Biography
URean-Jacques Rousseau wazalelwa eGeneva ngoJuni 28, 1712. Esi sithandi-sobulumko sesiFrentshi, umbhali we-Epoch yokukhanya uyaziwa kwimisebenzi ye-pedagogical, iithiyori. URousseau wabiza uMsunguli wezothando kwiNzululwazi yeHilososophical. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba i-jean-jacques rousuau ukuya kuthi ga kum.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ubuntwana be-franco Swiss Jiss-jacques ayinakubizwa ngenkathalo. Umama, uSuzanna Bernar, wasweleka emva kokuzalwa, eshiya unyana xa ekhathalela utata kaIsaac Rousseau, owayesebenza ngumfundisi wayo kwaye wasebenza njengomfundisi wokudanisa. Ukusweleka kweqabane lomlingane wabandezeleka, kodwa wazama ukwalathisa uthando lwemfundo uJean-Jacques. Yaba yigalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lweRousseau.
Umntwana ukusukela kwiminyaka yakhe uye wafunda imisebenzi kaPlutarsha, ukufunda "uAststy" notata wakhe. UJean-jacques wazizisa kwindawo yegorha lakudala lemifanekiso kwaye layitshisa ngokukhethekileyo isandla sakhe. Kungekudala le rousseau kwafuneka ishiye iGeneva ngenxa yohlaselo oluxhobileyo, kodwa inkwenkwe yahlala ekhayeni lakhe. Umzali akazange akrokre ukuba uNyana uya kuba sisithandi-sobulumko esibalulekileyo ngeli xesha.
Emva kwexesha, izalamane zanika uJean-jacques ukuya kwilembumbulula yeProtestanti. Emva konyaka, iRussesau yoqeqesho yatshintshelwa ku-Marain, kamva yadluliselwa kwigrare. Ngaphandle kokusebenza nzima, lo mfana wafumana ixesha lokufunda. Imfundo yafundiswa uJean-jacques ukuba axoke, yenza ngathi.
Kwiminyaka eli-16, iRussosuau iyasinda kwigeza kwaye ingena kwimonki, ikwiiTurin. Phantse iinyanga ezine bekukho intanda-bulumko yexesha elizayo apha, emva koko wangena kwinkonzo yoku-oristocrats. UJean-Jaccees wasebenza nge-lacquer. Unyana wobalo wamnceda lowo ukuba aqonde iziseko ze-Itali. Kodwa izakhono zeleta uRousuau wafumana i-Manashi-Nksk. DeAran.
UJean-Jacques Rousseau kweminye imisebenzi, obhalwe phantsi, umele izibakala ezinomdla kwibhayiloji yabo. Ngenxa yoku, sifunda ukuba le ndoda isebenza ngunobhala kunye nomcebisi wekhaya ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke kwifilosofi kunye noncwadi.
Ifilosofi kunye noncwadi
UJean-Jacques Rousseau nguwe, Okokuqala, isithandi-sobulumko. Incwadi ethi "Isivumelwano Esidlangalaleni", "Eloise Came" kunye "ne-Emil" isafundela abameli beSayensi. Kule misebenzi, umbhali wazama ukuchaza ukuba kutheni kukho ukungalingani ekuhlaleni eluntwini. I-Rousseau yaqala ukufumanisa ukuba ikho indawo yokuba yindawo yokuba yindlela yokuphila imeko.
UJean-Jacques wawugqala umthetho wokuchaza ukuthanda okuqhelekileyo. Kwakufuneka akhusele abameli benkampani abavela kurhulumente, abangakwaziyo ukungayigxeki umthetho. Ukulingana kwepropathi kunokwenzeka, kodwa kuphela kwimeko yengxelo yentando eqhelekileyo. URousseau wanikela abantu ukuba bazimele ngokufanelekileyo umthetho, ngaloo ndlela belawula indlela abaziphatha ngayo abasemagunyeni. Ngenxa yeJean-jacques, uRousseau wenza i-Prefereeum, yanciphisa imihla ebekiweyo yeSekela, yazisa inyathelo lezomthetho likazwelonke, igunya elinyanzelekileyo.
