Biography
Ixesha lolawulo "lokumkanikazi-ntombi" okanye ukumkanikazi olungileyo we-Bess, njengokumkanikazi, abantu ababephila ngexesha, babizwa ngokuba yi "Golden Ageman". Eyokugqibela yenkosi ye-tudor Denasy ikwazile ukuphakamisa iBritane kwindawo entsha yophuhliso kwaye yomeleze isikhundla selizwe kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Ngexesha lolawulo lwentombazana encinci henry viii, uWilliam Shakespeare, uChristopher Marlo noFrancis Bacon. Babizwa ngokuba "nguElizaberinias" ngenxa yokuhlala kwi-ARTAT ye-ART neNkcubeko yeNkosikazi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Inkosazana yazalwa ngoSeptemba 1533 empuma yeLondon, kwindawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini eGreenwich. Kumama wakhe, uAna Boleyn, uHeinrich viii otshatileyo kwaye wayenethemba lokuba iqabane lakho liya kumnika indlalifa. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, umfazi wangaphambili, uCatherine Aragon, akazange azale inkwenkwe, eyenze indawo ye-shaky.
UAnna wazala umfazi othweswe isithsaba uMariya, emva kweminyaka eli-17, uElizabhete wabonakala. Ukumkani akazange afumane uvuyo ngokusuka kwinkazana yesibini, kodwa ubhaptizo lwaKho lwaluhamba nemibhiyozo emitshayo. Igama lenkosazana lanikezelwa ngoomama boMonarch Elizabeth York York. Umntwana uzinzile kwibhotwe yendlu ye-hatfield, indawo yokuhlala kufutshane neLondon, apho umntu wakhe watyelelwa khona ngabazali bakhe.
UElizabhete akazalisekanga, iminyaka emithathu ubudala, njengoko umama engazange abe ngumama, kwaye akazange enze imincili yomfazi wakhe ngendlalifa, abulawe, atyhola, etyhola kwindoda yakhe. Ababhali-mbali badibana ngoluvo lokuba ukususa i-bolein uHeinrich bagqibe kwelokuba atshate kwaye azale unyana ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ubungqina bokuba bubungqina bokuba rhabaxa. Ukuphunyezwa kukamama kwazisa i-ofisi yooLizabhete oneminyaka emithathu uElizabhete: Inkosazana yabizwa ngokuba yengekho mthethweni. Kwakuthethwa kwalo mlinganiso walowo walukhuni uMaria.
Ngosuku emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-bolein, i-monaster ihamba ngokufihlakeleyo yayinguJane Seymour. Kunyaka emva koko, ukumkanikazi wazala umyeni wakhe kumyeni wakhe walindelekile uEdward. Ukuba ngumfazi olungileyo, uJane wazama ukumbongalela ukumkani ngeentombi, kodwa uHenry wayengagungqi: intombi ye "Bet" ihleli kwindlu yaseHatfield, nangona yayihlala kwindawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini.
Iintsuku ezili-12 emva kokuzalwa kukaSeymour wafa. UHeinrich wahamba phantsi kwesithsaba kathathu. Ngomnye wabafazi bakhe, waqhawula umtshato, owesibini, uCatherine Howare, njengo-Ana Bolelenn, wabulawa. Ukuphunyezwa koMkhosi wesibini wothusa uElizabhete oneminyaka eli-9 ubudala, washiya umkhondo kwikamva le-monakar eseleyo: Akazange atshate, ngenxa yoko ukumkanikazi ". Izimo zengqondo ezifudumeleyo ezivela kwinkosazana zaphakama kunye nomfazi wesithandathu kaYise, uCatherine Parr.
I-phandle ye-kunya yeNgilani yaseNgilani naseIreland kwiminyaka eli-10 echithe isiFrentshi, isiGrike, isiTaliyane, kunye nezenzo zembali yaseRoma - i-Roma ifundele izenzo zomama weCatherine Parr. Nangona intombazana yayigqalwa njengemthethweni, kodwa ukumiliselwa kwanikwa okuhle: Iiklasi ngootitshala baseCambridge, abalandeli bohlaziyo, bebengekho.
Ngenxa yeParr kunye nokubonakala kwendlalifa kwintsapho yasebukhosini, umhlaba wabuyiselwa. Utata weza neentombi "ezingekho mthethweni", nangona imeko yonakalisa ayirhoxisi. Ebutsheni be-1547, uHeinrich wasweleka. Eyomntando, ukumkani ebiza itrone yakhe. Kwimeko yokufa kwakhe nangokungabikho kweendlalifa, itrone yavunyelwa ukuba ithathe uMariya noElizabhete. Ke ithemba lokuma entlokweni ye-Heinrich kwiintombi zaseYerich zazibonakala ngathi zithathwe ziintombi, kodwa itekhnoloji yathetha ngokuthathwa kweentombi zaseYurophu.
