Biography
ULazar Moiseevich Kaganovich uhlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwamanani afanelekileyo akwixesha le-stalinist. Ikhoboka le-"yentsimbi" limangalisa kuba lalinye lala maYuda mabini okanye amathathu onxibelelwano oluphezulu, osindileyo kwaye wasinda kwaye wasinda kwi-jikelele kwi-anti-semiti. Ababhali-mbali bahlangana ngokoluvo lokuba iKaganovich balahla izalamane nabahlobo, ababesindisa ubomi bakhe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umlingane kaJosefu Vissisriavich wazalwa ngonyaka ka-1893 kwilali yePhondo laseKabana KyIv, kubantwana abaninzi (abantwana) ngentsapho yamaYuda. Kude kube kufunezeleka kwabafundi nge-18, abazalwana abangama-7 bakaMoses Gerhlavich Kaganovich baphila.
ULazar Kaganovich uqinisekise ukuba wazalwa wakhulelwa kwintsapho ehluphekayo, ekuguqukeni phantsi kwendlu, apho abantwana abasixhenxe 'balala kwigumbi elinye. " Utata wasebenza kwisityalo se-swerlyan, efumana ipeni. Kodwa umbhali-mbali uRoy Wadvedes uqinisekisa ukuba i-Dame Shicit Luvovit. Ngokutsho kolwazi lwayo, iKaganovich-sr. I-sketle i-stletle, ithengiswe eKiev Exceds kwaye yayingumntu osisityebi.
Umbhali-mbali akavumelanga u-Isabla Allelman. Uthi utata, iTaganrog kamsanus, wakhokelela kuMoses Gershkovich, ngelo xesha umrhwebi wokuqala olapha. Ngokutsho kolwazi olungafunekiyo, utata welikhoboka "lentsimbi" laqhekeza iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuqala ngenxa yezinto ezingaphumelelanga kwimikhosi.
Imfundo kaLazaro Kaganovich ifumene ukuthobeka: Ukusweleka kwiiklasi zesikolo ezi-2 ezindlwini, waya kwilali eselumelwaneni. Kodwa eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala, umfana wasebenza eKiev. Wayesebenza ezifekrini, emva koko wazinza kumzi-mveliso wesihlangu, ukusuka apho wayedlula khona kumasifundisane wezihlangu. Ukusuka kumsebenzi wokugqibela-uLazar wayengumthwalo kwigaya-wagxothwa nabantu abalishumi asebenza nabo ukuze banyanzelwe kwisenzo sokuqhawula uqhankqalazo.
Ngo-1905, intwasahlobo ephezulu yeKaganovichi yangena kwindawo yeBolsheviks - i-mikhail. Emva kweminyaka emi-6, uLazar Kaganovich waba lilungu lepati.
Uhlaziyo
Ngo-2014, i-Shoemaker eselula yaba lilungu leKomiti yeQela leBolshevik eKiev, ulutsha luphanzisile kwaye lwenziwe iiseli. Ngaphantsi kwekhethini lika-1917 eYuzovka (i-DODTSK), i-Kaganovich yonyulwe ngusihlalo wekomiti yeqela kwaye iphathiswe ukuba ithathe indawo yentloko yeBhunga labasebenzi.
Kwiminyaka enye yowe-1917 i-kazakhs ka-Kazanovich idityaniswe. Ummeli obalaseleyo kunye nesithethi somlilo waba ngumntu obonakalayo eSaratov. Wabanjwa, kodwa uLazar wabandakanywa kumgca wangaphambili we-gomel, entloko iKomiti yeWoolhevik yeWolshevik. EGomel, uguquko oluneminyaka engama-24 ubudala lwadibana neminyhadala ka-Okthobha.
ULazaro Kaganovich waphakamisa ivuko elixhobileyo, elalithweswe impumelelo ngempumelelo. Ukusuka kwi-gomel kagli ifudukele ePettrograd, apho wayenonyulo lwekomiti ephakathi ye-RCP (b).
Ngo-1925, emva kokusweleka kukaLenin kunye nomzabalazo omangalisayo, uLazaro wangena kuJoseph Stalin, "wabulela" amaqabane athembekileyo ekutshoneni kweKomiti ePhezulu ye-CPEn (b) ye-curaine. Iminyaka emithathu, iKaganovich yayiyinkokeli yeqela leRiphabhlikhi kwaye ikhokelwa ngokungqongqo ukusuka kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-stalinist ukusuka kwizinto ezimbini: Ukuqaqanjelwa kunye nomlo ochasene ne "Petty-BourgeoisIsm."
