Biography
IBhodi yenkosi yaseFrance Louis xiv ibizwa ngokuba yinkulu, okanye igolide. I-biography kaKumkani iLanga iquka iintsomi. Umxhasi oqinisekileyo kunye nemvelaphi yookumkani, wangena ibali njengombhali webinzana"URhulumente ndim!".Ingxelo egciniweyo yexesha lokuhlala kukaMonarch etroneni - iminyaka engama-72-ayizange ibethe inkosi yaseYurophu: Kuphela ziiyunithi zabalawuli baseRoma kuphela.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ukubonakala kwe-Doughne, indlalifa yohlobo lwe-bourbon, kwiintsuku zokuqala zikaSeptemba 1638, abantu badibana nokungalunganga. Abazali bakaMonarch - i-louis xiii no-Anna Austrian - balinda esi siganeko seminyaka engama-22, ngalo lonke eli xesha ukutshata basala engenamntwana. Ukuzalwa komntwana, ngaphandle kwenkwenkwe, isiFrentshi siqiniseke njengobabalo ngaphezulu, ukubiza uDofina Louis uFlenzo (Bogods).
Amaphepha kazwelonke kunye nolonwabo lwabazali akenzanga ubuntwana bonwabile. Utata katata wasweleka iminyaka emi-5, umama nonina bafudukela ebhotwe, ngaphambi kwebhotwe likaRikelieu. Indlalifa kwitrone ikhula kwi-Ascetic Aatmospheli: Ikhadinali Mazarini - i-charional maorhulumente-ikhuphe amandla, kubandakanya nolawulo lweCandelo loLawulo-mali, ngokwakhe. Ukumkani omncinci wombingeleli wamangamsha abangalunganga akazange akhalaze: inkwenkwe ayizange iqaqambe imali yokuzonwabisa kunye nesifundo, uLouis-i-demplonne wayeneengubo ezimbini ezinamaphepha, inkwenkwe ilala emakhishine.
UMazarini wachaza iMfazwe yeMfazwe yaseburhulumenteni - i-pland. Ekuqaleni kuka-1649, ukubaleka kwabavukeli, usapho lwe-monarch lwashiya iParis kwaye lwahlala kwigumbi lokuhlala lelizwe kwiikhilomitha ezili-19 ukusuka kwikomkhulu. Emva kwexesha, uloyiko olunamava kunye nokuthotywa kwaphungulwa ekubeni luthando lukaLouis xiv ukuya kumandla apheleleyo kunye nokungavani inkunkuma.
Emva kweminyaka emi-3, ukhathazekile, i-nodumo yehla, eyabaleka i-bhidinal yabuya yabuya. I-brazda yemeko yelizwe akazange abulale, nangona uLouis wayegqalwa egcwele ngokupheleleyo ukusuka ku-1643: owaba yiredle enonyana oneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, umama waphulukana namandla kaMazarini.
Ekupheleni kuka-1659, imfazwe phakathi kweFransi kunye neSpain zaphela. Isivumelwano esisayiniweyo sePyrenean sasiziwazisa umhlaba owawuzisa umtshato weLouis xiv kunye nenkosazana yaseSpain Maria Teresia. Emva kweminyaka emi-2, i-wirinal iswelekile, kwaye i-louis xiv yathatha iBhodi yeBhodi ezandleni. I-MONDORURCE YONYAKA-ONGA-23 Oneminyaka engama-23 ubudala wachitha isikhundla soMphathiswa wokuqala, sabiza iBhunga likaRhulumente kwaye labhengezwa:
"Ngaba ucinga ukuba i-theinen ingumbuso? Ilizwe ndim.I-Louis xiv iyenza icace loo mzuzu okwangoku wayengazimiselanga ukwabelana ngamandla. Kwanomama, nto leyo, de kutshanje, uLouis wayesoyika, indawo leyo yaboniswa.
Ukuqala kweBhodi
Ngaphambili, i-moya kunye nethambekele ekuhambeni kukaJolly kunye ne-Dofejen yamangalisa i-geria ukuba yazi kwaye amagosa aneenguqu. U-Louis wazalisa izithuba zemfundo - ngaphambili wayengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Kwindalo, imvakalelo, umphathi oselula onobukhali ngobukhali wengxaki yengxaki kwaye wayisombulula.