Emva kokubhubha kukayise nomtshato wakhe, umama ongumzi wakhe wathumela uElizabhete omncinci ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala, kwigumbi le-Hartfordshire. Le ntombazana yaqhubeka ifunda phantsi kweliso likatitshala ngolwazi lwe-encyclopedic yeRoger eshamom.
Ekwindla ye-1548, umama wesibini wasweleka kwisibhedlele sokwamama, kwaye umlingane wakhe uThomas Seymour wayendenzele inzame engaphumelelanga ye-coup. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, wabulawa, kwaye itrone yathatha indlalifa yomthetho ukuya e-Eduary hi. UMzalwan 'umeme ukuhlala nenkundla udadewabo omncinci, awayenobudlelwane obufudumeleyo. Ukufa kukaEduard ngehlobo le-1553 kwaqalisa ukubetha uElizabhete.
Imizamo yeNkosi-umkhuseli kaJohn Dudley ibeka kwisithsaba kwi-Grander Hinerich, oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala iJine, igqityiwe nge-bant. Imvukelo idluliselwa kwimbambano yasemkhosini phakathi kwabaxhasi bengwevu kunye nenkosazana uMariya, intombi yentombazana endala henry. Itrone yathatha uMaria. KuElizabeth, omabini amacala omvelwano ayengabi nakhohlakele: Kwimeko yoloyiso, abaxhasi bakaJane, behluthwe ilungelo leTrone, kodwa banokuqhubeka nokulandela ukholo lwamaProtestanti. Uloyiso lukaKatholonchka uMariya wabakho ubukho bukaElizabhete, kodwa balishiya ilungelo lokufumana isithsaba.
I-maria eneminyaka engama-37 ubudala ndangena kwi-1553, ikwindla. Ukusukela kwiintsuku zokuqala zeBhodi ye-kumkanikazi kwathatyathela ukubuyisela ilizwe ngobuKatolika. Uninzi lweBritane lwavuma ukuba nokholo lobuKatolika, kodwa amaProtestanti ayenempembelelo ye-venomes enefuthe. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, amaProtestanti uThomas Whitet aphakamise umvukelo, enqwenela ukuthintela umtshato kaMariya kunye noKumkani wasePhilippip. Kukho inguqulelo yokuba i-veber ebeyibeka etroneni uElizabhete.
Imvukelo yanikezelwa, kwaye i-whitet yabulawa. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, wafunga ukuba uElizabhete wayengazi ngesidenge kwaye akazange abe nenxaxheba kumalungiselelo evuko. Ukumkanikazi wangena kudadewabo omncinci enqaba, kodwa wawushiya ubomi bakhe. Ngehlobo le-1554, uMary watshata nommeli wohlobo lweeHabburs kwaye wakhulula uElizabhete ukuba afumane intamo, kodwa ayithumele kwikhonkco kwi-Woodstock.
Emva kweminyaka emi-4, uElizaweven wabuyiselwa eLondon. Umtshato kaFilipu noMaria waba ungabi ngabangenamntwana, ukumkanikazi weRub. Xa wayeziva ephela i-ambulensi, phantsi kwengcinezelo yabacebisi ababize udade udade. "Igazi" lika-Mary, njengokuba ukumkanikazi ebefuna ukumkanikazi, wayengafuni ukunika itrone, kuba wayesoyika ukubuya kweProtestanti. Kodwa ukoyikwa kwesiphithiphithi kunye neziqendu emva kokuba umntu efile, kwafuneka aphule uElizabhete waseLizabhete.
Ukuqala kweBhodi
Kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokusweleka kukaMariya, kwiBhunga lokuqala likaKumkanikazi ka-Elizabeth bambulela abo bamncedayo ngexesha le-chial. UThomas Perry wafumana isithuba sobuncwane, uRobert Dudley waba seeen, uWilliam Cecil wahlala kwisitulo sobunobhala. NgoNovemba 1558, ukumkanikazi oneminyaka engama-25 ubudala wadibana nezihlwele zabahlali base-london.
