Biography
Uvulindlela wentanda-bulumko yexesha elitsha, isiNgesi isiNgesi uFrancis Beckories waziyo ngokuyintloko njengeziphumo zendalo yokufunda indalo - i-Atlantis "i-otlantis" i-optima "okanye Isikhokelo sezopolitiko ".Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umsunguli we-wiriricial wazalwa ngoJanuwari 22, 1561, kwindawo yendlu ye-Yorki, kwiSitrato saseLondon Street. Utata wenzululwazi, uNicholas, wayengumntu wezopolitiko, kunye nonina ka-Anna (kwintombazana yaseAnthony yayiyintombi ka-Anthony Cook - eqhutywa yinkosi yaseNgilane naseIreland Edward VI.
Umama uselula kubudala bakhe wacela unyana wothando ngolwazi, kunye naye, amantombazana alwazi ulwimi lwakudala lwesiGrike nesiLatin, lafunyanwa ngokulula. Ngapha koko, inkwenkwe ngokwakhe inomdla kulwazi olususela kubudala obuthambileyo. Kwiminyaka emibini, uFrancis wafunda i-Trinid College yeYunivesithi yaseCambridge, emva koko wachitha iminyaka emithathu eFransi, kwi-Ambessian Annessian Annesias Pairias Paulta.
Emva kokufa yomzalwane wentsapho Bacon 1579th, Bacon wasala ngaphandle empilo wangena ilungelo lokuba bafunde ilungelo ummeli esikolweni. Ngo-1582, uFrancis waba ligqwetha, kwaye kwilungu le-1584 lePalamente, kwaye kwada kwayi-1614 ladlala indima ephambili kwiingxoxo zegumbi loluntu. Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha, uBhacco wayengumyalezo kaKumkanikazi uElizabeth I, apho wayefuna ukungasondeli kwimicimbi yezopolitiko engxamisekileyo.
Ngoku, abaphathi bebhadisi bayavuma ukuba ukumkanikazi alandela icebiso lakhe, iingxabano ezimbalwa phakathi kwesithsaba kunye nePalamente zithintelwe. Ngo-1591, waba ngumcebisi kumthengisi weKumkanikazi othandekayo - igrafu yegrafu. I-Bacon kwangoko yaqinisekisa ukuba i-cartridge enikezwe elizweni, kwaye nini i-1601 i-501 izamile ukulungiselela i-coup, i-wicox izama ukulungiselela i-coup, i-bacon, igqwetha, ithathe inxaxheba kwi-State trati.
Ngenxa yokuba abantu bemi ngaphezulu uFrancis babona kuye umchasi, kwaye ngenxa yokuba wayedla ngokubonisa ukungavisisani kwakhe kwi-Epistolir Plays I-I, Kungekudala ilahlekile kwindawo yokuziphakamisa kwaye ayinakukwazi ukuzimela. Ndikunye noElizabhete, igqwetha alifezekisi, kodwa emva kowe-1603, uYakov I Stewart wacela itrone, umsebenzi kaFrancis waya entabeni.
Ngo-1603, uBekon wanikwa itayitile ye-kning, wakhiwa kwitayineli yeBaron Veerlasky kwi-1618 ye-olbbansky viscount-ngo-1621. Kunye ngo-1621, isithandi-sobulumko satyholwa ngokufumana izinyobo. Wavuma ukuba abantu abanezenzo zabo bezijongile enkundleni, zaziphindaphinda izipho. Kuyinyani, ukuba yintoni ifuthe kwisigqibo sakhe, igqwetha liyaliwe. Ngenxa yoko, uFrancis wahluthwa zonke izithuba kwaye uvalwe ukuba uvele kwintendelezo.
Ifilosofi kunye nemfundiso
Indalo ephambili yoqeqesho yaseBeckon ngumsebenzi "wovavanyo" ("izincoko"), esebenze rhoqo kangangeminyaka engama-28. Iincoko ezilishumi zapapashwa ngo-1597, kwaye nge-1625 kwincwadi ethi "Iimvavanyo" zazisenziwa izicatshulwa ezingama-58 ze-58, ezinye ezazivela kwisithathu, ezihlaziyiweyo, okanye isikhokelo sezopolitiko ".
Kule misebenzi, uBacon wabonisa amabhongo, malunga nabahlobo, malunga nothando, ekusebenzeni kwesayensi, malunga nezinto ezivunyiweyo nezinye izinto zobomi bomntu. Imisebenzi yaphuphume ziinzululwazi ezinemizekelo kunye nemifanekiso eqaqambileyo. Abantu abafuna imisebenzi ye-Ark baya kufumana iingcebiso ezakhiwe kuphela kubalo kubandayo kwizicatshulwa. Kukho ingxelo enjalo emsebenzini:
"Bonke abo baphuma badlula phezulu kwi-zigzag strirsessible" kwaye "umfazi nabantwana bangabambathisi ekunxibelelaneni namatyala amakhulu, zombini ububi nobubi."Ngaphandle kweeklasi zikaBeckon ezinezopolitiko nakwezopolitiko, oyena nobangela wobomi bakhe yifilosofi kunye nesayensi. Ukuncitshiswa kuka-Aristotelian, ngelixa ubambe isikhundla esibalaseleyo, wagatya njengendlela engonelisiyo yefilosoti kwaye wacebisa isixhobo esitsha sokucinga.