ULouis wavakaliswa ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokufutshane, imibuzo yamatyala inikelwe lonke ixesha, kodwa ukuzithemba kunye nekratshi lenkosi yayinkulu. Zonke iindawo zokuhlala zasebukhosini zazibonakala zithozane kakhulu, ke ngo-1662 ukumkani ilanga laguqula indlu yokuzingela kwiindwendwe, eziziikhilomitha ezili-17 zaseParis, ibhotwe lingavalelwa izikali kunye nokunethezeka. Iminyaka engama-50 kwilungiselelo labo yayiyi-12-16% yeendleko zonyaka.
Iminyaka engamashumi amabini yokuqala yolawulo lweMonarch ihlala eLouvre, emva koko nge-tuleies. I-Counterbard Audel Deverles yaba yindawo yokuhlala yeLouis XIV ngo-1682. Emva kokufudukela eLouis enkulu e-Eurousi eYurophu, kwakukho ukuhamba mfutshane kwikomkhulu.
Ubungakanani bamagumbi asebukhosini batyhalela i-louis ukumisela imithetho emininzi echaphazelekayo nakwezona nkcukacha zincinci. Ukufundiswa lunxano, uLouis wasela iglasi yamanzi okanye iwayini, kwafuneka izicaka ezintlanu. Ngexesha lesidlo esithe cwaka etafileni, kuphela inkosi yayihleli, isihlalo yayingakhange iphakanyiswe. Emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, uLouis wadibana nabaphathiswa namagosa, kwaye ukuba uyagula, ibhunga limenywe ngokupheleleyo kumkhuhlane wasebukhosini.
Ngokuhlwa, iiVenkile ezivulekileyo zokuzonwabisa. Iindwendwe zadanisa, zithwalwa zizitya ezikhulu, zidlalwa ngamakhadi apho i-louis yayilikhoboka le-louis. Iimbovane zebhotwe zazibizwa, ngokwezinikelweyo. Igalari eqaqambileyo yegalari yayinobude obuziimitha ezingama-72 kunye nobubanzi be-10. Ukuhonjiswa kwamanenekazi kunye neCavaliger ukuba batshise umlilo.
Kwinkundla yokumkani, ababhali kunye namagcisa asebenzisa i-actiti. Kubutshaba, amayeza kunye nemidlalo ye-moliere, uJean Racina noPierre Colwernel. I-masquerades yacwangciswa kwibhotwe ebhotwe, kwaye ehlotyeni ihagu kunye nejelly yaya kwilali yaseCharianon iqhotyoshelwe kwiigadi ezivelelayo. Ezinzulwini zobusuku, louis, ukondla izinja, waya kwintyatyambo, apho walala khona emva kwesiko elide kunye nemisitho yeshumi elinanye.
Kwezopolitiko zasekhaya
U-Louis XIV wayekwazi ukuba ungaluthatha njani abaphathiswa kunye namagosa. I-Geata-Batter i-Colber ye-Ilphare yomeleza intlalontle yeklasi yesithathu. Ngayo, urhwebo kunye nomzi-mveliso wachuma, umzi wenqanawa. IMarquis De Luvakae Forder, kunye ne-Marshal nenjini yeNjineli yaseMarquis Deban eyakha iinqaba ezakhiwe njengelifa le-UNCO. Ibabalo De Tunner - Unobhala Welizwe LweMicimbi Yamsemkhosini - yajika yaba yi-ofisi yezopolitiko eqaqambileyo kunye neDiplomat.
Ulawulo lukarhulumente phantsi kwe-Louis 14 lwenziwa ngeengcebiso ezisi-7. Iintloko zamaphondo zinyule i-louis. Baxhasayo ngezinto zokulwa nokulungela imfazwe, bakhuthaza ubulungisa obulungileyo kwaye babambe abantu ekuthobeleni inkosi.
IZixeko eziLawulwayo okanye iingcebiso ezibandakanya iBurgomistras. Ubungqingqwa benkqubo yezemali bebekwe emagxeni e-bourgeois encinci kunye nabalingane, nto leyo ephinda yakhokelela ekuphuokeleni nasekuphefumleni. I-Supery Insure ibangele ukuba intshayelelo yerhafu kwiPhepha le-Emblem, eyayisisiphumo sokuphakama eBrittany nasentshona kaRhulumente.
