Biography
UAlexander Lvovich Parvus (Israel Lazarevich Gerbend) - Umlandeli waseRussia, umlandeli wentshukumo yedemokhrasi ekuhlaleni, i-PH.D., umbhali wamaphepha enzululwazi kunye nemidlalo.
Kwintsapho yamaYuda ngoSeptemba 8, 1867, kwazalwa inkwenkwe egama linguSirayeli. Iminyaka iya kubanjwa phambi kwe-Israel ithatha igama nefani. Ke umfana uya kubuyela kwiAlexander Parvs. Isiganeko esonwabileyo kwintsapho egudileyo yenziwa eBerezin, ephantsi kwe-minsk. Umlilo ophambili kungekudala wayitshabalalisa indlu apho babephila khona inguqu. Isixeko sasiwa ngomlilo.
Esi yayisisizathu sokuqhutywa kosapho eOdessa, isahluko sakhe sazalelwa kule lali. Indoda yaya emsebenzini kwizibuko. U-Israyeli wafundiswa kwindawo yokuzivocavoca, watyelela amacandelo ulutsha oluqhubekayo. I-Alexander eneTaxander ngo-1885 ifudukela eZurich ngenxa yemfundo ephezulu. Apha, i-comrade ihlangabezana nabathathi-nxaxheba kwiQela lokukhutshwa kwabasebenzi. Yi-PB. I-Axelled, G.V. Plekhanov, v.i. Zasulich.
Kwibhayiloji esemthethweni yenguquko, kwathiwa iParvus kwiDyunivesithi yase-Basel yaphandwa kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Ngokweziphumo zezifundo zakhe, wafumana inqanaba likagqirha wentanda-bulumko. UAlexander wafudukela eJamani waza waba lilungu leqela ledemokhrasi lentlalontle. Ngokutsho kwe-I. Doycher, iParvus inqwenela "ukuvuselela umoya wokuhlaziywa koburhulumente baseJamani."
Uhlaziyo
UAlexander wabuyela eSt. Petersburg kwiintsuku zokuqala zenguquko. Inkampani iParvus yayingonyama i-trotsky. Amadoda asungula imisebenzi kwiKomiti eLawulayo yeBhunga labasebenzi. UAlexander wacwangcisa ukufezekisa ithiyori ye "Uhlaselo oluSigxina" oluzinzileyo. Isixhobo sokusekwa kweendibano zoguquko Parlusutions ibone i-proletariat.
Yima kwi-coup eRussia, indoda ayizange ifune. Izicwangciso zeAlexander zazizimase iHlabathi liphela. Phantse isiqingatha sonyaka seParvvus eyenziwe ngaphambi kokusebenza kunye neefowuni ukuze uvukele amandla akhoyo kwaye wenze idemokhrasi esebenzayo.
Uhlaziyo lufuna uxinzelelo kuluntu. U-Trotsky kunye neParvvs uthathe isigqibo sokuyenza ngephepha lephephandaba laseRussia. Abahleli abatsha bakonyusa ukujikeleza kwamajelo oshicilelo kumawaka ali-100, kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-500 ikopi. Ngobuninzi obunje "ubomi obutsha", zezo ze-bolsheviks, azikwazanga.
UAlexander waba ngumsebenzi wokuqhuba kwiBhunga leSt. Kumagxa eParvsi abeka phantsi uxanduva lwamanqaku okubhala kunye nokubhengezwa, icebo lokuphuhlisa kunye namaqhinga. Inguqu itsaleleka kwizenzo kumashishini anemizi-mveliso, kwiBhunga. Impembelelo ebonelelwe yiParvus kubahlali baseSt. Petersburg yayinamandla, abantu bahamba ngoAlexander.
I-Parvvs yayiguquka emva kwemini, kwaye ngokuhlwa ichithe ekudaleni imidlalo. Umsebenzi we-satirical wasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi. UAlexander Pre-wafumana amatikiti ambalwa kwangaphambili ukuba anike ikhawuntara kubahlobo.
Ukusuka phantsi kwepeni yohlaziyo, "waphuma. Olu xwebhu lube nolwazi malunga namagosa ezonakeleyo kwinkampani enqindiweyo yorhulumente waseRussia, ukungabikho kwemali kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo nakwingxelo yeentsomi. Ngokwamalungu eBhunga, abantu akufuneki bahlawule amatyala osapho lwasebukhosini.
Lixesha lokubanjwa. Amabanjwa okuqala ayeneenkokeli zeqela. Ke iParvvs yafika kwindawo yaseTrotsky, kodwa kungekudala kwaye impinda yaye yahlazeka emandleni. UAlexandra wagwetywa kwaye sele ethunyelwe eTurkhansk, apho indoda yayichithe iminyaka emi-3. Kodwa iParvv ikwazile ukubaleka. Ndikunye nam, uAlexander wayenamaxwebhu ayiyonyani kunye nemali.
Ukuphoxeka kovukelo lwaseRussia kwaba kungalindelekanga. I-Parvvs yagqiba kwelokuba ithumele iinyembezi kwiiBalkan, apho abantu bazama ukwenza isiko. Kungekudala phambi kohambo oluya eJamani, uAlexander wenza umgaqo-nkqubo "wobukoloniyali kunye nokuwa kwenkqubo yongxowankulu." Abantu bexesha elincinci baqwalasele lo msebenzi ulunge ngakumbi wohlaziyo.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, abameli babasebenzi abanempembelelo ye-II ye-II yelizwe liphela, phakathi kukaVladimir Ilylin uNanin. Akukho nto yaziyo ukwazi ngobomi beParvs eYurophu. Iibhayiloji kwakufuneka zikholelwe amarhe kunye neengcinga.
