Biography
Inkanyezi ezimbini ixelele i-voltera ukuba angaphila kwiminyaka engama-33 ubudala. Kodwa umntu ocinga kakhulu ukwazi ukukhohlisa ukufa, ngokungummangaliso wahlala ephila ngenxa ye-duel engaphumelelanga kuhlobo lwe-gesus de rogan. I-biegraphy yefilofolo yesiFrentshi izele kukuhlasela kwaye iwele, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, igama lakhe lingafi kangangeenkulungwane.UVoltaire, owashiya umbhali kwaye owabuya eNgilane, wenza igalelo elingenakufikeleleka kuhlobo olukhethekileyo lolwazi lwehlabathi, igama lakhe limi kumqolo omnye noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Umbhali, emveni apho kwakungekho hla kwegazi elihle, uthanda abalawuli abakhulu - i-Extista II, i-Fritz yaseRussia "II kunye nomnini wesithsaba saseSwitsiss Gustave III.
Ukucinga kwakushiye inzala yebali, imibongo, intlekele, kunye neencwadi "zakhe, okanye ithemba" kwaye "ziboshwe" okanye zenziwe "ngamabinzana ahlula-hlula.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UFrancoisa Marie Arue (igama lesithandi-sobulumko emva kokuzalwa) wazalwa ngoNovemba 21, 1694 kwidolophu yothando-Paris. Umntwana wayenamaphi na oswele umoya, emva kokuzalwa, abazali bathumela kumbingeleli. Ngelishwa, uHormarite domar, umama weVoltaire, wasweleka xa inkwenkwe yayineminyaka esixhenxe. Ke ngoko, umlawuli wexesha elizayo we-Duma yeNtshona Yurophu wakhula waza wamnyusa notata, owayekwinkonzo esemthethweni.
Ukungatsho ukuba ubudlelwane be-Francois encinci nabazali bakhe babenobuhlobo, ke oko akumangalisi ukuba sele kubudala bobuqhetseba baseChevalé de Rocherbrun - imbongi kunye neMusketeer. UFrancois Aruohe-wanika umntwana wakhe ikholeji yaseKesuit, eya kuthiwa i-Lyceum enkulu yeLouis.
Kule voltaire yeKholejini ifundwe "Latin kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zento engento", kuba lo mfana, nangona wayefumana uqeqesho olunzulu, kodwa ngobomi, obenza ubumnandi bootata basekhaya abaphezulu.
Utata kaWolter wayefuna ukuba unyana ahambe emanyathelweni akhe, waba ngu-Noran, ke uFrancois wakhawuleza waxhonywa kwi-ofisi yoMthetho. Kungekudala loo mfana waqonda ukuba isayensi esemthethweni, thixokazi wamaGrike kumaGrike, hayi indlela yakhe. Ke ngoko, ukuphosa oluhlobo oluluhlaza kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo, uVoltaire wathatha i-inki kunye nepensile kubalo lwamaxwebhu, kodwa ukuze ubhale phantsi amabali anetiriric.
Uncwadi
Xa iVoltaire yayineminyaka eli-18 ubudala, yabhala umdlalo wokuqala waza wathandabuza ukuba uya kushiya umkhondo kwimbali njengombhali. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uFrancois-Marie u-Arie wayesele ekwazile ukwehla kwi-salons yaseParis kunye namanenekazi anobuchule kunye nozuko lwenkosi yokugculelwa. Ke ngoko, amanye amanani oncwadi kunye nobuso obuphakamileyo baboyika ukufumana impapasho yeVoltaire, ebabonisa eluntwini ekukhanyeni okungalunganga.
Kodwa ngo-1717, uFrancois-Marie Aruise wahlawulelwa isikhuselo sakhe. Inyani yile yokuba umfana oselula onetalente wagqobhoza irente yoBukumkani baseFrance kwi-Kouis XV-Philip II OOOOOR. Kodwa umlawuli akazange afike kwimbambo ye-voltaire ehlekisayo, ke umbhali uthunyelwe unyaka eBestilia.
Kodwa endaweni yeVoltaire, uVoltaire weVoltare akazange aphulukane nothuli lwendalo, kodwa ngokuchasene noko, waqala ukubandakanyeka kuncwadi olunzima. Kanye endle, uVoltaire wafumana ukwamkelwa nozuko, kuba intlekele yakhe ", ebhalwe ngo-1718, yabanjwa kwinqanaba lethiyetha".
