Biography
NgoFebruwari 1600, kwisikwere seentyatyambo, iRoma yagwetywa ukubuza ukubulala ngokuvutha kwe-Italiyan Canson Bruno. Ubuntu bukaBruno buhle kakhulu malunga nendima yakhe kwiSayensi yeHlabathi kunye nefilosofi iphikisana ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. I-Jordono yaphuhlisa ithiyori i-Copernicus malunga nobume bendalo, iqinisekisa ukuba iinkwenkwezi zihamba imizimba yasezulwini, kwaye indalo ingenasiphelo ngexesha kunye nendawo. Kodwa kwanakwaGalili ngomfanekiso wakhe oHelliacecricricTA, iMbuso yazohlwaywa kuphela. Kutheni utshisile uBruno?
Imeko ikwanomdla kuba kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, iCawa yamaKatolika ihlaziye izigqibo ezinxulumene nezifundo kunye nezithandi zobulumko, kodwa iJordan Bruno ayizange ingene kwinani labo. Ngapha koko, icawe iyasixhasa isigqibo semibuzo. Ke kutheni le nto abasebenzi bakaYordani bebandla bengabekwanga? Ngaba imeko yayikwimbono yakhe yesayensi okanye isizathu inzulu?
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UPhilip Bruno wazalwa ngonyaka ka-1548, kwidolophu yaseNola, kufutshane nangeNaples, kwintsapho yejoni eqeshisiweyo Giovanni kunye nomgibeli olihlwempu. Ngo-1559, inkwenkwana yaya eNaples ukuba ifunde kwiSayensi, kuquka i-diactives, uncwadi kunye nengqondo. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, uFilipu wathunyelwa kwimonki, apho wayechitha iminyaka eli-10. Apho, inkwenkwe yafumana igama lesibini, elaziwa phantsi kwalo lwaziwa emhlabeni - iYordano.
Kwimonki, uFilipu wafunda incwadi kaCopernicus "ekujikelezweni kwamanqanaba asezulwini" kwaye echasa iinkolelo zemveli ze-Aristotle kunye nePtolemy, ebonisa ukungangqinelani kwazo. Ku-24, iYordano yaba ngumbingeleli wachitha inkonzo yokuqala. Ngokusekwe kwiingxelo ezinesibindi zomzalwana oselula uJordeno, abefundisi bamkhupha kuHeryy.
Inyanzelise iMonki emiselweyo ukuya kuqhuba. Wayishiya intsimi ye-Itali ngo-1574 kwaye wabhadula phezu kwendawo yaseYurophu. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, uBruno watyelela eSwitzerland, eNgilani, eFrance, eJamani. Ngo-1577, ukufika eToulouse (France), uBruno wafunda iintetho kwisayensi nefilosofi ye-Aristotle. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iJordyano, esele ikwiParis, yaxelela uluntu malunga nemisebenzi yesithandi-sobulumko, i-ToWog Lull, eyaziwa ngokuba yiHlabayini yakhe kwaye yena ngokwakhe yena.
Kodwa kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, ungquzulwano lwabaxhasi beemfundiso zika-Aristotle kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba ahambe iParis, eshiye iParis, awayephume eParis eLondon. ENgilani, iJordano yasebenza ngeziqhamo kwaye yabhala inani lezivumelwano zefilosofi. Ngo-1586, ukucinga ukuba baya eJamani, kodwa wayevalwa intetho eMarburg. Emva koko uBruno waqala ukufundisa eWritleberg.
Isayensi
UJordeno Bruno wabhala intanda-bulumko yentanda-bulumko, wathetha neembambano, wazifunda, kodwa kuyo yonke indawo yamnyanzela ukuba ayeke ukunyusa izimvo zabo. USanovnik, owathi kamva wayethathe inxaxheba ekwenzeni isigwebo sentambo, wabhala ukuba iJordyano iyingqondo ebalaseleyo, isithandi-sobulumko solwazi olubalaseleyo kunye nokulungela.
UBruno ngokuchasene neCawa yamaKatolika kwaye ngokubanzi, ngokuchasene nakweyiphi na inkolo ekhoyo ngelo xesha, ebabiza ngokuba ngumqobo omkhulu kwisayensi ukoyisa ukukhula kwabo. Ngo-1584 umsebenzi wakhe "kwi-infinity, indalo kunye nehlabathi" yapapashwa.