Ngo-1910, iConstantinople iba yindawo yokuhlala isigxina. Inguqu incede abasemagunyeni baseTurkey kwinqanaba loqoqosho. I-Turkey yaba likhaya lesibini leParvvs. Ukususela ekuhlaleni, uAlexander waphupha ngokuba sisityebi. EConstantinople, lo mnqweno wazaliseka. Iibhili zeempubuko zazaliswa zizaliswa njani - kuseyimfihlakalo.
Ukuphila kude nelizwe le-Parvus kwakunzima, emva koko emva kovukelo luka-Okthobha, nto leyo eyenze ukuba ibhukuqa amandla yasebukhosini, uAlexander wayejonge phambili xa v.i. U-Lenin uza kubuyisela ikhaya lotshintsho. Ummangaliso wenzekile. Izithuba zoMphathiswa wezeMali Parvus azilindi. Inkokeli yeHlabathi yeHlabathi ithintele i-ties ngomYuda obekho.
Ngaphandle kokulinda imvume, uAlexander wagqiba kwelokuba ancede iinguqu zaseRussia ukusuka eYurophu. Ke kwi-scandinavia wabonakala kwiphephandaba laseRussia, elizame ukuhlekisa amandla, ukukhuthaza iziseko zobomi ezintsha. Ukuphendula esuka eRussia, izityholo zokuvuselela ukuze kwava. Iimvakalelo ezivela kule micimbi ichazwe kwincwadi ethi "Umzabalazo weNyaniso".
Ngo-1918, uAlexander Lupvich wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye ezopolitiko ngaphambili. Imali eqokelelweyo yayisanele ubomi obucekeceke kwaye buyeyona nto bayithandayo. Inguqulelo efihliweyo engacingisiyo ayisebenzi, ke izigidi ezigidi kwiiakhawunti azizange zinike amathuba e-PARMVUS yokuhlangana kwaye zinxibelelane nabantu abadumileyo, ezopolitiko kunye nabameli. Abantu abadumileyo baphephe unxibelelwano kunye neAlexander.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngokutsho kolwazi olusemthethweni, uAlexander Parvus wayetshatile kabini. Iqabane lokuqala linguTatiana Naumovna berman. Ibhinqa lazi njengoQuabos. Ummi wawugqalwa njengomeli otyheli wentshukumo yedemokhrasi yezentlalontle, kwaye okwethutyana wasebenza njengononcwadi kunye nomguquleli.
Kule manyano, unyana wentsapho yamaYuda wazalwa unyana ka-Evgesrovich Gamen. Umfana ofumene iminyaka eqolileyo waqeshwa kwisikhundla saseSoviet Diplomat, kodwa kamva waba sisiseko, wabhala iimemo.
Iqabane lesibini leParvus ayisiyo idatha egciniweyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba amaqabane anonyana osebenze kwindlu yomelezwe kwi-USSR, e-Itali. Ngeemeko ezingaqondakaliyo, umntu wanyamalala.
Ukufa
Ngo-1924, uAlexander Parvs wayeseBerlin. Kwikomkhulu leJamani, i-prosareriary i-opcedook etshokolo, emva koko umntu akakwazanga. Emva kokusweleka okuzinzileyo kwePalamente yanyamalala. Ngubani unobangela wale nto akaziwa.Ubomi buka-Alexander buvaliwe ziimfihlo kunye nemingxunya engacocekanga. I-biography yenguquko inezipho ezimangalisayo zekamva kunye neentloni, ngoko ke imeko yemeko isebenzisa imbali yobomi ukwenza iifilimu.
Ngo-2006, ifilimu yoVavanyo "Inguqulelo yeParvsion" yabona ukukhanya. Emva kweminyaka eli-9 kamva, abaphulaphuli babonisa iRibbon entsha - "Inguquko yedemon". Igama lesibini lomfanekiso yimemorandam yeParvus.
Imemori
- Ngo-1895 - "Ukudibana kunye nogwayimbo lwezopolitiko"
- Ngo-1897 - "Imakethi yeHlabathi kunye nengxaki yezolimo"
- Ngo-1906 - "IRussia nenguquko"
- Ngo-1907 - "eBistastille biastille ngexesha lokuvukelwa"
- Ngo-1908 - "umgaqo-nkqubo wobukoloniyali kunye ne-Wreck yesakhiwo songxowankulu"
- Ngo-1908 - "imveliso yongxowankulu kunye ne-proletariat"
- Ngo-1908 - "Umzabalazo weklasi we-proletariat"
- Ngo-1908 - "Kwinqanaba ledemokhrasi yaseJamani"
- Ngo-1909 - "Idemokhrasi yezeNtlalontle kunye nePalamente"
- Ngo-1909 - "Intlalontle kunye nohlaziyo lwentlalo"
- Ngo-1915 - "ISICWANGCISO SOKUGQIBELA I-Russian
- Ngo-1918 - "Umzalisi weNyaniso"