Ngenxa yamagqwirha - uLazaro Kaganovich watyholwa ngokuthatha amanyathelo anzima ukulwa ubuzwe- odibene no-1928 ngo-1928 ngo-1928 wasiwa eMoscow.
Kwikomkhulu lonobhala ngokubanzi e-Kaganovich obathandayo, wanceda umdlali entloko yekomiti yedolophu kwaye efumana ubulungu kwikomiti ephakathi yelungu lezopolitiko. I-Lazaru Kaganovich ikhuphe uluhlu lwamagunya: Ngaphandle kweshishini lezolimo kunye neqhinga, wayesebenza rhoqo emsebenzini wokuphinda-phinda kwemali enkulu.
"Mfanele" iKaganovich ibiza ukutshatyalaliswa kukaKristu uMsindisi. Ngokutsho kolunye uhlobo, uLazar Mileeeevich ukhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwendlu yeSoviet ayikho kwindawo yetempile, kodwa kwiintaba zolwandle.
IIMPENDULO ZEEMFOLO EYENGOKUGQIBELA ULazaro Kaganovich ukhokele imisebenzi, eyayingumbango oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala wambiza igama.
Inkwantyo enkulu yeminyaka yee-1930s, apho uLazar Kaganovich ebandakanyekile, ibala elimnyama lalala kwi-biography. Utyikityo lwakhe luphantsi kwamakhulu oluhlu "olugxile", olungazange lwaluhlaziya "ukucoca" lepati. I-Kaganovich ivumile ukuba "abaveleli" benzekile, kodwa bathimba ngelo xesha nakwimeko.
Umzalwana okhulileyo "womkomishinara" wentsimbi - uMisikail Kaganovich, i-nan Cana yoShishino lweeNdawo kunye ne-UNANCA. Akazange alinde ukubanjwa kwakhe - zityebe.
Ukususela ngo-1935 ukuya ku-1944 (ngekhefu) uLazar Kaganovich wabamba isithuba sendlela yonxibelelwano. Ukuba kwinqanaba likaStalin 'kwiNkosi yeendlela "yayingu-Akin ukuya kuzibulala: Ishishini elikhuselweyo liyafuneka ukusebenza, njengewotshi, unxibelelwano oluninzi.
Kodwa iKaganovich yayinetalente yokucwangciswa engacwangciswanga kwaye ikwazile ukufezekisa kwaye igqithe kwizicwangciso ezincitshisiweyo. EMoscow Kratodo, i-Comisshari yabantu elungiselelwe abantwana kuloliwe wokuqala wehlabathi, olusemthethweni namhlanje.
Uvavanyo lwelikhoboka yayiyimfazwe yokuthandwele enkulu. Isiphithiphithi kunye nokudideka kweminyaka yokuqala yasemkhosini kuchukumiseke kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano. Ukukhutshwa kwamashishini ngasemva, empuma, uphumelele, kwaye oku kuyimpumelelo yeKaganovich uLazaro. Ke ngoko, ukufuduswa kwezikhundla kwintwasahlobo yowe-1942 kwamkelwa nguHary, kwaye iKaganovich iyaqhubeka nokulawula ishishini.
Ngobusika bowe-1943, iqabane lase-Genessismus lanikwa isihloko seqhawe lomsebenzi woluntu, kodwa ke uLazaro Kaganovich waqala ukutshona kwelanga. Owaseyinto endiyithandayo iye emathunzini, uStalin akazange ambone phakathi kwabo. Kodwa ngo-1953, kubomi bukaKaganovich, kwixesha elizayo xa kusenzeka ukunyuka kwayo: waba nguSekela-Sihlalo weBhunga. Isipho esinjalo saziswa kuye i-nikita khrushchev kunye neGeorgy Malenkoov ngokuchasene neLavrentia Beria.
Kodwa ngo-1957, i-KHrushchevv ibeka inqaku lomsebenzi waseKaganovich: Nditshutshiswa "kwiqela elichasene neqela leMolotova-Kilenkov-kaManovich". Kodwa amaxesha atshintshile, abantu abaphikisayo babengadutyulwa, kodwa bathunyelwa eluxolweni. Ngo-1961 i-nikita ye-nikitavich iphumelele ngaphandle kweqela elichasene nepati.