Lo msebenzi ngamanye amaxesha uqwalaselwa njengesiseko sophando lwendalo esingqongileyo, kubandakanya imfundiso yomanyano lwehlabathi kunye nendawo yendawo yendalo.
Kwangelo xesha linye, umsebenzi "we-pir kwi-Ash", equlathe iincoko ezintlanu ezinikelwe kwi-propaganda yethiyorizo ye-Istromino. Kunye nabo, umbhali uvakalisa izimvo zakhe malunga nobungqina bendalo kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo kwehlabathi. Kulo msebenzi, olu kholo lubonakaliswa okwesihlandlo sokuqala njengeSuperman, uMesiya, ohlala uhleli kwifilosofi.
Ukukhuthaza izimvo zikaCopernicus ekujikelezisweni komhlaba kunye nezinye iiplanethi kwi-orlits ejikeleze ilanga, uBruno akaphumelelanga nakwiingqondo ezikhanyisiweyo njenge-bacon kunye neShakespeare. Edanile kumazwe aseYurophu, uBruno waya ePrague. Kwakukho ezinye iincwadi ezinikezelweyo kwimilingo.
Ngokubanzi, intanda-bulumko kaBruno yayisekwe kwiNeopatophysm - wayekholelwa ukuba kukho isiqalo esithile, esiphelise yonke into kwindalo iphela. Kodwa ayibizwanga nje ukuba icinge ngoThixo, kwaye kwindalo, kunye nomntu - le cawa icinyiwe kwaye ayikwazanga.
Namhlanje, abaphandi baphikisana ukuba kwakungekho kubalulekile ukubaluleka kwesayensi yombono kaBruno, kuba baqhubeka kuphela imfundiso kaCopernicus, kodwa bengaqinisekisi isiseko sobungqina. Zonke izimvo eziphambili kunye nokufunyanwa kweJordena kulele kwindiza yemfihlakalo okanye yengqondo, hayi istayile ye-astronom.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuphikisa ngokupheleleyo ixabiso lokufunyanwa kwe-bruno yesayensi yanamhlanje.
Ubomi Buqu
Malunga nobomi buqu bruno akukho nto yaziwa. UJordena akatshatanga, wayengenabo abantwana, kwaye nabafundi kunye nabalandeli babengenalo. Eminye i-biographers ivumela ukucinga ngotyekelo lobufanasini lwefilosofi. Nangona kunjalo, ayimangalisi indlela yokuziphatha yamaXesha Aphakathi kwaye, ngakumbi, ngenxa yabakhonzi bebandla.
Kwifoto yemifanekiso egciniweyo, iJordono ivela kwindoda ebika enobuqhetseba enentetho eqiqayo. Oku kubuhlungu, ukuba nenkanuko yesayensi kunye neemfihlakalo zithathe indawo yendoda yeziyolo zobomi behlabathi kunye novuyo lwenyama kwiingalo zabafazi.
Ukufa
Ukubuya kwebhadula eYurophu kwakubuyela e-Itali, iJordani Bruno kwangoko yawa ezandleni zemibuzo. Ngokwenani leebhayigraphe, isithandi-sobulumko sasingasiphephe isigwebo sentambo, ukuba bekungeyiyo eyenziwanga nxamnye nengeniso ye-Inustic kunye nendawo yokungakhathali. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba iinkcazo zokucinga malunga nokuphindwane kwehlabathi kunye nokungafikeleli kwendalo kwaba sesona sizathu siphambili sokucaphukisa.
Kodwa emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iithiyori zeGalili zichasene ngokucacileyo ngeemfundiso zecawa, kutheni le nto umbuzo umphathiseke kakhulu ethambile kwaye enyamezele? Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, impendulo yalo mbuzo ilele kwiindlela ezisetyenziswa ngabacinga. UGalileo yayiyinzululwazi yeklasikhi esebenzise izixhobo zemathematics kuphuhliso lweethiyori. Kwaye i-jordono, endaweni yoko, imfihlakalo, ukucinga, eyayisebenzisa umlingo endaweni yeendlela zesayensi apho kwakungekho mpikiswano eyaneleyo.
Inani leebhayigraphe zithi ukubulawa kweYordan Bruno kwaba yinto engakanani yokuba kulwe nesayensi kunye nolwazi, umzabalazo ongakanani amandla. UBruno wayekholisa kwiimfundiso zakhe, kwaye iimbono zakhe eziphambili bezimele ziyilahle inkolo ngoko, eyayiyingozi eyingozi kwi-epoch yamaXesha Aphakathi. UBruno wabanjwa emva kokuthinjwa kwe-uChenigo ethile, otyhola isithandi-sobulumko kwi-hereyy. Ityala lathabatha iminyaka emithandathu, apho intanda-bulumko yayichithe entolongweni kwintolongo yaseRoma.