NgeLouis xiv yamkele ikhowudi yorhwebo (i-Assonance). Ukwenzela ukuthintela ukufuduka, unkosikazi wakhupha umdikisi, ngokutsho, owayeshiywe kwilizwe, kwaye loo ndawo yayikhethwe, kwaye isigwebo sentambo sasilinde ekhaya.
Izango likarhulumente kukumkani ilanga lalithengiswa, laba lilifa. Kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, ulawulo lweLouis eParis lwathengiswa i-2.5 yezikhundla kwinani lezigidi ezingama-77 livra. Ukusuka kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo, amagosa akazange ahlawule-baphila ngendleko zerhafu. Umzekelo, ii-manels zifumene umsebenzi kwi-verel nganye ye-veil-ithengisiwe okanye ithengiwe.
UJesuits - oonovimba benkosi-bajika uLouis kwisixhobo sesabelo samaKatolika. Amaziko - I-Huhueunot-Iitempile ezikhethiweyo, zangavunyelwa ukuba zibhaptize abantwana kwaye zitshate. Imitshato phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti ayengavumelekanga. Iintshutshiso zenkolo zinyanzelisa amawaka ama-200 amaProtestanti afudukele eNgilani naseJamani.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle
Ndikunye noLouis France walwa kakhulu kwaye walwa ngempumelelo. Ngo-1667-68, umkhosi weLouis wabathimba iifonti. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, imfazwe yaqala nge-holland elumelwaneni, ngoncedo lweSpain noDenmark bakhawuleza. Kungekudala amaJamani azijoyine. Kodwa umahluko ulahlekile, kwaye iFrance yashukumisa iAlsace, iMordiine kunye ne-Belgian.
Ukususela ngo-1688, uthotho lwezoloyiso lweLouis luyeyona nto ithozamileyo. I-Austria, iSweden, eHolland neSpain, eyazimanya neJamani, imanyene kwi-Augsburg League kwaye ichaswa eFrance.
Ngo-1692, kwi-Cherbori Harbour, imikhosi yeligi eyaphula umkhosi wesiFrentshi. Ngomhlaba, uLouis woyisiwe, kodwa imfazwe yafuna imali engaphezulu nangaphezulu. Abahlali bavukelayo ukwanda kwerhafu, ifanitshala yesilivere evela kwiVenkile yeSmelter. I-Monarch icele uxolo kwaye yaqhubeka nemvume: Wabuya umsiki, uLuxembourg kunye neCataloniya. Ezimeleyo yaba yi-lorraine.
Eyona nto yayikhathazekile yayiyimfazwe ye-louis yelifa leSpanish ngo-1701. Ngokuchasene ne-French kwakhona i-United England, eOstriya noHolland. Ngo-1707, amaLungu, ahambahamba kwii-ALPs, ahlase ubunini beLouis ama-40 omkhosi. Ukufumana imali emfazweni, igolide yegolide yathunyelwa kwilitye kwibhotwe, indlala yaqala kweli lizwe. Kodwa imikhosi yangaphandle yomile, kwaye ngo-1713 isiFrentshi sisayine i-Utrecht yehlabathi kunye neBritane, kunye nonyaka emva kwe-Austriete.
Ubomi Buqu
Louis xiv - ukumkani, owazama ukutshata nothando. Ke yona ingoma yamazwi ayiyi kuphosa ngaphandle, ayingenxa yamandla ookumkani. U-Louis oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala wathandana nomtshana oneminyaka eli-20 ubudala oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala i-Cadinal mazarini, intombazana efundileyo uMaria Machini. Kodwa ukwenzeka kwezopolitiko kunyanzelwa kwiFransi ukuya kwisiphelo sehlabathi kunye neSpaniards, enokukhutshelwa kwiibhasi zomtshato zeLoueea Maria Maria.
Kwilize kwi-Louis Quis Quis Queen King kunye nekhadinali ukuze umvumele ukuba athathe umfazi kaMaria- wanyanzelwa ukuba atshate iSpanish engathandwanga. UMaria wayetshatile kwiNkosana yase-Italiya, kwaye eParis Umtshato waseLouis noMaria uTeresia wenzeka. Kodwa ukugcina ukuthembeka kwiqabane likaMoses akunakunyanzela nabani na - uluhlu lwabafazi bakaLouis xiv, awayenazo iinoveli, zinomdla kakhulu.