"Entsha" - uphawu lweRousseau. Inoveli zilandele ngokucacileyo amanqaku kaClarissa Garloa, yenziwa nguRichardson. Le ncwadi iJean-Jacques ithathe owayeza kulungelelwaniso olubhalwe kwi-Epistolary. "I-Eloise entsha" imele iileta ezili-163. Lo msebenzi ukhokelele kuluntu lwaseFrentshi, kuba le minyaka le yokubhala iinoveli yayithandwa.
"I-Eloise entsha" ibalisa ibali lentlekele kwikamva lomlinganiswa ophambili. Ibeka uxinzelelo olunyulu kulo, ukuba nentombi ukuze kunandiphe uthando kwaye bangenise ekufundeni isilingo. Incwadi yaphumelela uthando lwabantu kwaye lenza i-rousseau notata wothando kwifilosofi. Kodwa ubomi bolwimi bombhali baqala ngaxeshanye. Emva embindini weXviii kwinkulungwane ye-Xvii, iRussou yayibandakanya inkonzo yokuzazisa eVenice. Kungekudala indoda ifumana isangqa kubuchule bokuyila.
EParis, umntu omaziyo wenzekile, odlale indima ebalulekileyo kwikamva lefilosofi. UJean-Jacques wadibana nentsimi yeGolbach, iDenis Dero, eTiienne de Konillak, uJean D'Alber kunye noGrimm. Iintlekele zangaphambi kwexesha kunye namamkeli bezingathandwa, kodwa ngo-1749, ekubeni besigqitha, wayefunda kwiphephandaba malunga nokhuphiswano. Isihloko sasikufuphi neRusseau:
"Ngaba ukuphuculwa kokuphathwa kwesayensi kunye nobugcisa bokuziphatha, okanye ngaba kufa negalelo kwintsebenziswano yabo?".Iphefumlele uMbhali. Ukuthandwa phakathi kwabemi uJean-jacques wazuza emva kwe-opera "yomthambo". Lo msitho wenzeka ngo-1753. Ingqondo kunye nemvelo yengoma iqatshelwe abantu belali. Nditsho noLouis xv walwa i-Ariac chip emsebenzini.
Kodwa "ithambo lomthimbi" kunye "nokuqiqa" zongeza iingxaki zaseRussia. I-Grimm kunye ne-golbach iluqondile uJean-Jacques ngokungalunganga. UVoltaire wema ecaleni kwento ebonakalayo. Eyona ngxaki iphambili, ngokwentanda-bulumko, yayiyintando yesininzi yePleebee kumsebenzi weRousseau.
Ababhali-mbali bafunda i-Eustice i-Autobiographic yokudalwa kweJean-Jacques ebizwa ngokuba "luvumo". Ukunyaniseka kunye nokunyaniseka kubekhona kumgca ngamnye womsebenzi. URousseau wabonisa abafundi amandla kunye nobuthathaka, batyhila umphefumlo. Iingcaphuno ezivela kwincwadi zisasebenzisa ukwenza i-pilomographicy kunye nombhali, ukuvavanya ubuchule kunye ne-jean-jaan-jaan-jaanseau.
I-Pedagogy
Kwinqanaba lemidla ye-eving, uJean-Jacques Rousseau wayengumntu wendalo ongachaphazeli iimeko zentlalo. Isithandi-sobulumko sasikholelwa ukuba imfundo ichaphazelekile kukuphuhliswa komntwana. URousseau wasebenzisa le mbono xa ephuhlisa umxholo we-pedagogical. Ezona ndlela ziphambili ze-jean-jacques eziboniswe emsebenzini we-Emil, okanye malunga nokukhuliswa. Oku kudibana, ekuqatshelweni kombhali, yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwaye ibalulekile. Ngokwemifanekiso yobugcisa, iRussisseau izamile ukudlulisela iingcinga malunga ne-vedagogy.
Inkqubo yemfundo kunye nemfundo ayinelisekanga sisithandi sobulumko. Iimbono zikaJean-jacques ziphikisana nenyani yokuba isiseko sesi sithethe yicawe, kwaye hayi idemokhrasi, isasazwa ngokubanzi kuloo minyaka iYurophu. URousseau wanyanzelisa imfuneko yokuphuhlisa iitalente zendalo emntwaneni. Ukuphuhliswa kwendalo komntu ngowona msebenzi uphambili wemfundo.
