Biography
Stefan Collegu-Umbhali wase-Austrian, umbhali wenoveli "iiyure ezingama-24 ukusuka ebomini bomfazi" kunye "neleta yabasemzini". Umnini womzi mveliso we-vienna moriza kaNovemba we-1881 wazalwa indlalifa ukuba abizwe uStefan. Umama ogama lingu-IDA BRTTAAER wayesenziwa kwimfundo yomntwana. Ibhinqa lavela kwintsapho yebhanki. Ixesha lokubantwana angabafundwanga yi-biography stephen collega.
Umbhali weencwadi kunye nemibongo agwetyelwe ukuba iinkumbulo zabantwana ekufuneka zinikwe isabelo, hayi. Iminyaka yokuba abantwana bakaStefano babanjwa ngendlela efanayo nakwabanye abantwana abazelwe kwiintsapho ze-European Intelligia. Kwiminyaka ye-19, lo mfo wafumana idiploma yokuphela kwendawo yokuzivocavoca.
Emva koko, kwi-biography yekholeji, iNqanaba lokuBomi elitsha lifikile. Umfana oselula onetalente wayekwiyunivesithi yaseVienna. Ifilosofi ayithimba uStefano, ngoko umbhali emva kweminyaka emi-4 yokufunda ifumene isidanga sobugqirha.
Kwangelo xesha, ukuthandana komncinci kudala ingqokelela yemibongo, ebizwa ngokuba yityali "yesilivere". Impembelelo emsebenzini we-Stefan College Ngeli xesha ibonelelwe nguHugo Poffmanstal kunye nemvula uMaria Rilke. Ngembongi yaseRilke, uStefan wayenembalelwano enobuhlobo. Amadoda atshintshiselane ngokwabo izincoko zabo kwaye babhala uphononongo emsebenzini.
Ukufundisisa kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna kuyeza esiphelweni, kuhambo olukhulu lukaStephen Collegi. Kwiminyaka eli-13, uMbhali "we-MALI YOMSEBENZI" watyelela iLondon kunye neParis, e-Itali, e-USA neCuba, eCamachina, eCanama naseSwitzerland. Imbongi encinci inyule isigxina sokuhlala isigxina seSalzburg.
Emva kokuphumelela kwiDyunivesithi yaseVienna, i-quaga waya eLondon naseParis (ngo-1905), emva koko wahamba e-Itali naseSpain (1906), watyelela e-India, i-Intockeytay, e-USA, Panama (1912). Iminyaka yokugqibela yemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yayihlala eSwitzerland (191718), kwaye emva kokuba imfazwe yahlala kufutshane neSalzburg.
Uncwadi
Emva kokufudukela eSalzburg Stefan Colleckga ihleli kwindawo yokuseka inoveli ebizwa ngokuba yi "Ileta yeStranger". Lo msebenzi uye wachukumisa abafundi kunye nabagxeki belo xesha. Umbhali uxela ibali elimangalisayo lomntu ongamaziyo kunye nombhali. Intombazana ithumele ileta awayithetha ngayo malunga nothando olusebenzisa lonke ixesha kunye nekamva lekamva, impungutye yeetreyini zabalinganiswa abaphambili.
Intlanganiso yokuqala yombhali kunye nolunye ipeliwe xa intombazana yayineminyaka eli-13 ubudala. Olona gumbi lubalaseleyo. Kungekudala ukufuduswa kwenzeke, ngenxa yokuba intombazana ebikwishumi elivisayo kwakufuneka inesizungu, ngaphandle kokubona umntu esimthandayo. Imbuyekezo enqwenelekayo eVienna yavumela umntu ongamaziyo ukuba atyhale kwihlabathi lothando.
Ngequbuliso, inenekazi lifunda malunga nokukhulelwa, kodwa umntwana akaziwa ngesi siganeko sibalulekileyo. Enye intlanganiso kunye nentanda yenzekile emva kweminyaka eli-11, kodwa umbhali akazange amkele inoveli yenye kuphela, inoveli awayehlala iintsuku ezintathu. Lowo mntu ungamaziyo wagqiba kwelokuba abhalele umntu oyena mntu, yiyo kuphela lale inenekazi elicinga ngalo lonke ubomi bakhe, emva kokusweleka komntwana. Ibali elisuk 'entliziyweni, obherha, ngomntu otyhafileyo, wayesekwe kwifilimu.