Umzobo we "Isicwangciso esihle sokubuyela kwimeko yesiNtu" yenziwa yi-bacon kwi-1620, kwintshayelelo yokusebenza "i-organon entsha, okanye intetho yokwenyani yokutolikwa". Kuyaziwa ukuba iindawo ezintandathu zanikwa kweli phepha (uphononongo lwemeko yesayensi, inkcazo yendlela entsha yokufumana ulwazi lokwenyani, iseti yemicimbi, izigqibo zangaphambili kwaye ifilosofi ngokwayo).
I-Bacon ikwazile ukwenza kuphela ulwandlalo lwamalungu amabini okuqala. Owokuqala wabizwa ngokuba "kwizibonelelo kunye nempumelelo yolwazi", inguqulelo yesiLatin apho "ngesidima kwaye sinamathela kwinzululwazi.
Kuba isiseko esibalulekileyo sentanda-bulumko yeFrancis yimfundiso yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba "zizithixo", zigqwetha ulwazi lwabantu, kwinxalenye yesibini yeProjekthi, wazisa imigaqo-nkqubo ukubhukuqa zonke izithixo zengqondo. NgokukaBhekon, kukho iintlobo ezine zezithixo, ezibekwe ziingqondo zoluntu lonke:
- Imbonakalo yokuqala-izithixo zohlobo (iimpazamo umntu ezenziwa ngumntu ngenxa yendalo ngokwayo).
- Uhlobo lwesibini lwee-cedols (iimpazamo ezibangelwa kukhenketho).
- Ukujonga okwesithathu-izithixo zesikwere (iimpazamo eziveliswe kukungachaneki ekusebenziseni ulwimi).
- Inkangeleko yesine-izithixo zethiyetha (iimpazamo ezenziwe ngenxa yokuzibophelela kwabasemagunyeni, iinkqubo kunye neemfundiso).
Ukuchaza umkhethe okuphazamisayo kuphuhliso lwesayensi, inzululwazi inike iCandelo lezithathu lolwazi oluveliswe ngokwemisebenzi yengqondo. Ubhekise kwibali, imibongo-kwingcinga kunye nefilosofi (equka iisahlulo) engqondweni. Isiseko solwazi lwezenzululwazi, ngokutsho kweBekon, kukuqhekezwa kwaye kuvavanywe. Ukuqhelaniswa kunokugqitywa kwaye akugqitywanga.
Ukungeniswa ngokupheleleyo kuthetha ukuphindaphinda kwepropathi yepropathi yegumbi kwigumbi lokufundela. Iindawo zokuhlala ziqhubeka kwingcinga yokuba kuya kuba njalo kuwo onke amatyala afanayo aya kujamelana nayo. Ukuqhelaniswa okungaphelelanga kuquka ngokubanzi ukufundiswa kwezinto ezingengawo onke amatyala, kodwa kuphela (ukuqukumbela kuphela), ngenxa yokuba, ngenxalenye ye-ayology), kodwa ngokomthetho ubonakalisa ukuba ingenasiphelo ingenakwenzeka. Esi sigqibo sihlala sinamaphiko.
Ukuzama ukwenza i "Ukungeniswa kwenyani", uBacon wayekhangeleka kuphela iinyani ezingqina ukuqukumbela okuthile, kodwa kunye nezibakala ezingavisisaniyo. Ewe, ngenxa yoko, bexhobe isayensi yendalo yezibonelelo ezimbini zophando - uluhlu kunye nokukhetha. Ngapha koko, eyona nto iphambili yayikukuzibamba. Ngale ndlela, umzekelo, ubusele ukuba "ubume" bobushushu yintshukumo yamasuntswana amancinci omzimba.
Kwithiyori yakhe yolwazi, u-bacon unamathela kwimbono yokuba ulwazi lokwenyani lulandela amava anengqondo (indawo yefilosofi ibizwa ngokuba yi-prosirical). Uye wanika ishwankathelo lemida kunye nemvelo yolwazi lomntu ngamnye kwezi ndidi kwaye ubonise iindawo ezibalulekileyo zesifundo, ekungekho mntu wanikela ingqalelo kuyo. Intonga ye-Bekonov Iinkonzo zokungahambi kakuhle ngokuthe ngcembe izibakala eziqwalaselwe kumava.
Nangona kunjalo, isithandi-sobulumko sasikude sendlela yokuqonda lula kulowo jikelele kwaye wagxininisa isidingo senkxaso engqondweni kuhlalutyo lwezibakala. Ngo-1620, u-Bacon wabhala i-utopia "eNew Atlantis" (epapashiweyo emva kokusweleka kombhali, ngo-1627), onokuthi ngokubhekisele kwicebo "le-Utopia" ye-thomas enkulu kaThomas, umhlobo kunye MAPTOR VENRY VIII, oneminyaka esize ngawo aphesheya, athobele intloko, ngenxa yokungqubana komfazi wesibini, uAna Bolelenn.