Kungekudala emva komtshato, uKumkani owayengumsindo waphawula iqabane lomntakwabo, uDude waseOrleans, - Henrietta. Ukukrokrela kuye, inenekazi elitshatileyo lazisa uLouis ene-Sleillan eneminyaka eli-17. I-Blonde Louise De La Whromala, kodwa wayenguMila kwaye wayekuthanda uLounas Louis. IsiRoma esineminyaka emithandathu ubudala sinoLouise sathweswa sisithsaba sokuzalwa kwenzala emine, yabo, unyana nentombi yakhe babehlala abantu abadala. Ngo-1667, ukumkani wasuswa kuLouise, enika isihloko seDuchess.
I-MyAw-Muis de Montiespan-Iphesheya kwelaseLa Walter: Ingqondo yothuli kunye nengqondo ephilayo ibineminyaka eli-16. Wajonga iminwe kwi-louis yothando louis. Ezi zinto zimbini zesosi sazala i-Louis ngumntwana, kodwa uMeskespan wayesazi ukuba abantu abaya kubuyela kuye abanike abantwana abasibhozo (basinda ezine).
UMorisban Marsbalkhali waya kumchasi, owaba ngumphathi wabantwana bakhe - umhlolokazi weSkurnn, iMarquis de Mrenthen. Umfazi ofundileyo onomdla kwingqondo ebukhali yeLouis. Wayethetha naye iiyure kwaye waqatshelwa ngemini enye ukuba ngaphandle kwenkosi yeMarquis. Emva kokubhubha kukaMaria Teresia, uLouis XIV Gament Metrotenon kwaye uguquliwe: Inkosi yaya kwezenkolo, kwakungekho mkhondo wangaphambili.
Ukufa
Ngentwasahlobo ye-1711, unyana kaMonarch wasweleka kwi-incoxpox - Dose louis. Indlalifa itrone yamenza uNyana wakhe, umzukulwana wenkosi, umzukulwana wenkosi ilanga, wasweleka emntwini. Umntwana osele ngu-Trakhulu kaLouis xiv - wasizuza itayitile ye-Dofina, kodwa egula nguScrowtalen kwaye wasweleka. Ngaphambilana, uLouis wanika ifani ye-bourbon ukuya koonyana abathathu, awazala kuMtshato waseDemeskan. ETestamente, babenenkathalo kwaye banokufumana ingozi yetrone.
Uthotho lokusweleka kwabantwana, abazukulwana kunye namantshontsho baphembelele impilo ye-louis. I-Monarch yahluleka kwaye ilusizi, inomdla olahlekileyo kwimicimbi karhulumente, inokulala ebhedini kunye nedyle imini yonke. Ukuwa kwihashe ngexesha lokuzingela kwakukusukela kwi-Rount i-77 ubudala i-Rocky: ILouis yonakalisa umlenze, iGayoa yaqala. Icetyiswe ngo-utyando ngoogqirha -Ukuphindwa-kuyaliwe. I-Monarch yenze ii-odolo zokugqibela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti kwaye zafa ngoSeptemba 1.
Iintsuku ezisi-8 zokuhamba uLouis watsho kakuhle kwiiVersailles, ukuya kwi-senth suved ukuya kwi-basilica yaseSaint-Denis Abbey kwaye ingcwatyelwe kwizithethe zamaKatolika. Ixesha leBhodi yeLouis xiv liphelile. I-King iSun ilawula iminyaka engama-72 kunye ne-110 iintsuku.
Imemori
Malunga namaxesha enkuni enkulu ayisusi ifilimu enye yeefilimu. Imaski yokuqala-"ye-Iron" eyalelwa ngu-Allan Donon - waphuma ngo-1929. Ku-1998th louis xiv kwitheyiphu ye-adventure "Indoda kwi-Iron Stask" idlale i-leonardo di Cap Prio. Ngokutsho kwefilimu, iFrance ayizange inikezwe ngaphandle, kodwa amawele omntakwabo, ohlala kwitrone.Ngo-2015, uthotho lweTV lwaseCanadia yaseCanadia "verveailles" kulawulo lweLouis nolwakhiwo lwebhotwe lwafika kwizikrini. Ixesha lesibini leprojekthi liphume ngentwasahlobo yowama-2017, umphezulu wonyaka uqalile ukudubula owesithathu.