I-Ceegue inobuchule obuqinisekileyo, obutyhilekileyo ngokuthe ngcembe. Kodwa incopho yomsebenzi yeza eNewly "ye" Amok "," iMendel-Bukinist "," inoveli loluntu ", oko kukuthi, kwixesha le-1941 ukuya ku-1941 . Yintoni emazwini nezivakalisi zombhali onjengokuba amawaka abantu kumaxesha aphambi kwemfazwe ngokuzilolongela kwe-tomiki ngemisebenzi ye-CYeki?
Yonke into, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kukholelwa ukuba ukungaqhelekanga kwezinto ezenziweyo zenze ukuba kubonakalise, cinga ngento eyenzekayo, elona hlobo lohlobo olungenabulungisa lwenzeka ngokunxulumene nabantu abaqhelekileyo. UStefan wayekholelwa ukuba intliziyo yomntu ayinakuze ikhuselwe, kodwa ikwazile ukwenza imfuyo.
I-fuvelig inoveli yahlukile kwimisebenzi yabantu ababephila ngexesha. Kwiminyaka emininzi uStefan wasebenza kwimodeli yakhe yomsebenzi. Njengesiseko, umbhali wathabatha uhambo, owadideka, emva koko uyonwabile, emva koko uyingozi.
Iziganeko namaqhawe kaCelia azange zenzeke endleleni, kodwa ngexesha lokuma. Ngokutsho kukaStefano, iintsuku neenyanga azidingeki ixesha elifanelekileyo, imizuzu nje okanye iiyure.
Ukubhala iinoveli, tsebeig akazange athandi, kuba andizange ndibuqonde ngohlobo kwaye andikwazanga ukulunga kumsitho kwimbali yendawo. Kodwa phakathi kwemisebenzi yombhali kukho iincwadi ezenziwa kwesi sitayile. Le 'yintliziyo "kunye" nepoliding ". Into yokugqibela umbhali akazange agqibe ngenxa yokufa. Okokuqala ngqa okuyidalwa kwabonwa ngo-1982, kwaye kugqithiselwe kwiRussia kuphela ngo-1985.
Ngamaxesha onke uStefan College ukhetha ukunika konke ukudalwa kweembali zabantu bexeshana kunye namagorha abembali. Phakathi kwabo, uJoseph Hashe, uMaria Stewart, uFernan Magllan, Erasmus Rosterm. Le misebenzi yayinomdla kubafundisi-ntsapho, njengoko iqhinga lezalelo lithathe amaphepha asemthethweni, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha umbhali kwakufuneka abandakanye umbono wengqondo kunye nengqondo.
Kumsebenzi onomxholo othi "Uloyiso kunye nentlekele ka-Erasmus Rotterdam" Umbhali wabonisa iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zakhe kufutshane ". Umbhali ufana isikhundla se-Erasmus malunga nommi wehlabathi. Inzululwazi echazweyo yayikhetha ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Indoda yayisemgangathweni kwizikhundla eziphakamileyo kunye namanye amalungelo. URotterceriamky wayengafani nobomi behlabathi. Eyona njongo yobomi yenzululwazi yaza yazimela.
IStefan Tsismuig ibonakalise i-Erasmus njengengcambu ye-Honey kunye ne-fats. Ummeli weRenaissicance wachasa utshaba lwee-resa ukungcwaba phakathi kwabantu. I-Europe iguqukele ekubeni yimpembelelo yegazi kwimvelaphi yokwanda kwe-noreththnic kunye ne-interchlive. Kodwa ikholeji inyule ukubonisa ezinye izandla kwelinye icala.
Imbono kaStefano yazinyaswa ngumbono wokuba uErasmus wayiva intlekele engaphakathi ngenxa yokungabi nako ukuthintela ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. I-Qoebengo ixhasa uRotterdam kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yayingaqondakali kuphela engaphinde yenzeke. UStefano noHenri Barbus noRomena Rollyn bazama ukufezekisa oku, kodwa basilela ukusindisa umhlaba kwimfazwe. Ngexesha lokudalwa kwencwadi malunga ne-Essomon kwiNdlu yoMbhali, kwaqhutywa ukukhangela, kwalandelwa ngabasemagunyeni baseJamani.
Malunga nencwadi ethi "Maria Stewart", eyabhalwa ngo-1935, uStefan watsho njengenoveli. I-Collega ifundele iileta ezininzi ezibhalwe nguMaria Stewart kwiKumkanikazi yesiNgesi. Intiyo kumgama-ke unokuchaza ubudlelwane babantu ababini abanezithliya.