Kwesi "Isibane esitsha ebumnyameni besingulo sentanda-mfuno" King Yakov yanceda uFrancis iipesenti ezili-1200. Kumsebenzi ongafakwanga "e-Atlantis New", isithandi-sobulumko saxelela ilizwe elingaqondakaliyo ngeBarm Ealedar, elakhokelwa yiSolomonov House, okanye "uluntu lweli lizwe", ukudibanisa amanani aphambili elizwe.
Ukusuka kwiMisebenzi yobuKomanisi kunye neNtlalontle, ukudalwa kweFrancis kwahlulwe luhlobo lwetekhnoloji. Ukuvulwa kwendlela entsha yolwazi kunye nokuqiniseka kukuba isifundo siqale ngokuqalisa, kwaye kungenjalo ngeethiyori, siyibeke kumqolo omnye wabameli ababalulekileyo kwesayensi yexesha elitsha.
Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imfundiso ye-barne malunga noMthetho kwaye ngokubanzi, isayensi yovavanyo kunye nendlela yokuvavanywa kunye nendlela yovavanyo olwenziwe ngumrhumo obalulekileyo kunondyebo wengcinga yomntu. Nangona kunjalo, ebomini, inzululwazi ayifumananga iziphumo ezinokubakho kwisifundo sokwabrirical, okanye kwicandelo lethiyori, kunye nendlela yayo yolwazi olungenantlonelo ngokusebenzisa, isayensi yovavanyo siliwe.
Ubomi Buqu
I-bacon yayitshatile kanye. Kuyaziwa ukuba iqabane lomlingane wefilosoti yayincinci kunaye. Ukhetho losonzululwazi omkhulu lwaba yi-Alice, intombi yomhlolokazi ongumdala waseLondon banened baneneccrect Bairnema.
Umtshato we-francis oneminyaka engama-45 ubudala kunye no-Alice oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala wenzeka nge-10 ka-16, 1606. Kwakungekho abantwana abavela kwisibini.
Ukufa
U-Bacon wasweleka nge-9 ka-Epreli, ngo-1626, kwiminyaka engama-66 ubudala, kwingozi ehlekisayo. UFrancis Bonke ubomi bakhe babethanda ukufunda zonke iintlobo zendalo, kwaye ngenye imini ebusika, ukukhwela kunye nenqwelomoya kwinqwelo, inzululwazi yayinombono wokuqhuba uvavanyo apho ukubanda kancinci Inkqubo yokubola.
Isithandi-sobulumko sangenisa isidumbu senkukhu kwimarike kwaye samchukumisa eyakhe kwikhephu, eyayibanda, sagula saza safa ngolwesihlanu kumava asesayensi. Ingcwaba legqwetha elikwindawo yecawa yeCawa yeSt. UMichael kwi-St. Olban (United Kingdom). Kuyaziwa ukuba kwindawo yokungcwatywa, emva kokusweleka kombhali wencwadi ethi "New Atlantis yaseka isikhumbuzo.
Izinto ezifunyenwe
I-Francis Bacon iphuhlise iindlela ezintsha zesayensi-i-Induction kunye novavanyo:- Ukungeniswa kwento esetyenzisiweyo ngokubanzi kwisayensi, ebonisa indlela yokuqiqa eyafihlikile ukuya kwinto enye eqhelekileyo.
- Uvavanyo yindlela yokufunda i-phenomenon kwindawo elawulwa ngayo. Yahlukile ekujongisweni komsebenzi osebenzayo kunye nento efundwayo.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1957 - "iimvavanyo, okanye imiyalelo yokuziphatha neyezopolitiko" (1 uhlelo)
- I-1605 - "Kwizibonelelo kunye nempumelelo yolwazi"
- 1609 - "Ngobulumko bamabanga"
- 1612 - "Iimvavanyo, okanye imiyalelo yokuziphatha neyopolitiko" (uhlelo lwe-2)
- I-1620 - "ukubuyiselwa okukhulu kweSayensi, okanye i-Organon entsha"
- I-1620 - "i-Atlantis entsha"
- 1625 - "Iimvavanyo, okanye imiyalelo yokuziphatha neyopolitiko" (i-3rd)
- 1623 - "Kwisidima kunye nokuncamathisela isayensi"
Iikowuti
- "Esona sizungu esibi asinakuba nabahlobo bokwenene"
- "Ukungafihli kakhulu ngokungagungqiyo ngokungabinabuhlobo nje nobuntu obugqibeleleyo"
- "Ndicinge kakhulu ngokufa kwaye ndafumanisa ukuba yayiyeyona nto incinci."
- "Abantu abaneempazamo ezininzi, okokuqala baqaphela abanye"