntwana wabekwa ehashe kwaye waqala ukuqeqesha ihashe. Ngokukhawuleza emva kwalo msitho, inkwenkwe yafuduselwa kubakhathaleli bendoda. Abafundisi-ntsapho banikela ingqalelo ngakumbi kwiziseko zeBhodi, njengoko iNkosazana UDaniyeli wayefuna ukubona entlokweni kaIvan, hayi unyana olizibungu kaYuri.
U-Ivan Kalisita wayehamba ngobukrelekrele kunye nemthetho ngokwahlukileyo kumntakwabo, owahlula umdaniso ongalindelekanga, obukhali. Ngo-1303 uDaniel uyafa. U-Yuri oneminyaka engama-21 uya kucelwa itrone, kwaye uIvan oneminyaka eli-15 waba ngumncedisi kwiNkosana. Ngelixa umnina womdala wayemkile, uIvan wayekhusela iPereslavl. Umlinganiswa onzima, ulungiselelo oluhle lwanceda ukuze baphile, ngaphandle kwenani elincinci lomkhosi.
Iingxoxo zoxilongo kunye ne-Khana zikhokelela kwimiphumo emibi. Ngexesha lohambo lokuya kwi-Golden Horde, umlawuli omtsha wabulawa. Itrone iyadlula, njengoko bekucwangcisiwe nguDaniel Moscow, unyana omncinci - uIvan Kalisita.
Ibhunga lolawulo
U-Ivan Kalisita ngumlawuli ongaqhelekanga. Ukusukela kwiintsuku zokuqala, iNkosana ayizange isoyise imimandla emitsha, kodwa yaqala ukukhuthaza i-Orthodoxy. Egameni lomphathi kwiVladimir, indawo yokuhlala ihlehlisiwe kwi-vladimir. Ngenxa yoko, isixeko saguqukela kwikomkhulu yokomoya laseRussia. Igunya likaMoscow liye landa.
Iingxaki zolwahlulo lomhlaba zaqala ngo-1327, xa abantu bevukela eTver, kwaye kamva babulala i-ACM ARDEAMOR. U-Ivan Kalisita waya eKhan, owakhupha ilebheli ukuya kumlawuli esiya kwizwi elikhulu. Ndikunye namaSuzdalians, inkosana idiniwe, ngelixa uAlexander Mikhailovich tever wasinda kwisohlwayo esinokubakho kwiNovgorod (kamva esifumaneka ePskov).
Emva konyaka, uKhan Uzbek wagqiba kwelokuba ahlule abantu abaziintloko phakathi kwe-Ivan naseAlexander Vasneevich Suzdal Suzdal suzdal. I-Novgorod kunye ne-Kostroma yafudukela eKalita, kwaye inkosana yesibini yiNizhny Novgorod naseGorodits. Ngo-1331, uAlexander vankendevich uyafa, itrone ithatha iKonstantin. Ngeli xesha, imimandla engaphantsi kwenkosazana yase-Suzdal yabuyela eGrant Duching.
Ngexesha ukusuka kwi-1328 ukuya kwi-1330, uIvan Kalita equkumbela imitshato emibini ethandekileyo - iintombi zitshata i-varosmlavsky kunye ne-Konstantin Rostovsky. Imibutho yabasebenzi iyayingenelo kumlawuli, kuba idyokhwe idlulile enkosini yesikhulu. Ingxwabangxwaba phakathi kweMoscow kunye ne-NovgoroD ifikelele kwincopho ngo-1331.
Ingxabano yaqala ukwala iMetropolitan Feoganost ukubeka i-archbishop ye-novgorod arsenia. Isithuba sinike i-kabacy kanics. Ngeli xesha, uKalita ubonakalisa iimfuno zokuhlawulwa kwentlawulo ye-Dani. Ukwala ukwala ukukhokela ekubhalweni komlawuli-inkosana ibeka umkhosi kumhlaba weNovgorod. Ayifikanga kwimbambano, njengoko iVan icwangcise ukusombulula ingxaki yehlabathi.
