Biography
UGregory Zinovievav - Ipolitiki yesopolitiko ebalaseleyo, iguquko nelungu lepati yeBolshevik. Lo mntu ungene kwibali kungekuphela nje njengenkokeli yokuqala kunye neNkokeli yeNgeniso yeHlabathi yamaKomanisi, kodwa injengembangi enzulu kaJoseph Stalin, umchasi kunye nomntu ocinga ukuba ibanga lentsimbi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-biography ye-biography yenguqulo yaqala kwiSixeko sase-Elizaveebgrad (ngoku yi-IKROPYVYVYSKY). I-Grigotiy Zinoviev yazalwa ngoSeptemba 11, 1883. Igama linikwe inkwenkwe ukusuka ekuzalweni - uEvsei-Harch. Utata uVinovieva, uAaron Radohylsky, wayenefama yakhe yobisi.
Ngegama lokwenyani, i-evsey Aaronovich iphendule kuphela ebuntwaneni kunye neqela lePlegeunys, emva koko kwathiwa iPugouniev, Suhatsky, Zhatky, iZinoviev, isetyenzisiwe. Elokugqibela ukuhlala kwezopolitiko ngonaphakade.
I-Grigotiy Zinoviev ifumene imfundo yasekhaya ebalaseleyo, njengoko yayingumntu obalaseleyo kule minyaka phakathi kwabemi abakhuselweyo. Ebutsheni bakhe, umfana waba nomdla kwintanda-bulumko, ipolitiki, imbali yehlabathi, kwaye sele iqalile ukuqiqa kwezenzululwazi kwezopolitiko, kwaye hayi kumaphepha eencwadi, ukujoyina intshukumo yentshukumo yenkululeko.
Uhlaziyo
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba sele ngo-1901, ukuba mncinci kakhulu, iZinoviev yayikhokelwa kukubetha kunye nemiboniso kwiNovorossia. Intshutshiso yamapolisa yanyanzela uGregory ZINEVIV ngeloxesha eshiya ilizwe. Ngo-1902, inguqulelo ifudukela eBerlin, emva koko yafudukela eParis kwaye, ekugqibeleni, iyekile kwiBery yaseSwitzerland. Apho iZinoviev ihlangana i-vladimir lenin. Le ntlanganiso iyoyikeka: Kwiminyaka emininzi, iGrigori Zinovieva iya kuba yenye yeenkokeli, igqwetha lakhe kunye nommeli ogunyazisiweyo.
Ngo-1903, iGrigori Zinovie ijoyina i-Bolshevik Party, ixhasa i-lenin. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, impinda yabuya kwilizwe lakhe ukuba ikhokelele umsebenzi wephulo phakathi kwabasebenzi. Kunyaka kamva, iZinoviev kwakhona yashiya ilizwe, ngeli xesha ngenxa yemeko yempilo.
Ukubuya okuphindaphindiweyo kwinkampu yenzekile ngo-1905. I-ZIONVEV inyulwe ngokukhawuleza ilungu leKomiti yeSixeko iRSDLP eSt. Umzabalazo weenjongo zeBolshevik gqibezela unyaka omnye. Ngo-1908, uGregory Zinovieva wabanjwa elugcinweni, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa impikiswano yakhutshwa kwinkululeko ngenxa yempilo ebanzi.
Le nkululeko yavumela uGregory ZINEVIV kwi-ENIDEV VIKI LEZOBUCHULE: Ngokudibeneyo ne-vladimir lenin chinoviev saya eOstriya. Ukunyanzelwa kokufudukela kobomi bada kwada kwangowe-1917 - ngo-Eprili Gregory Zinoviev kunye ne-vladimir lenin kunye nabantu abaninzi abathandabuzekayo baphinda babenengozi kwinqwelo eyoyikisayo.
Umzabalazo wamandla ucime ngokupheleleyo. Urhulumente wethutyana wenza imizamo yamva nje yokugcina ukuphakama, kodwa ukungavisisani kwaqala kwiindawo zeBolshevik. Kwintlanganiso elandelayo yekomiti ephambili, i-Grigori ZEmenev kunye ne-Lev Kamenev ichasile ukubhukuqa ibhukutshaba yorhulumente wexeshana, obangela i-vladimir lenin yohlulo.
Ngolo mthetho, inkokeli yenguqu ethathelwe ingqalelo zomabini ezingqondweni ezikhanyayo kwaye inyuse umba wokungenisa i-zinoviev kunye ne-kamenev ekuqulunqweni kweqela. Ayizange ifike kwizenzo ezinobuzaza, kodwa zombini "iinkcaso" zavalwa ezintlanganisweni egameni lekomiti ephambili.
