Biography
UHarry Truman - Umongameli wama-33 wase-United States of America (iminyaka kaRhulumente ukususela ngo-1945 ukuya ku-1953), kwimicimbi yezopolitiko yangaphakathi ngaphambi kwexesha, kodwa ngenxa yoko waphumelela uFiasco. Ngomgaqo-nkqubo wokufayilisha, imfazwe ebandayo kunye neSoviet Union yayingeyongxaki, uTruman wangena ibali njengoMdali kaNato kunye nolwalukrakra olwenziweyo ngokuchasene nobuKomanisi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umongameli we-United States wazalwa ngoMeyi 8, 1884 kwidolophu yaseLamar (Missouri). UHarry ungumdala wabantwana abathathu boMfihlakalo kunye neCotter Morking John anderson tuman. Usapho iminyaka eliqela eMelika, de wahlala enkumeleleni, apho iHarry encinci iye yahamba isikolo. Inkwenkwe yokufunda inomdla, imbali kunye nomculo-rose ngentsimbi yesi-5 kusasa ukuze ufunde elinye ipiyano.
Emva kwesikolo, uHarry wabhalisa kwiKholeji yeShishini, apho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wafunda i-Akhawuntingi, kodwa kunyaka emva koko wanyanzelwa ukuba ashiye iZiko leMfundo. Umfana wakwazi ukufumana amava kwisikhululo sikaloliwe, ehlelwe, ibhanki yentengiso yesizwe, nangaphambi kokuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi Ndasebenza notata wakhe noMzalwana kwifama kagogo. Wathunyelwa emfazweni, wathunyelwa kumphathi.
Emva kokusweleka kukatata, uTruman wathatha ifama ezandleni, wayiphucula ngokwazisa ukujikeleza kwezityalo kunye neenkomo ezineempondo ezinkulu. Kwi-farallel, uHarry wazame imikhosi kwishishini-ityale imali kwi-acconc mines kwi-oklahoma, ityale imali kuphuhliso lwendawo yeoyile kwaye icacisiwe kwi-Kansas City. Nangona kunjalo, iiprojekthi zeshishini aziphumelelanga.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wezopolitiko
Ngobuhlobo bezopolitiko, uTruman uthathe isigqibo esebutsheni bakhe - wabandakanywa ngabaxhasi beedemokhrasi. Enkosi kwinkxaso yeli lizwe linamandla lomzantsi, phantsi kobunkokeli bukaTom Pendergast, kunye neVeterans War, ngo-1922, uHarry onyulwe iJackson County. Kwakube kulawulo kunesikhundla senkundla. Olona candelo liphambili lomsebenzi ogutyungelweyo lweemfuno zoqoqosho: Ukulungiswa kwendlela, ulawulo lwasekhaya, ukususwa kwamanzi amdaka. Usihlalo wenkundla wathatha eyona micimbi ibalulekileyo yabemi.
Enkundleni, uStuman waqeqesha imihla emibini emiselweyo, kwaye kakuhle wazimisela njengegosa, kwaye ngo-1934, kwakhona, ngoncedo lwePendergast, lanyulwa kwi-Senate ye-US. Ukuba ngumxhasi oqinisekileyo "wekhondo elitsha" likaFranklin Roosevelt, waya kusebenza nentloko yakhe kwaye wafumana idinga kwinye yeekomiti. Ukuthandwa kufikelelwa kwinkcazo yobuqhetseba kuloliwe, uthatha inxaxheba kulungiselelo loMthetho kwizothutho nokulawula ingxelo yomoya.
Ngo-1940, ixilongo ngobunzima, kodwa ukhuselwe kwakhona kwi-Senate. Umgaqo-nkqubo ophathiswe ubunkokeli beKomiti ukuba uphonononge ukuphunyezwa kweNkqubo yokhuseleko kuZwelonke, ukusetyenziswa okungasebenziyo kweemali zikarhulumente kunye norhwaphilizo kwatyhilelwa ukupheliswa kwezivumelwano zomkhosi. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, eli lizwe lalithetha elithi:
"Ukuba sibona ukuba iJamani iphumelele, ke kufuneka sincede iRussia, kwaye ukuba i-Russia iyaphumelela, kufuneka sincede iJamani, nangona ndingafuni ukubona i-hitler kuzo naziphi na izinto abaphumeleleyo."Ngo-1944, i-roosevelt enyuliweyo nge-vice-Mongameli endaweni yeHenry Walleza, owahlulahlulwa ngamacangci enkulisayo kunokuba ebangele ukungoneliseki kwiqela ledemokhrasi kunokubangela ukungoneliseki kweDemocral. Okwesi sithuba, uHarry walawula imisebenzi yasemkhosini yaseMelika. IHarry Truman yesikhundla soMongameli ophumeleleyo sathabatha iintsuku ezingama-82. Ngo-Epreli ngo-1945, uRooseveltt wasweleka ngokungalindelekanga, kwaye, ngokomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, uTruman wathabatha i-Ofisi kaMongameli.
