Biography
URichard i Ilungiswe ye-Ilungisi - Inkosi yesiNgesi ye-smaltagenets, ilawulwa yi-England ngo-1189-1199. Igama likaRichard ndihlala kwimbali, ndingakuyisi impumelelo yolawulo eyakholelwa kuBawo noMzalwana. Intliziyo yengonyama yaziwa ngothando lwe-adventure, inothando kunye nobungangamsha, inxulumene ngobuqili, ukuziphatha okubi kunye nenkohlakalo. Umfanekiso wenkosi onesibindi wanyibilika kumgca wakhe uShakespeare:"Ngubani umntu onamandla anobuqili kunye ne-leo, ovela kwi-bus yengonyama utsale intliziyo yasebukhosini ...".Ubuntwana noLutsha
URichard, unyana wesithathu kaHenry II IsiNgesi ne-Alienora Aquitan, wazalwa ngoSeptemba 8, 1157, ngenqaba, kwinqaba ye-axford. URichard uchithe eyona ndawo iphambili ebomini kwiikoloni zesiNgesi. Ndinemfundo enkulu, wabhala imibongo - imibongo emibini kaRichard ndiyigciniwe.
I-England ye-England iphumelele amandla angaphelelanga kwaye inkangeleko entle (ukukhula-malunga ne-193 cm, iinwele ze-blonde kunye namehlo aluhlaza). Wayezazi iilwimi ezininzi zasemzini, kodwa isiNgesi somthonyama azange sibekho. Wamthanda imibhiyozo yecawa kunye nezithethe, iicawa zecawa ezisinge.
Ngo-1169, uKing Heinrich II wahlula iLizwe lokuDuncay: Unyana omkhulu uHenry kwafuneka abe yinkosi yaseNgilane, kwaye uJeffrey wafumana i-Brittany. I-Aquitives kunye ne-County Poita yaya eRichard. Ngo-1170, uMzalwan 'uRichard Heinrich wathwalwa isithsaba njengeHeinrich III. Amandla okwenyani kweHeinrich III akazange afumane kwaye aphakamisa umphakamisi nxamnye neHeinrich II.
Ngo-1173, ukumkani wexesha elizayo uRichard, wabangelwa ngunina, walijongela phantsi uBawo kunye nomzalwana uJeffrey. UHeinriich II wabuyisela ikhaya lokuthatha isigqibo koonyana bakhe. Ngentwasahlobo ye-1174, emva kokuthimba umama, u-Alienora Akvitan, uRichard wayengowokuqala abazalwana ukuba anikele kuyise aze acele uxolo. UHeinrich II walixolela unyana ovukelayo kwaye washiya ilungelo lokufumana izibalo. Ngo-1179, uRichard wafumana isihloko saseDuke Aquitania.
Ukuqala kweBhodi
Ngentwasahlobo ye-1183, uHeinrich III wasweleka, eshiya indawo kwitrone yesiNgesi uRichard. UHeinrich II ucebise uRichard ukuba anike iBhodi kwi-coundy ye-aptu for ukuya kumntakwenu omncinci. URichard uphendule ngokwala, osebenza njengengxabano phakathi kwakhe noJeffrey noYohane. Ngo-1186, uJeffrey wasweleka ekhenketho lwe-knight. Ngo-1180, isithsaba sikaFrance safumana uPhilip II AUGUST. Benza ngathi unezinto zomkhosi weHeinrich II, UFilipu unomdla kwaye wamisela uRichard nxamnye noYise.
Kwibhayiloji ye-richard, elinye igama lesidlaliso lagcinwa - nguRichard Ewe-kunye no-hayi, ongqinisise ingxelo yekamva lekamva lenkosi. Ngo-1188, uRichard noFilipu baqala imfazwe nxamnye nokumkani waseNgilani. U-Heinriich walwa ngokuzithandela, kodwa wanxunguphele kwi-French. Ngokwemvumelwano ngoKumkani wamaFilip eFrance kunye ne-England yatshintshela koluhlu lwe-masties.
Ukubona igama lika-John unyana kaJohn, i-heinrich II iSnick II Snick, ikhokelwa luluhlu lwabalandeli. Emva kokuxoka ngeentsuku ezintathu, ukumkani kaJulayi 6, 1189 wasweleka. Akuba emngcwabele uBawo engcwabeni le-Abbey cwadi, uRichard waya eRouen, apho ngoJulayi 20, 1189, wanikwa isihloko sikaDuman.
Kwezopolitiko zasekhaya
IBhodi yeNgilane Richard Ndaqala nenkululeko kamama, ukuthumela imiyalelo ye-winchester william marshal. Amaqabane katata wabo wonke umntu awaxolelayo, ngaphandle kuka-Etienne de Marsai. UBharon, owadlulisela kwicala lakhe kwimbambano neHeinrich II, uRichard, ngokuchasene nembuyekezo. Wasishiya isithsaba sokuthengisa iinkosana, ngaloo ndlela egxeka uBawo.