Ubudala beNortyan ngelo xesha ayizange ithathwe njengobutsha-iBritane ayifane ihlale kwangamashumi amahlanu. Kodwa uElizabhete wayebonakala emncinci kuneminyaka yakhe. Akazange atshate kwaye impilo yakhe ayizange ibole phantsi ukuzala umntwana kunye nokugqwetha, njengabafazi abaninzi bexesha lakhe. Inkosikazi entsha yeNgilane yaba ngumthetho wefashoni: kwimkelo yaseburhulumenteni kwi-Oxford, yabonakala ixesha elide, iye e-Ellow, iigloves. Yalandelwa ngabo bonke abemi boyikimo.
Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari kwaloo nyaka, ukumkanikazi wabuva ubukhali besithsaba: I-England yahlulwahlulahlulahlulahlula amaProtestanti amabini - amaProtestanti namaKatolika. Kwimfazwe ye-vitala vitala vitala vitala vitala. Ukuthintela ukothuka, uElizabeth ndabhengeza "isenzo sokufana", sivumela amaKatolika ukuba akhonze isininzi.
Kungekudala iPalamente yabakhuthaza uElizabhete ukuba ndikhetha iqabane kwaye ndinike itrone nendlalifa. Kuluhlu lwemigonyeni yaza yaba ngumyeni kaDade uDaluki uFilipu, obini uDede kuhlobo lwehabhusburgs kunye ne-farks yeSweden. Kungekudala i-King Ivan yaseRussia Grozny yawela kuluhlu lwabafaki-zicelo. Kodwa uElizabeth, uloyiko lokwala ngokuthe ngqo kwiPalamente, wafumana izizathu zokungavumi ukutshata nayo nayiphi na kubo. Kwiminyaka emininzi, ecaleni kukaElizabeth ndandiyithandayo robert Dudley.
Kwezopolitiko zasekhaya
Bengavumi ukuhamba phantsi kwesithsaba, uElizabhete wafumana amagama ngeBritane, ukumkanikazi waphinda wathi "uKumkanikazi waphinda wathi" luhlanga ". Abantu babemthelekisa nentombi enyulu, neloyikisayo, ukuba balahlekise, bathi thixo, Umfuziselo kaElizabhete waba ngu-Ebezabhete, otyhidiza inyama yenyama ukondla amantshontsho.
Ngokumkanikazi olungileyo, ulawulo olomelezwe, isebe lezemali lilungelelaniswe, kwaye iCawa yamaProtestanti ePhqiti yeProtestical yase-Anglisti yasungulwa njengenkolo. "Ukumkanikazi-virgo" ukhuthaze ukutsala umdla weetalente eNgilani. Iinkampani zorhwebo zalungiswa kweli lizwe, ezazixhaswa nguElizabhete. Mhlawumbi kuphela kwenqanaba lokuhlala bengabonakali belishishini lezolimo. Imithetho enzima kaElizabhete yathatha indawo yokuthambisa.
Imbambano eyaphukileyo neSpain yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba anyuse irhafu ukuze azalise uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi. Ukungoneliseki kwabathengisi kunye nokuzonwabisa kwabucala ukusuka kumthwalo onyusiweyo werhafu kuye kwandiswa. Ukuphela korhulumente we-Qeewery-Verion-umthwalo ophumeleleyo, ongaluvumeliyo uqoqosho lwaseNgilani. UROPOT ngokuchasene nobuchule onyusiweyo, inkcaso yePalamente yandisa.
UElizabhete ndaduma njengento engaqhelekanga. Indawo ekhethekileyo yokumkanikazi iboniswe kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga, ethatha inxaxheba kwimibono ye-amateur. Ngo-1582, i-Royal Truupe yabonakala kunye nesandla sokukhanya somntu osisithsaba, apho uShakespeare wangena khona. Xa uElizabeth ndilila iingqekembe ezintsha: ipowudi yegolide kunye nesiqingatha. I-pound inobunzima obuyi-11,146 iigram, igolide esulungekileyo eyi-10,23.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle
Ekupheleni kwe-1550s eScotland, i-Scotch yaseProtestants vs. UFrantzenki uMary de Giz, intanda kunye noMama uMariya Stewart waqhekeka. Unobhala uWilliam Cecam Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal Cecal uceba ukuba ukumkanikazi uxhasa amaProtestanti, kodwa akazange afumane uncedo, ngokufihlakeleyo wanika impumlo. U-Elizabeth wayesoyika imfazwe ngeFransi.
Kodwa iBhunga eliyimfihlo lanyanzela ukumkanikazi ukuba ungenelelo: Ngo-1560, imikhosi yeziNgesi yanceda i-scotland ukuba yoyise abaxhasi de Gizov. Ehlotyeni lonyaka, eNgilani osayinwe e-Edinburgh, isivumelwano sakhusela uloyiso kwaye sizise imikhosi.