NjengoMongameli
Ngaphandle kweenkalo ezintle zomsebenzi, ezopolitiko zange badume nabantu, ezingqina uphando lwabemi. Ngo-1951, yayingama-23% kuphela abantu baseMelika ekuvunyelwene ngayo nekhondo likarhulumente, iminyaka emibini emva kokuba ihambile kwiposi, i-31% yabemi inika uvavanyo oluqinisekileyo kumsebenzi weTruman.Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-80s, imbali ihlaziyiwe, kwaye uMongameli wase-US wase-US wanyuka waya kwindawo yobhedu kwindawo yabalawuli baseMelika. Ulahlekile kuphela eFranklin Roosevelt noJohn Kennedy, baba ligorha elahlukileyo.
UTrumba wafumana ifama ngeengxaki ezinzima: Imfazwe iphelile, kwaqhambuka imbambano phantsi kwecandelo leMpuma Yurophu, ubudlelwane kunye nelizwe labo kuye kwaphela, kwilizwe labo kwakuyimfuneko ukubanjwa.
Kwezopolitiko zasekhaya
IBhodi yeHarry Truman inxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa ukungalungisi kubuhlanga, wazama ukuyeka imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemithetho ewahlula inani kubemi bobuhlanga. IKomiti yokubeka esweni umsebenzi weAfrika yaseMelika - isakhiwo esiqinisekisa ukulingana kwabo bonke abemi.
Inyaniso inika ingqalelo enkulu kwiingxaki zoqoqosho nezentlalo, ezenza imithetho emitsha. Eyona nkqubo idumileyo kaMongameli ifumene igama "Ikhosi efanelekileyo". Ngapha koko, le projekthi yayiyi-rosevelt entsha.
Ukunyusa iindleko zenkxaso yentlalo, ulawulo lwamaxabiso kunye nemali mboleko, ukukhulisa umvuzo woluntu, ukuqinisekisa ingqesho epheleleyo ye-inshurensi, ukuncedwa kwezemfundo - kwezopolitiko kubone iindawo zokukhulisa ilizwe.
Kodwa, ngelishwa, uHarry Gruman akazange afumane inkxaso kwiCongress. Lo mthetho uYilwayo akazange amkelwe, ke ngoko abavoti bexesha badanile kwezopolitiko. Ngo-1952, wala ukutyumba ubugqwetha bakhe kwi-Ofisi kaMongameli. Kwiminyaka eli-15 kuphela kamva, ezinye iinkokheli ziya kubuyela kwimizamo yeXuman.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle
UMongameli wangena kwimbali yehlabathi njengendawo enemfazwe ebandayo. Ekupheleni kobudlelwane boBubanzi behlabathi yaseMelika kunye ne-USSR yedwa ekwabelaneni ngokwabelana ngemimandla yempembelelo enkulu yaseYurophu. I-Truman yafunyanwa sisivumelwano se-YALTA Roosevelt neStalin - sasikholelwa ukuba uMphathiswa wezesikelwe ulahlekelwe kakhulu kwinkokeli yaseSoviet.
Ukufuna ukoyikisa kwaye ufumane ubunzima bomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, i-Melika yabhengeza ukudalwa kwebhombu yeatom, kwaye ukubeka inqaku kwimfazwe kunye ne-hirshima kunye neNagasaki. Xa u-Tandem ephethe i-UK, ama-Ispas adale isicwangciso esisinga impembelelo ye-USSR eYurophu. Ke kwaqala imfazwe ebandayo.
Ngo-1947, uTruman ubonakalisa imfundiso "ye-otrence" - inani lamanyathelo aliqela ajolise kubuKeli-frisferation. Umbono wokubuyisa uncedo lwezemali uxhaswa yiTurkey kunye neGrisi.
Inkokeli yase-US yamkela isicwangciso seMarshall, esithe sabonisa impembelelo yezigidi zeedola kwimfazwe yangaphantsi yoqoqosho lwaseYurophu, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ifuthe elikhulu kwintsimi yayo. Kwaye ngo-1949, uNato uzelwe, ibhloko ezokukhusela amaKomanisi ukusuka kulwandiso.