UAnerinor, usebenzisa ummiselo woNyana ngasekunene ukuze asuswe, ajikeleze ilizwe kwaye akhulula amabanjwa aqukunjelwa ngexesha lolawulo lwendoda yakhe. URichard wafumana amalungelo ee-barons ezingena kwipropathi yeHenry, wabuya amabhishophu eNgilane, owabalekayo elizweni evela kwintshutshiso.
NgoSeptemba 3, 1189, uRichard endandigcwele eWestminster Abbey. Imibhiyozo malunga nomcimbi wokutshutshiswa wagutyungelwa zii-pogroms zamaYuda eLondon. IBhodi yaqala ngokuphicothwa kweDrafeti kunye nengxelo yabasemagunyeni kumazwe asebukhosini. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwimbali, ubuncwane babuhluthwa ngokuthengisa izithuba zikarhulumente. Amagosa kunye nabameli beCawe, abangavumiyo ukuhlawula isikhundla, baya entolongweni.
Ngexesha lolawulo lwaseNgilani, uRichard wayengenalo ilizwe ngaphezulu konyaka. IBhodi incitshisiwe yaya kwingqokelela kuNondyebo kunye nokugcinwa komkhosi kunye nezithuthi. Ukuhamba kweli lizwe, washiya ulawulo lomkhuluwa omncinci uYohane nobhishophu wase-Ili. Ngexesha lokungabikho kwakhe, abalawuli bakwazi ukuthobela. Ixesha lesibini lafika eNgilane Richard ngoMatshi 1194. Ukufika kwenkosi yayihamba kunye nenye ingqokelela yemali evela kwi-vasal. Ngeli xesha, iindlela zazifunwa nguRichard Imfazwe ngeFilipu. Imfazwe iphele ebusika ngo-1199 ngoloyiso lweBritane. I-French inazo izinto ezikhuselweyo kwiSithsaba sesiNgesi.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle
URichard I, ejikeleza itrone, eDrezil malunga ne-crsade ihamba kuMhlaba oNgcwele. Ukwenza amalungiselelo, ukuqokelela imali ngokuthengiswa kweScotland Somelezwe nguHeinrich II, uRichard waya endleleni. UKumkani weFrance kaPhilip II ixhasa umbono wokuhambahamba kumhlaba ongcwele.
Umanyano lwe-French kunye neBritish Chrushers zenzekile eBurgundy. Umkhosi kaFilipu noRichard babeneminyaka eli-100 yamawaka. I-tedzed ebordeaux yomngcwabo wokunyaniseka omnye komnye, ookumkani baseFrance naseNgilani bagqiba kwelokuba baye kwindawo eselwandle. Kodwa imozulu embi yathintela abaqulunqileyo. Kwakufuneka ndihlale ubusika eSicily. Ukuhamba kwimozulu embi, umkhosi waqhubeka nohambo.
IFrench yafika ePalestine ngaphambi kokuba iBritane iqale ngo-Epreli 20, 1191 ngokungqinga iihektare zehere. URichard walwa ngeli xesha neCypriot, uKumkani uIsaac Comnin. Inyanga yobutshaba yathwalwa ngesithsaba seBritane. URichard wafumana ixhoba kwaye wayalela imeko yobukumkani bobukumkani baseCypriot. Ukulinda ii-ollies, nge-8 kaJuni, 1191, iFrench isungule ihlaselo olupheleleyo. I-ACRE yoyiswa ngamasebe nge-quaders nge-11 kaJulayi 11, 1191.
Ekuqaleni iPhilipp ekuqaleni yavuma uRichard. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwethuba, ngequbuliso ebhekisa kwesi sifo, ukumkani waseFrance wagoduka, ethatha uninzi lwamaFrabhu. URichard wasala kuphela amawaka ayi-10 amawaka e-knights ekhokelwa nguDude weBurgundy.
Umkhosi wamasebe, entloko nguRichard, waphumelela uloyiso olunye kwiSaratiqi emva kwenye. Kungekudala umkhosi weza kwinjongo eYerusalem, iinqaba zeMokAn. AbaCRUSADDER badibana nomkhosi wama-300-utshaba lomkhosi. Uloyiso luphumelele umkhosi wamaRichard. USaraki basaba, bashiya amawaka angama-40 amawaka abulawe kwidabi. URichard walwa njengengonyama, ukugoba ukugoba emehlweni. Ukutyhobozela kwindlela yesixeko, umkani umqala wasondela eYerusalem.
Ukuyeka imikhosi yamaqela ekuqulunqweni kweYerusalem, uRichard wachitha umkhosi. Imikhosi yayikwimeko ebuhlungu: elambile, idiniwe kakhulu. Kwakungekho zixhobo zokwenza imipu yokungqinga. Ndaye ndafumanisa ukuba ukungqingwa kweYerusalem akunakuba nako ukungqingwa kweYerusalem ukuba asuke kuwo umzi aze abuyele kwi-acre edlulileyo ngaphambili.