I-Lazar Kaganovich lingqina lokugqibela lexesha le-stalinist. Wayehlala kulwakhiwo ngokutsha, kodwa igama lakhe "labaleka" ngokukhawuleza "kwimithombo yeendaba, ebiza iqabane le-satrapy kwaye etyhola kwingcinezelo. UKaganovich uphephe ukunxibelelana neentatheli, akazange avumele udliwanondlebe kwaye akazange athethe. Kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo yobomi, ukulungelelanisa ukulungelelanisa iziyobisi ngaphambili kwavalwa kwaye zabhala incwadi yeememo.
ULazaro Kaganovich kwiqela akazange abuyisele, kodwa ipension yobuqu ayikhethwanga. UmbuKomanisi obudala awuzange uzisole owenziwe kwaye ushiye iinjongo zobutsha.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi kaLazaro Kaganovich ngumfazi wakhe, iqabane lakhe. UMaria MarkOvna Lelovskaya wazijoyina i-RSDLP ngo-1909. Wayesebenza kwimibutho yabasebenzi, wanyulwa kwisekela likaMososovet, ekhokelwa ngamakhaya abantwana.
UTriuro wadibana noLazar Mileeeeevich, xa wayesebenza njengomganga. Batshatile kwaye bahlala kunye ekufeni kukaMariya ngo-1961. Ukujonga ngeminyaka engama-68 ubudala, i-Kaganovich ayisatshati.
Amaqabane azalwa njengentombi kaMaya, ababelungiselela umshicileli iminyaka emi-6 emva kokubhubha kwencwadi kayise, ogama lingu "amanqaku" angalibalekiyo ".
Kusapho lwaseKaganovich, unyana owamkelwe nguYuri ukhule, abo babaphandi bobomi baseStalin bambiza unyana kaLazaro, uRakeli wenyuka.
Ukufa
Emva komhlala-phantsi, iqabane laseStalinsky lalihlala endlwini kwiFrmzen.I-Lazar Kaganovich isweleke kwiminyaka engama-97. Akaphilanga ukuwa kwe-USSR kwiinyanga ezi-5-wasweleka nge-25 kaJulayi ngo-1991. Wangcwatyelwa kwi-1 yeyelenqe le-1st yendawo egciniweyo yeMetropolitan, ecaleni kwenkosikazi yaseMaria Kaganovich.
Ngo-2017, umjikelo wamaxwebhu obalo lweefilimu malunga namanani asixhenxe olwahlulo lwelizwe leSoviet ukusuka ngo-1917 ukuya ku-1953 kweza kwizikrini. Bakhumbula iteyiphu kunye neLazaro Kaganovich.
Imemori
- Ngo-1938, igama likaKaganovich labizwa ngokuba yingingqi yeKaganovic yommandla wePavlodar, kodwa emva kowe-1957 wabizwa ngokuba yi-ERMAKOVSKY.
- I-Academy yasemkhosini eyaziwayo yabizwa emva kukaLazaro Kaganovich.
- Ngo-1938-1943, isixeko sasePupasna Luggansk sabizwa ngokuba l. M. Kaganovich.
- Kwingingqi yeKieV, i-SSRS yaseUkraine yayizizindawo zokuhlala, igama elinguKaganovichic (ngo-1934) legama lanamhlanje le-posykoe), kunye ne-kazanovichis yesibini (indawo yokuzalwa kukaLazaro).
- Kwisithili seTYRSKY YOMGAQO-NKQUBO WE-AMTUR, kukho iziko lesithili lelali yase-Ekterwoslavka, isikhululo sangaphambili "Kaganovichi".
- Igama L. M. Kaganovich yayingo-1935-1955, iMoscow Metro, ibhukumaki kunye nokwakhiwa kwenqanaba lokuqala leKomiti yokuqala ye-MOSCOW (B).
- ENovosibirsk, iKaganovichsky ngoku ibizwa ngokuba yindawo kaloliwe.
- Kwi-DNEPREPREPRETROVVVSK, Iziko lonjineli kaloliwe labizwa ngokuba l. m. kaganovich.
- Ngo-1957, igama elithi Kaganovich lasuswa kuzo zonke izinto elibizelwe kwimbeko yakhe.