Umfana waqala ukuthelekisana namandla adumileyo aseFrentshi odumileyo, ngoko viltae owayekholelwa kwitalente yakhe yencwadi equkethe omnye umntu, kwaye ezi yayingeyongxaki yentanda-bulumko kuphela, kodwa neenoveli, kunye neencwadana. Umbhali wathembela kwimifanekiso yembali, ke ngoko uMgaqo-siseko wethiyetha unokubona kwinqanaba labadlali, befihlakele eKesare, i-BRUEA okanye Magt.
Itotali kuluhlu lweenkonzo zikaFrancois-Marie Aruha 28 isebenza enokubangelwa yintlekele yeklasi. Kwakhona, u-Voltaire walimaza ugcino lwemibongo, ukusuka phantsi kwepeni yakhe kwakukhutshwa yimiyalezo, egameni le-gallay kunye ne-OD. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuthi umbhali akoyiki ukuzama kwaye udibanise, kuya kubonakala ngathi ungahambelani nezinto ezingahambelaniyo (i-Tragic kunye ne-comical) kwibhotile enye.
Yayingoyiki ukuqhelisela amanqaku ababandayo anengqondo, kunye nakwimisebenzi yakhe yakudala, oonobumba abangaqhelekanga bahlala bevela: amaTshayina, amaScythisian athetha isiTshayina kunye ne-Eroastties kunye ne-zoRokthiis ethetha i-iraastrianinis.
Ngokuphathelele imibongo, i-epopeuse ye-epopeuse i-vetaire "Henriad" yapapashwa ngo-1728. Kulo msebenzi, uMfazi ongumFrentshi oFrentshi ugwebe ookumkani ababehlonela uThixo, besebenzisa imifanekiso engeyiyo eyiyonyani, kodwa kodwa iiprototypes eziyinyani. Emva koko, malunga ne-1730, iVoltire isebenza ngaphezulu kweyona ntombazana iphambili ye-Surody ". Kodwa le ncwadi ngokwayo yashicilelwa nje kuphela nge-1762, ngaphambi koko, iinguqulelo ezingaziwayo zaphumile.
I-"Oleans intombi eyi "volleans" voltaire, ebhalwe kwi-syllabic ishumi elinambini epheleleyo, ithembisa umfundi ebalini ekhoyo, iqhawe lesizwe elidumileyo laseFrance Shanna D'. Kodwa umsebenzi wombhali ayisiyonto yebhayiloji yomkhosi wemikhosi, kodwa isithukuthezi esiqinileyo kwisixhobo soluntu lwaseFransi kunye neCawe.
Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uAlexandeer Corgeeevich uPuskin funda lo mbhalo wasebuncinaneni bakhe, i-Ruslan noLuslan noLuslan noLyudrosv, i-votor "yomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu).
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uFrancois-Marie Aruize wahlulahlula kunye ne-prose yefilosofi, efumana ubunzulu obunganyanisekanga kubantu ababephila ngexesha. Inkosi nganye ayizange iqhume kuphela umnini wencwadi ngamabali amnandi, kodwa ke wanyanzelwa ukuba acinge ngawe ubungangamsha bomntu, kunye nokungabi nantsingiselo yethemba eligqibeleleyo kunye nobungangamkiyo bethemba elifanelekileyo.
Umsebenzi "ongenakumbi", opapashwe ngo-1767, uthetha malunga nokungasebenzi kwenkxaso ye "I-Iriyali yomthetho wendalo". Lo mbhalo-ngqangi ngumxube wezinto ze-lyrical, ukuphakamisa ukuphakamisa kunye nelibali lefilosofi.
Icebo lijikeleza umlinganiswa oqhelekileyo - isithukuthezi esinengleqweni, uhlobo lweRobinson ngenqanawa yokukhanya kolwazi, ebonisa indlela yokuziphatha komntu ngaphambi konxibelelwano lwakhe ngempucuko. Kodwa kukwakufanelekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwi-susugudy entsha, okanye ithemba (1759), leyo ibe ngumthengisi wehlabathi.
Isincoko ixesha elide sasinothuli kwikhuselo elingenathemba, kuba umsebenzi wawunqatshelwe ngenxa yobudenge. Okubangela umdla kukuba, umbhali ngokwakhe "unepipi" ngokwakhe azijonga le noveli kunye nobudenge kwaye ude akhawuleze ayazi. "I-CUVIWEYO, OKANYE OKANYE" into "ifana nenovezo oluqhelekileyo plutovsky-luhlobo oluphuhlileyo eSpain. Njengomthetho, owona msebenzi uphambili walo msebenzi ngunobangela obangela uvelwano.