Ngobunzima, ukulwa neSararinov phantsi kweJuff, uRichard waqukumbela ngoSeptemba 2, 1192 nge-truce iminyaka emithathu ngeSaladin. Phantsi kwesivumelwano kunye ne-sultan, iibuthuko zasePalestine neSyria zasala ngamandla amaKristu. I-Pilgrims yamaKristu yathunyelwa eYerusalem yaqinisekisa ukhuseleko. I-richard yentliziyo kaRichard yandiselela izikhundla zobuKristu kwiLizwe Elingcwele kangangesithuba seminyaka elingcwele.
Iziganeko eNgilane zifuna ukubuya kukaRichard. Ukumkani wagoduka ngo-Okthobha 9, 1192. Ngexesha lohambo, ungene kwisiphango kwaye waphoswa elunxwemeni. Itshintshwe yi-pilgrim, izamile ukuya kubunini botshaba wesithsaba sesiNgesi - uLeopold Austrian. URichard wafumanisa ukuba wacela umngeni kwimingxunya. UKumkani waseJamani waseHeinrich Vi wayalela uRichard wabeka uKumkani ongumNgesi kwimfunte yenqaba yakhe. Izifundo zathengwa nguKumkani uRichard nge-150 lamawaka amawaka. Ukubuya kweMonarch ukuya eNgilani Vessala kwahlangatyezwa.
Ubomi Buqu
Isandla sikaRichard sibanga uninzi lwabatshati. Ngo-Matshi 1159, uHenry II waqukumbela isivumelwano neBarcelona malunga nomtshato kaRichard kunye nenye yeentombi zakhe. Izicwangciso zenkosi yayizaliswa ziyinyaniso. Ngo-1177, utata Alexander III wanyanzela uHenry II ukuba avume ukuqukunjelwa komtshato phakathi kwentombi yeLouis Vile noRichard.
Kwi-Dowry ka-Adele, i-French Duchy yaseBerry yanikwa. Kwaye lo mtshato awenzanga. Emva kwexesha, uRichard wazama ukutshata kuqala kwiMaguo, intombi yaseVulgrena tayfer, nge-Dowry ngohlobo lwedolophu yaseLa Marsh, emva koko nentombi kaFardrich Barbasic.
Umfazi kaRichard - uLienora wanyula umfazi wakhe kukumkani. Inkosikazi yaqonda ukuba imihlaba yeNavarre, ekwindawo esezantsi yeArquitaine, iya kukhusela izinto zayo.
Ke ngoko, Richard ngoMeyi 12, 1191 eCyprus watshata neBherengaria navarre, intombi kaKing Navarre Sankho vi ubulumko. Kwakungekho abantwana emtshatweni, uRichard wachitha ixesha elincinci kunye nenkosikazi yakhe. Oonyana bakaKumkani okuphela kukaKumkani - uFilipu de ConcEc - wazalelwa kunxibelelwano lwangaphandle no-Amelia de Cognec.
Ukufa
Ngokutsho kwentsomi, Richard, wathabatha intsimi eFrance, wafumana ubuncwane obukhulu kwaye wathumela inkosi yeNkosi ephakamileyo. URichard wacela ukuba ayinike yonke igolide. Emva kokuba efumene ukwala, ukumkani waya kwinqaba yenqaba yenqaba, engakude, apho, agcinwa egcinwe.
Ngomhla wesine wokungqingwa kukaRichard ngexesha lokuwa kwesakhiwo, i-French Knight Pierre basil yayijongwa kwi-Armor yomnqamlezo. Ngo-Epreli 6, 1199, ukumkani wasweleka ngeminyaka engama-42 yobomi bobomi obuvela kusulelo lwegazi. Ecaleni kokufa yayingunina oneminyaka engama-77 ubudala ngoonobumba abathathu.
Imemori
- Ibergo (i-roman walter scott)
- "Statsman" (i-roman walter scott)
- "Ukukhangela ukumkani" "(iNtaba yeRoma iVidal)
- Intliziyo ye-Richard Intliziyo (Incwadi Maurice Yoll)
- URichard I, Kumkani Afrika "(I-Opera Georg)
- Intliziyo ye-Richard Intliziyo (I-Opera Andre Grettri)
- "Ingonyama ebusika" (Dlala nguJames Goldeman)
- "Irobin hood - amasela enkosana" (ifilimu ye-reynolds)
- "I-Ballada ye-Knight Knight ye-Avengo" (ifilimu eyalelwa yiSergey Tarasova)
- "Ubukumkani bamazulu" (ifilimu ricley Scott)
- "I-Adventsure Robin hood" (I-Movie Michael Cartitsa)