Ukuziphatha kweKalita, oko kukuthi, umtshato wonyana kaSimeon ngoonoyiko, intombi kaGdiines, yayixhalabele uloyiko lweNovgorod. Abaphathi bagqiba kwelokuba benze: isimemo salandelwa sisimemo sikaNarimunta, owanikwa inqaba yamantongomane, i-ladoga, ye-Korologis, isiqingatha seCogana. Ngembuyekezo, uAlexander Namimuntovich weza ehhlise, ngelixa utata wakhe wayehlala eLithuania. Inkxaso evela kwi-novgorod engakhange ilinde. UMarmaist akazange eze kulwa neenkombe kwaye erhoxisa uNyana ophuma emhlabeni.
Kuphela ngonyaka we-1336, emva kokuba i-feogalitan feoganut yayingenelela, umhlaba uza phakathi kweNoVgorod kunye neKalita. IPrince Ivan ifumana irhafu enqwenelekayo kunye nesihloko soMlawuli weNovgorod. UGdimine wazama ukuziphindezela kumhlaba weNovgorod yehlabathi ebanjwa ngeMoscow, kodwa imfazwe ayizange iqale.
Ngo-1337, uAlexander Tver, kunye nonyana wakhe babulawa. Khan Wasamkela eso sigqibo emva kwe-Ivan Kalisita. Kungekudala i-Prince ibuyela eMoscow. Ngokwe-odolo yomlawuli, intsimbi isuswa kwiCawe yaseSt. Msindisi kwaye ithuthwa kwikomkhulu. I-kalita iphantsi komzalwana uAlexander Mikilovich.
Kwi-biography ye-kalita kukho imikhankaso eyoyikisayo yoloyikitya inkosana yokugxothwa. Ngo-1339, umkhosi waseMoscow wathunyelwa kuSmolensi ngenxa yokungafuni ukuhlawula imbeko kwiHorde. Imbambano phakathi kweNovgorod kunye neMoscow iphinde yazalwa kwakhona. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ucombulule imbambano ye-Ivan kude kube sekupheleni kobomi.
Umgaqo-nkqubo uIvan Kalisita ubizwa ngokuba lusizi. Inkosana eyenzeka kwi-Moscow yakha iitempile ezininzi: ICandestratural Care, i-Casthedral, i-Arhthangils, iCawerhangelsky Caredral, icawe kaJohn Threstwar. Ngexesha lolawulo (ukusuka kwi-1328 ukuya kwi-1340), i-moscow entsha ye-roscow evela kwi-Oak itsala iKalita. Umlawuli ugxeka ngenxa yokholo. Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba uIvan ubhala uSiya Veivel. Ngoku isibhalo sikwithala leencwadi leSayensi yeSayensi.
Abantu ababephila ngexesha lokuhlala baphawula umlawuli njengenkosana eguqukayo nengapheliyo. Han horde ohlonitshwe kunye ne-muscovite. Incede ukugcina i-moscow evela kuhlaselo lwamabala. Intlalo-ntle yezifundo yakhula, unduluko wanyamalala. U-Ivan Dadilovich wasusa inkosazana ekuphangeni nasemfazwe iminyaka engama-40. UKatita uyadinwa ngokungagungqiyo nabachasi, i-folk engaphantsi yemisiwe ngenxa yokuba uDani.
U-Ivan ndafikelela kwisiphumo esingazange senzeke kwelinye ilizwe, kuquka neNoVgorod, Tver kunye ne-Pskov. Kwiminyaka yolawulo, inkosana iqokelele ubutyebi, nto leyo eyayifumana ilifa abantwana kunye nabazukulwana, kubandakanya i-DMMMY Dononkoy. Ngokwamkelwa yindlalifa, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba uKalita afumana umhlaba kwezinye iinkosana.
Ubomi Buqu
U-Ivan Kalisita wadityaniswa kunye ne-Bonds yomtshato kabini. Ngo-1319, uElena waba ngumlawuli. Idatha yembali ngemvelaphi yentombazana ayigcinwanga. Babenoonyana abane - uSimon, uDaniyeli, uIvan noAndreyi. Isifo esingaziwayo sincanca impilo yeqabane eliphakathi.