Utatomkhulu uEzabeth ndadala uElizabeth endala, utata waqulunqa urhwebo lwaseMaritime, udade wathumela uhambo lokukhangela kumantla mpuma lwendinyana ukuya eIndiya nase China. Kodwa ngolawulo lukaElizabhete, eNgilani baba ngamandla eNaval. Ukuthenga kunye nohlaselo lwe-pirate lwabazalwana abanamaHawkins kunye nephulo likaFrancis Drake lwaqala.
Ukuphanga yiBritane yeenqanawa zaseSpain, i-hlaselo labo kwiikoloni zeSpaniard yayingunobangela wemfazwe yolwandle eLondon naseMadrid. Kodwa kungekudala i-United Kingdom ikwazile ukuphumelela imeko yamandla olwandle aphambili kumaSpanish. Abaphikisi baphinde bandithuthuzele ukumkanikazi ukuba baphathe ngokungagungqi abaphangi, kodwa umgaqo "wamalungelo, owomeleleyo" walawula. Idabi ekupheleni kwe-1580s phakathi kweenqanawa zala magunya mabini laliphezulu kwesoyisiwe kwiArmanda enkulu yeSpain.
U-Elizabeth bendinayo imbalelwano ne-Moscow King Ivan Garzny. Phakathi kwala mazwe mabini, ubudlelwane bobudlelwane borhwebo baqulunqwa, isiqalo esasibekwe kuKumkani uEdward, kodwa ukurhweba kuyachuma kwenzeka ngexesha lolawulo lweKumkanikazi. U-Elizabeth waphelelwa ngumfazi okuphela kwakhe u-Ivan IV. I-Grozny yabhala ukumkanikazi okwesihlandlo sokuqala ngo-1562, ukunika umtshato. I-Ventrenosa Britine yanqabela kunokuba yazisa umsindo kwinkosi yaseRussia. Impendulo ekrwada ivan iphazamisa imbalelwano kangangeminyaka engama-20, kodwa emva koko waphinda waqalisa ukufa kokumkani.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngokutsho kolunye lweenguqulelo, ukuthandabuza kukaElizabhete ndiza kuhamba phantsi kwesithsaba ndicaciswe kukukhubazeka komzimba kunye nengqondo. Kukho enye inguqulelo. Ukumkanikazi waseNgilani wayenenoveli ephethe iRobert Dudley, umhlobo wobuntwana, emva koyena uthandayo. Kodwa uDudley akazange aqale kuluhlu lomkhweli ovela ePalamente.
Ixhalabile ukuba umRemi waseRise ukumkanikazi wathabatha ukusweleka kukaRobert Dudley ngo-1588. Waba ke ababizwa ngokuba yindoda yaseburhulumenteni namhlanje. Ixhalabile ukuba esi sibini siba nabantwana. Kutyholwa, i-SPY SPY egxothiweyo eNgilane yafumana iileta ezazithetha ngazo ngomfana ogama linguArthur Dudley, owayengunyana ongekho mthethweni kaElizabhete evela kuYehova.
Isiqinisekiso esingangqalanga ngohlobo lonyana wonyana kaElizabeth yayiziileta zangaphandle kwintendelezo yokumkanikazi, apho kwachazwa khona isifo sikaElizabeth siye saphola khona "esiswini." Inkampani yaseBritani yeTV ye-BBC "BBC" isuse uxwebhu "ubomi obufihlakeleyo bakaElizabhete", obuxela ngobungqina boKumkanikazi ukumkanikazi.
Ukufa nenkumbulo
Ukusweleka kwabantu obathandayo kwajongela phantsi impilo kaElizabhete I. Ekupheleni kwe-1603, ukumkanikazi wawa kuxinzelelo. Ingqengqelo iBritane yasweleka ngentwasahlobo yalo nyaka kwiRichmond. Ndingcwatywe ukumkanikazi olungileyo kwi-Westminster Abbey. Ukufa kukaElizabhete bendiyibeka ukuphela kwendlu kaTudr.
I-Jesery's Biology, ikamva lendoda enkulu yaba ngumthombo wokubhala iincwadi zeencwadi kwaye zidale iifilimu. Ngomfanekiso kaElizabeth kwizikrini, uSara Bernard wavela, Bett Davis noJean Simmons. Ngo-2007, iDrama "IGolden Age" ikhutshwe kwizikrini, ezazixelele imbali yokumkanikazi waseNgilani. Ngomfanekiso kaElizabeth, kate Blancchett wavela.