Kodwa eyona ncwadi icatshuliweyo ye-voltaire inesithukuthezi esingenangqondo nenomsindo: Zonke izinto zokufika kwamaqhawe zityunjelwe ukuze zenziwe ngokombutho, urhulumente kunye nebandla. Ngokukodwa, i-saxon filosofer i-gotfird iLeibniz, ukusasaza ukufundisa okuchazwe kwi "tyditis, okanye ukuzithethelela kukaThixo", zaphantsi komhlaba.
ICawa yamaRoma Katolika yazisa le ncwadi kwi-Blacklist, kodwa oku akukhuseli "ucando" ukunciphisa abalandeli u-Alexander Pullkin, Gustar Dostoevsky kunye ne-Americar Leonard Benard Bernstein.
Intanda-bulumko
Kwenzekile ke ukuba uVoltaire abuyele kudonga olubandayo lweBistille. Ngo-1725-1726, imbambano yenzekile phakathi kombhali kunye ne-chevalé de rogan: i-voultour iye yavumelana noVolukery-Marie Artae, phantsi kweVolukere yeMvelaphi. Ekubeni umbhali wezintlekele kwigama elisepokothweni akakhweli, wavumela ukuba avakalise umntu omoni.
"ISudar, igama lam lilinde uzuko, kwaye neyakho - ukwenyama!".Kula magama abhinqileyo, umFrentshi ahlawule ingqondo yokoqobo-wabethwa nguLacey de Rogan. Ngenxa yoko, umbhali waziva ngamava akhe, ocaca, waba ngumkhuseli wokhuselo lobulungisa kunye notshintsho lwentlalo. Ukuphuma kwiNdawo eNgelweni, i-voltaire engafunekiyo ekhaya kwimiyalelo yokumkani yagxothwa eNgilani.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ubume bobume boburhulumente be-United Kingdom, olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwi-France Commochtive yaseFrance, yambetha kwiingcebiso zeminwe. Kwakuluncedo kwaye ukuqhelana nabantu abacinga ngesiNgesi, abathi ngelizwi elinye aphikisa ukuba umntu unokunxibelelana noThixo ngaphandle kokubhenela kwiCawa.
Umcinga waseFransi kwiPhatha "iileta zentanda-bulumko" kwi-Profeefise "Iileta zeFilosofical", zikhuthaza iimfundiso zikaJohn Ckev kwaye zikhanyela intanda-bulumko kaJohn. Ezona ngcinga ziphambili 'ze-felosofical yeeleta "zazikulingana, intlonipho yepropathi, ukhuseleko nenkululeko. Kwakhona, uVoltaire waguquka kumbuzo malunga nokungafi komphefumlo, akazange akhanyele, kodwa akabanga le nto ukuba kukho ubomi emva kokuba umntu efile.
Kodwa kumbuzo wenkululeko yomntu, uVoltaire wasweleka ekuhleni. ULouis XV, efundile malunga nonyango, eyalelwa ukuba atshise umsebenzi weVoltaire, kwaye umbhali ngokwakhe wathunyelwa eBistalia ngokwawo. Ukuphepha ukuqhutywa kwesithathu egumbini, uFrancois-Marie Aruhe waya eChampagne, kwintanda yakhe.
UVoltaire, inkxaso yokungalingani kunye neqela elichasene nenzondelelo, lagxeka isixhobo seCawe kwi-Fluff nothuli, kodwa akazange axhase ukungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo. Umfo waseFransi wayengumntu ongumFrentshi, oko kukuthi, waqonda ubukho boMdali, kodwa wakhanyela imfumba yenkolo kunye ne-phenomena yemvelo. Kodwa kwi-60-700s, iingcinga ezithandabuzekayo zenza i-voltaire. Xa abantu bedemon bacela ulwazisoliseko, nokuba ngaba "i-phalia ephezulu" ikhona, waphendula wathi:
"Akukho Thixo, kodwa oku akufuneki azazi i-lacquer yam kunye nomfazi, kuba andifuni ukuba iqela lam liye landa, kwaye umfazi wam uphume ekuthobeleni."Nangona uVolstaire, ngokuchasene neminqweno katata, akazange abe ligqwetha, isithandi-sobulumko sazibandakanya kwimisebenzi yamalungelo oluntu. Ngo-1762, umbhali "wathatha inxaxheba kwisicelo sokurhoxiswa kwesigwebo sentambo, uZhan Kalasov, owaba lixhoba lenkundla efanelekileyo ngenxa yesinye isivumo. U-Kalas owenziwe nge-xenophobia we-xenophobia eFrance: WayengumProtestanti, ngelixa abanye bavuma ubuKatolika.