I-United States ngasekupheleni kwe-40s kwaye ekuqaleni kwe-50s exhaswa nge-france kwizenzo zobukoloniyali eVietnam kwaye babandakanyeka emfazweni eKorea. Umgaqo-nkqubo welinye ilizwe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe kwaba sesinye sezizathu zokuba abantu baphulukane nentembelo eTruman.
Ubomi Buqu
Kwibhayiloji yepolitiki kwakukho indawo kunye nobomi bobuqu. Ngo-1911, i-Truian Young, emva kwenkundla ende, inike isandla kunye nentliziyo yekhaya ukusuka kwi-Interdening Elizabeth Wallace Ferman. Nangona kunjalo, le ntombazana yanqatshelwa. UHarry wathembisa ukubuyela kumbuzo xa efumana imali engaphezulu - yiyo loo nto umlimi ebetha ishishini.
Ngo-Epreli ngo-1919, uStuman watshata abanyuliweyo. Umlingane uhlala ehleli esithunzini somsebenzi wezopolitiko womyeni wakhe, ubuthathaka obuthathaka kwi-Washington. Nangona, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, uHarry wayenxibelelana noElizabhete kwezopolitiko, ngakumbi ukuba zizigqibo ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente.
Intombazana ekuphela kwentombi kaMariya uMargaret Truman yazalwa emtshatweni, emva komtshato - uMargaret Truman Daniel. Ebutsheni bakhe, le ntombazana yafika imvumi yemvumi, yaze eyenziwa nge-orchenyra ye-symphony, kodwa, ukuba itshatile nomhleli weNew York Times, yangcwatywa iphupha.
Nangona kunjalo, umfazi othandwayo wayesaqhubeka - kwicandelo lokubhala. I-Peru Margaret ye-32 yeencwadi kuhlobo olufundileyo, nganye iba ngumthengisi wezinto ezilungileyo. Intombi kaTruman ikwakhupha ibhayiloji yabazali kunye nengqokelela yez-Guses ukusuka ebuntwaneni ichithwe kwiNdlu Emhlophe. Iincwadi ziqulathe ifoto enkulu ukusuka kwindawo yogcino lwe-Trumin. UMargaret wazisa utata owaziwayo wabazukulwana abane, wasweleka ngo-2008.
Ukufa
Ukusweleka koyikiswa ngo-Truman ngo-1950. Ekupheleni kwexesha, iPuerortorikans ezimbini izamile ukufihla endlwini, kodwa khange zenzeke kulwaphulo-mthetho-omnye uMongameli owenziwe ngobomi babulawa, omnye wagwetywa ubomi.
UHarry Truman wasweleka nge-26 kaDisemba ngo-1972 eKeas City. Indoda eyayiphila kwiminyaka ehambahambayo yabethwa yiPnemonia. Inkokeli ye-33 yenkokeli yaseMelika iphumle kwintendelezo yethala leencwadi leTloum.
Imemori
- I-American Aircraft yase-American Ess "Harry S. Truman" (CVN-75)
- Ithala leencwadi likaMongameli-loMyuziyam weTruman
- Isikolo seeSayensi zoLuntu Harry S. Truman
- IYunivesithi yaseLizwe. I-Truman eMissouri
Iincwadi
- Ngo-1972 - "Harry S. Truman", M. Truman
- Ngo-1982 - "Bes V. Truman", M. Truman
- 1994 - "Harry S. Truman: ubomi", R. Ferrell
- Ngo-1998 - "Indoda yokuzimela", D. Daniels
- Ngo-2003 - "Harry S. Truman: Ubomi bakhe namaxesha", B. Burns
- Ngo-2008 - "Harry S. Truman", R. Dallek
- Ngo-2009 - "Harry Truman", umshicileli "Deaddini"
- Ngo-2016 - "Truman", L. Dubova, i-Chernya Vesky
Iifilimu
- Ngo-1947 - "isi-3 semazi-mayi-US wase-US Harry Truman"
- Ngo-1950- "ilizwe lam nguwe"
- Ngo-1963 - "Abaphumeleleyo"
- Ngo-1973 - "Ilizwe Emfazweni"
- Ngo-1980 - "Atomic cafe"
- Ngo-1984 - "uloyiso"
- Ngo-1988 - "kwakhona i-18"
- 1994 - "Imfazwe yethu yenkulungwane"
- Ngo-1995 - "UTruman"
- 2006 - "Iiflegi zootata bethu"
- Ngomhla wama-2004 - ithiyori yabathengi "
- Ngo-2008 - "UMongameli oza kukhumbula"