Inani labaphandi likholelwa ukuba i-SATIISI inike ithuba kumbingeleli wangaphambili ukuba alahle ubungqingqwa kwaye akazange aphile. Isicatshulwa sesivakalisi, esasiqhutywa kukuxoxa kwiJordenano, sasilahlekile, saziwa kukuba isiphoso asikho kwaphela kwiingcango zecawa, kodwa ekunyeliseni kwalowo wayenguMphathiswa weCawa. Yayiyisisongelo samagunya ecawa eyaba yeyona nto iphambili yokubulawa kwesigqeba sokulawulwa kunye nesithandi-sobulumko.
Iinyani ezinomdla
Ubuntu bukaJordeno bruno bruno kakhulu ukuba iintsomi ezikuzo zihamba ngaphezu kweenyani zebhayiloji yokwenene. Oku kungenxa yolwalamano oluhle lwabaphandi kwiithiyile neemfundiso zalo. Kwaye inene, uninzi lweenyani ezinomdla lwenzekile kubomi bokucinga. Ke, kwixesha lobomi, kumakhaya, uMzalwana uJordeno wavakalisa ukuthandabuza kokuqonda kukaYesu Kristu, ekhwaza into eyoyikeka kooyihlo. Le nyaniso idla ngokukhusela umbuzo ngexesha lokuxoxwa kwetyala.
Umsebenzi wexesha elide eFrance, ngaphandle kokukhatywa kweCawe yeembono zefilosofi ngabaphathiswa bendawo, kuchazwa yimemori ye-pinomeni. IHerrich III ithathele ingqalelo kuyo kwaye yamcela ukuba imfundise ii-mnemonics. Ngeso sicelo esinye kamva waphelelwa nguBruno yi-Aristocrat esuka kwi-Peice, kodwa kamva amano ononikeza amahlelo abhale utitshala wakhe, amtyhola ngeengxelo ezilahlelayo.
NgokukaVelmazby, iJordano iqwalasele inguMgigin kaYesu kwaye yaxoxa ukuba ukufa kwakhe kwakungahlelwa, kwaye imiphefumlo yabantu ayifikanga kwaphela, kwaye ityatyambile kule nto yamaKristu, kodwa iphantsi Ukuvela ngokutsha emva kokubhubha komzimba wenyama.
Isigwebo senziwe ngenxa yesithandi-sobulumko esavakalayo 'njengokubulawa kwegazi' okungenabusebenzi ", oko kuthetha ukufa emlilweni. Imisebenzi yaseJordena bubruno yayikuluhlu loncwadi olungavumelekanga yiCawa yamaKatolika, kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.
Ngoku, kwisikwere seentyatyambo eRoma, kukho isikhumbuzo kumcelisi ocinga ngokwakho ukholo. Kodwa nkqu nokufunyanwa kwesikhumbuzo kudlula isibetho kunye nembonakaliso ye-anticatolic. Enye into enomdla kukuba, ngaphandle komnqweno weCawe, kamva, indawo yaseburhulumenteni yavuselelwa isithandi-sobulumko: Ngo-1973, yayiyimo efilimu e-Itali, kwaye inyanga enyangeni inxiba igama leJordan Bruno .
I-Bibliography
- 1582 - "Kwizithunzi zeZimvo"
- I-1582 - "Ubugcisa bememori"
- I-1582 - "Ingoma yeCirtea"
- I-1582 - "kulwakhiwo olufitshiweyo kunye nokongezwa kobugcisa be-loully"
- 1583 - "Ubugcisa besikhumbuzo", okanye "ubugcisa bokukhumbula"
- I-1583 - "Amatywina okushicilela"
- I-1584 - "pier kwi-ash"
- I-1584 - "ngenxa yeseno, ukuqala kunye"
- I-1584 - "kwi-infinity, indalo kunye nehlabathi"
- I-1585 - I-Killensky Donkey
- 1586 - "Kutoliko lwamaphupha"
- I-1588 - "i-abstrict ngokuchasene nabantu besibalo"
- I-1595 - "Ikhowudi yeMeko yeMetaphysical"