Ngokutsho kukaJean-jacques, izimvo zokukhuliswa kwabantwana kufuneka zitshintshiwe. Kungenxa yento yokuba umntu osusela kumzuzu wokuzalwa nokufa uvula iimpawu ezintsha ngokwawo nakwihlabathi elijikelezileyo. Ngokusekwe kwezi, iinkqubo zemfundo kufuneka zakhiwe. UmKristu onobubele kunye nendoda elungileyo ayiyonto ifunayo umntu. URousseau wanyaniseka wakholelwa ukuba kukho abacinezeli, nabacinezeli, hayi ilizwe okanye abemi.
Imibono kadani-jaan Rousseau yayikwingcebiso yabazali ngemfuneko yokukhulisa kumnqweno wendoda omncinci wokunqwenela umsebenzi, ihlonitshwa, imvakalelo yenkululeko kunye nenkululeko. Akukho kwimeko apho unokutyhila okanye avele kwiimfuno, nokuba mhlophe zabantwana. Kwangelo xesha, kuya kufuneka ushiye ukungathobeki komntwana. Kodwa eyona inamava intanda-bulumko yokutshintsha uxanduva lwemfundo kumntwana okwishumi elivisayo.
Indima ebalulekileyo ekufundiseni umntu idlalwa ngumsebenzi, oya kukhokelela ekunyameni kwakhe umsebenzi kunye noxanduva lwezenzo zakhe. Ngokwemvelo, oku kuya kuqhubeka nokwenza umntwana afumane ukutya. Phantsi kwemfundo yabasebenzi, iRussisseau yayithetha ukuphuculwa kwengqondo, yokuziphatha nokwenyama umntu. Ukuphuhliswa kweemfuno kunye nezinto onomdla zomntwana kufanele ukuba ziziphazamiso kubazali.
Ngokutsho kukaJean-jacques, iRousseau, kuwo onke amabakala abantu abadala kuyimfuneko ukuze kuhlakulele into echazwe kwiChad. Ukuya kwiminyaka emibini - ukukhula komzimba. Ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwi-12 - imvakalelo, ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya kwi-15-yengqondo, ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-15 ukuya kweli-18 ubudala - isimilo. Phambi kotata nonina, ngowona msebenzi uphambili-ungaba nomonde kwaye uzingise, kodwa akukho nto ayifanekileyo nomntwana wale mihla. Ukuzivocavoca kunye nokuqina kuya kusebenza ekuchanyoneni komntwana, ukuveza kunye nokomeleza impilo.
Kwithuba lokukhula okwishumi elivisayo kulwazi lwehlabathi, kufuneka ufunde ukusebenzisa iimvakalelo, hayi le ncwadi. Uncwadi lulungile, kodwa luyifaka kwiingqondo ezikhawulezayo eziza kubona umbono wehlabathi.
Ngenxa yoko, umntwana akasayi kuba nengqondo, kodwa uya kwabona amazwi abanye elukholweni. Ezona ngxelo ziphambili zemfundo yengqondo yayiza kunxibelelana: abazali kunye nootitshala badala imeko xa umntwana efuna ukubuza imibuzo kwaye afumane iimpendulo. URousseau wajonga ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezinto, ibhayoloji, ikhemistri kunye ne-fiziks.
Abantu abadala abaneminyaka eli-15 baya rhoqo kwiimvakalelo eziqhubekayo, ukuqhambuka kweemvakalelo ezigubungela i-Ademestonts ngentloko. Kubalulekile ngeli xesha lokungagqithisi ngokuziphatha, kodwa ukuzama ukubethelela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Umbutho kukuziphatha okubi, ke akukho mfuneko yokuba uyitshintshe lo msebenzi kubantu bamanye amazwe. Okweli nqanaba, kubalulekile ukukhulisa ububele beemvakalelo, izigwebo kunye nentando. Kulula ukuyenza kuya kuba kude kwizixeko ezikhulu ngezilingo zazo.