Inoveli "iiyure ezingama-24 ukusuka ebomini bomfazi" wavela ngo-1927. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, le ncwadi yayiqhutywa nguMlawuli weRobert umhlaba weRobert. Iifilimu zanamhlanje ziyilinganisa inoveli kwaye zazisa ukhetho lwazo. Ifilimu entsha yakhutshwa kwizikrini ngo-2002.
UStefan Clieg wadibana noncwadi lwaseRussia kwi-Gymnasium. Umbhali wathandana ekuqaleni kwe-classics. Eyona mpumelelo iphambili ngumbhali wenoveli kunye neRomanov ithathela ingqalelo ukuguqulelwa kokubhaliweyo kweRussia.
I-maxim gorky iqwalaselwe i-collega iba ngumculi olindidiweyo wokuqala, phakathi kweetalente ezinesipho sokucinga. Umbhali waseRussia watsho ukuba uStefan angayidlulisela yonke imilambo yamava omntu oqhelekileyo.
Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, i-Tsweii yatyelelwa yiSoviet Union ngo-1928. Utyelelo lwalunxulunyaniswa nombhiyozo weminyaka eli-100 ukusukela ekuzalweni kukaLeo Tostoy. UStefan wadibana ne-vladimir lidin kunye ne-Konstantin Fedn. Kungekudala, uluvo lwe-CEXaig malunga neSoviet Union lutshintshile. Ukungoneliseki kuvakalise umbhali romena rollan. Umbhali we-Novel uthelekisa i-goterans ye-raters yenguqu kunye nezinja ezihlanyayo. NgokukaStefano, isibongozo esinjalo ngabantu anokwamkela.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi wokuqala uStephen Collega waba nguFririk Maria Von Winnitz. Umtshato wabantu abancinci wenzeka ngo-1920.
Emva kweminyaka eli-18, umtshato uFridrik noStephen bakhupha uqhawulo-mtshato. Isitampu esitsha savela kwipasipoti yombhali kwisitampu esitsha kwisiphelo semanyano ye-Alttery Altter.
Ukufa
Emva ngo-1934, i-collega inyanzelwa ukuba ishiye iOstria ngenxa yokufika kukaHitler. Indlu entsha yeStefan ixhotywe eLondon. Emva kweminyaka emi-6, i-quem nenkosikazi yakhe baya eNew York. Ixesha elide lokuyeka kwisixeko saseSkayscrapers, umbhali akacwangcisi. Ulutsha luye ePetropolis, elikwindawo ephantsi kwe-rio de janeiro.Ubomi kude nelizwe kunye nokungabikho koxolo kulo lonke ilizwe elangenileyo uStephen College kwixinzelelo. Ukuphoxeka kukhokelele umbhali ukuba azibulale. Ndikunye nenkosikazi yakhe, umbhali wenoveli wathatha idosi engenasiyobisi. Amaqabane afunyenwe efile. Babebambe izandla.
Emva kwexesha endlwini, apho ukufa kukaStephen Tevephen Tinguig kwalungiswa, kucwangciswe imyuziyam. NakwiOstria ngesikhumbuzo esidala senkulungwane, isitampu sokuposa savela kwimbeko yombhali.
Iikowuti
Akukho nto imbi kakhulu kunokuba lilolo phakathi kwabantu. Uziva intsingiselo kunye nenjongo yobomi bakhe, kuphela xa kufezekisiwe kwabanye. Intliziyo inokulibala ngokulula nangokukhawuleza, ukuba ufuna ukulibala. Ukuba sonke sasiyazi yonke into abayithethayo kuthi, akukho mntu wayenokuthetha naye nabani na. Owaye wabafumana, akanakuphulukana nantoni na kolu khanyisiweyo. Kwaye owakhe waqonda umntu ngaphakathi ngokwawo, uyabaqonda bonke abantu.I-Bibliography
- I-1901 - "Intambo yeSilivere"
- Ngo-1911 - "Irhuluneli"
- Ngo-1912 - "Hombolor ngaselwandle"
- Ngo-1919 - "iinkosi ezintathu: I-Dickens, Balzac, Dostoevsky"
- Ngo-1922 - "Amok"
- Ngo-1922 - "Ileta Yomzi"
- Ngo-1926 - "Ingqokelela engabonakaliyo"
- Ngo-1927 - "iiyure ezingama-24 ukusuka ebomini bomfazi"
- Ngo-1942 - "inoveli yeChess"