Isizathu sokuba uJean ngonyaka we-1762 wabulawa ngezitulo ezinamavili, - ukuzibulala unyana wakhe. Ngelo xesha, umntu wakhe obophayo obophayo ngobomi wathathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho, ngenxa yokuba umzimba wakhe utyunjelwe esidlangalaleni kwiintambo kwaye uxhonywa kwisikwere. Ke ngoko, usapho lweKalas lwazisa ukuzibulala kwinzala njengendawo yokubulala, kwaye inkundla ithathele ingqalelo ukuba uJean wabulala umfana, kuba walwamkela ubuKatolika. Ngenxa yeVolntira emva kweminyaka emithathu, uJean Kalas wahlaziywa.
Ubomi Buqu
Simahla kwisincoko sezivumelwano kunye nefilosofi, ixesha le-voltaire ladlala chess. Kwiminyaka eli-17, umchasi we-Frenchman wayenguJesuit utata ka-Adam kaJesuit, owayehlala endlwini kaFrancois-Marie Arue.
Zintanda, kunye nekhuthazo kwaye zikhuthazeka kwiVoltaire yayinguMarquis du i-Mathertics, i-fiziks. Eli nenekazi lide liguqulele umsebenzi osisiseko kaIsaac Newton ngo-1745.
U-Emily wayengumfazi otshatileyo, kodwa ekholelwa ukuba zonke iimbopheleleko phambi kwendoda kufuneka zizaliseke kuphela emva kokuzalwa kwabantwana. Ke ngoko, inenekazi, ukungaphuli amaqhezu okukhohla, egxunyekwe kwiinoveli ezikufutshane nezibalo kunye nefilosom.
Nge-voltaire, ubuhle badibana ngo-1733, kwaye ngo-1734 wanika indawo yokuhlala e-1734 kwi-bastiller yeqabane, apho i-filiapidar yeqabane lakho, apho isithandi solimileyo sichithe iminyaka eli-15 sohambo.
UDu Shaham wabeka inkululeko kwi-inkululeko, imithetho ye-physics kunye neefomula zezibalo, ngoko abathandi badla ngokucombulula imisebenzi entsokothi. Ekwindla yango-1749, uEmily wasweleka emva kokuzalwa komntwana, kwaye uVoltaire, ophulukene nothando lobomi bakhe, waxhuzulwa kuxinzelelo.
Ngendlela, bambalwa abantu abazaziyo ukuba enyanisweni yayisisigidi. Kwanasebuncinaneni bakhe, isithandi-sobulumko sadibana nababhanki abafunda uFrancois ukuba bahlawulele imali. Ifunyenwe ngeminyaka engamashumi amane, umbhali wayetyala imali yegiya yomkhosi waseFransi, wanika imali yokuthenga iinqanawa kunye nemisebenzi ecocekileyo ye-ART, kunye nemveliso ye-ARTE yayikwi-Switzerland.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi, iVoltaire yathandwa, umntu ngamnye wawugqala uxanduva lokutyelela indlu yaseSwitss ndlu yobulumko bendoda endala. Isithandi-sobulumko sasifihlakele kuokumkani baseFransi, kodwa ngoncedo lokweyisela babuyela kwilizwe laseCezanna nasePassan, apho wasweleka kwiminyaka engama-83 ubudala.
Intsalela yeziteyitimenti zentsusa yombhali kunye neembono zangcwatywa kwingcwaba lesizwe kwi-pantheon (paris).
I-Bibliography
- I-1730- "ibali likaKarl XII"
- 1732 - Zaire
- 1734 - "Iintsapho zefilosofi. Iileta zesiNgesi
- 1736 - "Umyalezo Newton"
- 1738 - "Isincoko somlilo"
- 1748 - "Umhlaba njengoko"
- 1748 - "Zadig, okanye ikamva"
- I-1748 - "Sempamid"
- 1752 - "micromegas"
- 1755 - "I-Orleans yentombi"
- 1756 - Inyikima ye-Lisbon "
- 1764 - "Mhlophe kwaye Mnyama"
- 1768 - "Tsarevnan Bonatan"
- 1774 - "UDon Pedro"
- 1778 - "AGAFOKL"
Iikowuti
- "Akunakwenzeka ukuba ukholelwe kuThixo, ukuba ungakholelwa kuyo - ongenangqondo"
- "Kubantu abaninzi, ilungisiwe - kuthetha ukutshintsha iimbaleki zakho"
- "Ookumkani bayazi ngemicimbi yabalungiseleli abangabameli boMphathiswa Babo Bangaphaya kweCuckold ngemicimbi yabafazi bawo"
- "Ukungalingani kubuhlungu, kodwa kukulukhula"
- "Akukho nto ingathandekiyo, indlela yokuxhonywa ngayo"