Ngokukhawuleza xa le ndoda okanye le ntombazana ibe yiminyaka engama-20 ubudala, iyimfuneko ukuba ifudukele kumsebenzi woluntu. Okubangela umdla kukuba, eli nqanaba labameli labasetyhini lavunyelwa ukuba batsibe. Imisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni ibonakaliswa kuphela. Kwimisebenzi kaJean-jacques, iRousseau ilandela umntu ofanelekileyo, ophikisana noluntu lweXviii Ikhulu.
Iinkqubo zenziwa iRousseau ezaziphathelele kwi-coup kwihlabathi le-pegogogical, kodwa abasemagunyeni bayithatha njengeyingozi, besongela i-polls yehlabathi. Unyango "Emil, okanye malunga nokukhuselwa" ukutshiswa ", kwaye ngokunxulumene noJean-Jacques ukhuphe umthetho wokubanjwa. Kodwa iRousseau yakwazi ukufihla eSwitzerland. Iingcinga zesithandi-sobulumko, ngaphandle kokungafezeki korhulumente waseFransi, ziphembelela lowo wabantwana.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali yokutshata nenenekazi elinesibindi, uJean-Jacques wayengenalo ithuba, ke ifiloso-hersopher yakhetha i-Teresa yeLeasosheser. Ibhinqa lisebenze yintombazana kwihotele eseParis. Ingqondo kunye nobukrelekrele bukaTeresa azange zahlukile. Intombazana yeza kugqatso oluhle. Imfundo ayifumananga-ayizange ichaze ukuba loluphi ixesha. Eluntwini, umLesser wavela i-tulgar.
Nangona kunjalo, kuDrousseau waphila kude kube sekupheleni kweentsuku. Emva kweminyaka engama-20 yobomi bomtshato, kunye noTeresa, umntu waya ecaweni, apho babetshata khona. Amaqabane anabantwana abahlanu, kodwa iintsana zanikezela kwangoko kwindlu yemfundo. UJean-jacques wachaza lo mthetho ngokuswela imali. Ngaphandle koko, ngokwentanda-bulumko, abantwana baphazamisa iRusseau oko wayekuthandayo.
Ukufa
Ukusweleka kuka-Istigala jean-jacques rousseau kaJulayi 2, 1778, kwidolophu yasePortau D'Ermenonville. Apha ngonyaka we-1777 wazisa umhlobo wesithandi-sobulumko obona ukonakala kwimeko yempilo yaseRussia. Ukuzonwabisa, indwendwe ilungelelanisa ikhonsathi esiqithini esekwe epakini. UJean-jacques, ethandana naye kule ndawo, wacela ukucwangcisa ingcwaba lakhe apha.Umhlobo uthathe isigqibo sokuzalisekisa isicelo sokugqibela sikaRousseau. Indawo esiyindawo yoluntu sisiqithi sabantu. Amakhulu abalandeli nyaka ngamnye atyelele epakini ngenxa yokuqhelana neNkosi, eyayichaza ngokucacileyo i-schiller kwimibongo. Ngexesha lenguqulelo enkulu yaseFrench, intsalela yeJean-Jacques ifudukele ePantso. Kodwa emva kweminyaka engama-20 kwabakho umsitho ombi- izaphuli-mthetho ezimbini zabiwa nguthuli lwefilosofi kwaye ziphoswe emhadini, zizele lilime.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- URousseau wafunda kwisikolo somculo, wabhala imisebenzi yomculo.
- Emva kweminyaka eliqela yokubhadula, ngo-1767 wabuyela eFrance, kodwa phantsi kwegama elahlukileyo.
- ESwitzerland kukho isiqithi kuMlambo iRhone, ebizwa emva kwe-jean-jacques rousseau.
- Isithandi-sobulumko sinandiphe ukuthandwa kumazanane.
- URousseau wayengengomsebenzi ongumsebenzi ngenxa yomlinganiswa webhombu.
I-Bibliography
- 1755 - "Ukuqiqa ngemvelaphi yokungalingani phakathi kwabantu"
- 1761 - "Julia, okanye i-eloise entsha"
- 1762 - "Kwimvumelwano yoluntu"
- 1762 - "Emil, okanye malunga nokukhulisa"
- 1782 - "Ukuhamba iphupha elililo"
- 1782 - "Ukucingisisa Kurhulumente wasePoland"
- 1789 - "Ukuvuma"