I-Issay yezincoko ezibhaliweyo zibhalwe ngoLouis. Ibhayiloji yakhe ephefumlelwe ukuba yenze iinoveli zika-Alexander Duma, uAnn noSerzh Gelon, uJuliette Benzi.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Ngokwembali leyo, ukumkanikazi wazala amawele, kwaye iLouis 14th yayinomnye umzalwana owafihlayo kwisonka esimthandayo. Ababhali-mbali abaqinisekisi ubukho bomninawa waseLouis, kodwa ungayamkeli ngokwasemzimbeni. Ukumkani wayenokufihla isalamane ukuba aphephe ukungcungcutheka kwaye angaqali ukothuswa eluntwini.
- Ukumkani wayenomntakwabo omncinci - uFilipu uOfobo. I-Dofin ayizabalazela ukuhlala etroneni, eyanelisa imeko eyayinemeko enkundleni. Abazalwana banovelwano, uPhilip wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Louis "omncinci."
- Malunga nomnqweno we-rabalazian louis xiv leegends: inkosi kwelinye idla ukutya okuninzi kangangokuba bebeya kwanela isidlo sasemini sonke. Nasebusuku, iVaMdiner yazisa inkosi ekutyeni.
- Ithetha loo nto, ukongeza kwimpilo entle, izizathu zokuphila eziphezulu ze-louis zazininzi. Omnye wabo - emzimbeni kaMonakaliso waphila iRibbon Worm (i-chain), ke louis yomiswe "yena kunye nalo mfo." Ubungqina bugcinwe kwiingxelo zabaphathi.
- Oogqirha benkulungwane ye-17 babekholelwa ukuba amathumbu esempilweni yayilithumbu elingenanto, ke uLouis wayehlala eneelebheli. Akumangalisi ukuba ukumkani welanga uye kwigumbi lokuphumla ukusuka kwi-14 ukuya kwi-18 ngemini, ukuphazamiseka kwesisu kunye nokwenziwa kwegesi kunye nerhasi rhoqo.
- Ugqirha wamazinyo iNkundla uDaca wayekholelwa ukuba akukho sifo sikhulu ngakumbi kunezine. Ke ngoko, wawasusa amazinyo ngenkosi yengalo engaphembeliyo kude kube yiminyaka engama-40 emlonyeni weLouis akazange ashiye nto. Ukususa amazinyo asezantsi, ugqirha waqhekeza umhlathi wase-mow, kwaye wakhawuleza wakhupha isiqwenga sezulu, ngenxa yokuba i-louis yayinomngxunya. Ngenjongo yokuchithwa kwe-Daka eqokelele i-rod eshushu eshushu.
- Kwinkundla ye-louis ye-louis ye-louis ye-louis kunye ne-aromatic powder yasetyenziswa kwixabiso elikhulu. Iikhonsepthi zococeko kwinkulungwane ye-17 yahlukile kwangoku: imikhwa yokuhlamba imitya kunye ne-chelydi yayingeyiyo. Kodwa i-roncch, ivela eLouis, iye yaba ngumzekeliso kwiidolophu. Esinye sezizathu kukutya okungafunekiyo, sibambelele kumngxunya wamazinyo esibhakabhakeni yokumkani.
- I-mourch yamkela ityhefu. Kwivers kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala, uLouis ubala iibhedi ezingama-500, kwi-Cardrobe ye-Cardrobe kukho iwaka le-wigs, kunye namashumi amane eetayile zathunyelwa kwiLouis.
- I-louis xiv ichazwe ekubhalweni kweevenkile eziveleni kwisithende nge-prototype ene-protogy cord icocekile "i-labuten". I-10-Mentimeter heels iqulethe inkosi (i-1.63 yeemitha) ukukhula.
- Inkosi yelanga ingene kwibali njengomthombo omkhulu (i-Grand Maniar), ephawula unxibelelwano lweClassicism kunye neBaroque. Ifanitshala yebhotwe kwisitayile se-louis xiv ijongiwe ngezinto zokuhombisa, imisonto, irhasi.