Ngo-1332, u-Elena wasweleka, emva konyaka uIvan watshata. Ukhetho yayingu-Untana. Iintombi ezine zivele emtshatweni - uMaria, eudokia, i-fickosia, i-biotinia. I-Kalita ene-ther yakho ikhuphe amantombazana atshatileyo. Inkosana iphakamise kuphela imeko - umlawuli oya kubalawula oorhulumente.
Ukufa
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba i-Ivan Kalisita yathatha iposti. Ukuthintela ukuhanjiswa phakathi koonyana, umlawuli wasasaza impahla ngexesha lobomi. USimeyon enekratshi waba ngumnini welifa lesibini lwesithathu. Utata wamshiya njengomxhamli wabantwana abancinci. I-Kalita ekufeni ivunyelwe ngurhulumente. ICandelo elinjalo lenze ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba sikuphephe ukutshabalalisa i-moscow yobuncinci. Ukusweleka kwenkosana kwenzeka ngo-Matshi 1340. Umngcwabo wawubanjwa eKerathangesk Catreral, wakhelela imiyalelo ka-Ivan i.
Ibali alimazi omnye umlawuli, kanye njengokuba ukhetha iMoscow. ISixeko satshintshwa ngexesha lolawulo lukaIvan Kalisita. Ukubulawa kwabantu abachasayo abangenzi inkosana kwiminyaka iminyaka, ngokungafaniyo nomntakwabo. Ukusuka kwi-Ivan ndaya kwisiko ukuba ndinike umlawuli wesitekemeli. I-kalita kuthetha i-wallet okanye ibhegi yesikhumba sokugcina iingqekembe.
Ibali
Kukho umhlobo, okoko inkolwana yaba yinkosana eyayisaza.
"Ehlotyeni 6837 (i.e. ngo-1329 - iPrince ivan ivan ivan ivan ivan ivan danvich ihamba kwihlabathi eVeliky Novhok. Baye ke beza kuye, benomthi wokuhlangulwa, besenza isitya, madoda, emthendelekweni. Kwaye basusa amadoda ali-12, azenze into yokutyisa i-levory: "UThixo unika ihlobo elininzi kwiPrince enkulu ivan Danavich yonke iRussia. I-vasta, ukondla eyabo. " Kwaye inkosana yaseGreater boy yacela ukuba i-boydar kunye nabantu abadala abaziimgqebazana: "Baza ntoni aba bantu?"
Kwaye bamxelela abafana baseNoxetorzheti: "NguMnu., Ukuba nguMnumzana, owenza ngathi uMsindisi onguNgcwele, yaza yabiza indebe yaseYerusalem." Kwaye inkosana yaseGreate yajonga isitya sabo, yambeka isihloko sayo yathi: "Yintoni, bazalwana, ukuba nesitya sam?" Intengiwe yaphendula: "Sizisola ngantoni, emva koko thatha." Kwaye inkosana kaBeko yanika iHryVnia igalelo elitsha: "Kwaye yiya kum kwiveki nganye kwaye undithathe izitya ezimbini zebhiya, owesithathu - ubusi. Hambani nabantwana bam, kwaye niyonwabele imitshato, nizenzele izitya ezintathu zebhiya. "
Imemori
Ngezo ntsuku, abalawuli babeboniswa kwimifanekiso, ukuze nicinge ukuba i-Ivan Kalita ijonge kwifoto. I-Access kwimbonakalo yabantu abadala basePrince ayenzi, kodwa ichaze umlinganiswa kunye nokuziphatha. Umzekelo, uKalisi yindoda ebalayo, yahlukile ngengqondo. Umlawuli wabizwa ngenceba. U-Kalita uhlala efikelela kumahlwempu ngexesha le-Russia. Izicelo zabantu zazama ukuyenza. Indoda enye ivan ndayifaka izihlandlo ezininzi.
Kwilizwe lanamhlanje malunga nomlawuli we-moscow ungalibali. Umzekelo, iingcali ziphuhlise imoto eyahlukileyo kwisityalo saseMoskvich. Isithuthi esibizwa ngokuba "moskvich" ivan kalita ". Ngo-2006, kwingingqi ye-MOSCOW okokuqala, i-odolo lika-Ivan Kalita laziswa, imbasa yoku-odola kuka-Ivan Kalita.