UTSHINTSHO Ngeli xesha wayehamba ngendlela epheleleyo - i-bolsheviks yakwazi ukufaka amandla kwikomkhulu elisentla. Ngaphandle kokubonakala kuhlazo lweenguqu, kwabakho i-hluept enzulu ngaphakathi kobunkokheli beBolshevik: Iikomiti zabasebenzi zifuna ukudalwa komzimba wentlalontle omnye, ongayi kuba yinxalenye ye-vladimir lenin kunye ne-leo rotsky.
Iimvakalelo ezifanayo zakhawuleza zaza zisebenzisa ithuba likaGregory Zinovieva, uLevi Kamenev, kunye nabaxhasi bawo Viktov no-Alexey Rykov. Eli qela lixhase iimfuno ezivakaliswayo, ukuphikisana nombono wakhe ngemfuno yokugqibezela bonke abaxhasi bezentlalontle kwimpumelelo yempumelelo. Ekuqaleni, kwakubonakala ngathi abaxhasi baseZinovev banokuthobela, kodwa uLenin noTrotsky bakwazi ukubuyisela ukuphakama ecaleni kwakhe.
Ngemini elandelayo, iZinoviev kunye nabaxhasi boluvo bakhe bashiywe yikomiti ephambili, bebhala ingxelo efanelekileyo. Ukuphendula, i-vladimir lenin yabizwa ngokuba yi-comrades yabasebenzi beenjongo ezikhanyayo kunye nabathathi-nkqayo.
Kwabonakala ngathi i-Egregory Zinoviev yezopolitiko yaphela. Nangona kunjalo, iinguqu ezihlangeneyo zingenakukrwada kwezopolitiko, kwaye uZinovive wabuyela kwezopolitiko. Kude kube sentwasahlobo yowe-1918, yakhokelwa yi-Petrograd Bolsheik Council, emva koko yambamba izithuba zoosihlalo weBhunga lePeterograd, iNtloko yeManyano yePhondo, iNtloko yeNqanaba kwikomiti eyintloko ye-PetRetiograd.
Ukungqubana kwe-chinorical ye-zinoviev kunye ne-Lenin kuyaqhubeka: I-rigoray ginoviev ayixhasi umbono weNkokeli ukuba iqalise "ukoyikeka koyike" i-v. Ukongeza, iZinoviever yathetha ngokuchasene nombono weVladimir Ilylich ukuba ihlehlise idolophu eliyinkundleni lelizwe eMoscow.
Kwangelo xesha, ngokobungqina obunye, ngokobuchwephesha bePiririma, i-ofisi yemeko yezentlalo, yi-vladimir lenin, yaba ngumququ ophambili weziganeko ezoyikisayo zezona "zoyilo olubomvu ". Ngokwemiyalelo ye-chinoviev, iingqondi kunye neengangamsha zazidutyulwe, nto leyo ngelo xesha ithathele ingqalelo "iklasi yeziqhulo".
Ukususela ngo-1921 ukuya ku-1926, uGregory Zinovie wayeyinxalenye yamalungu epolitiki. Ezopolitiko zihlala zisebenza ngengxelo neentetho kwaye zaqala ukusebenza kwimisebenzi eqokelelweyo. Ngo-1922, iZinoviev yayingowokuqala ukucebisa ukuba uguqukele kuJoseph Stalin kwisithuba sonobhala ngokubanzi, ukuba usukelo lokutshintsha i-leo rotsky.
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1925, i-rigoray winore ivakalise ukungoneliseki zezenzo zeStalin, kubandakanya nenqaku elithi "Intanda-bulumko ye-Epoch", eprintwe ". Isiphumo yayikukususwa kwe-zinoviev kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko, emva koko kwangaphandle epatini.
I-Onal yezobupolitikanga ayizange ifune i-gregory chinoviever kwi-more: impinda eguqukayo kwizenzo zakhe kwaye ngo-1928 wafumana ukuphinda abuye kwiqela. Kwiminyaka emine, iZinovieva ifundiswe kwiYunivesithi yaseKazan, ethatha isikhundla sokuhlawula, sapapasha amanqaku saziva sikhuselekile.
Nangona kunjalo, umatshini owoyikekayo, wasungula ngoncedo lwakhe, wafikelela kuye. Ngo-1932, i-grigoray winorev yabanjwa yagwetywa iminyaka emine. Emva konyaka, isigwebo sasicinyiwe. Kwabonakala ngathi isaqhwithi senzeka ngepati, kodwa ngo-1934 Zinoviev walinda ukubanjwa okutsha kunye nesigwebo esibi.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukugweba ngefoto egciniweyo, uGregory ZINGEV wayengengomntu mhle, kodwa bendinomtsalane wendoda eyahlukeneyo. Inkosikazi yokuqala ye-Grigotiy IInovie yaba nguSara Ravich, kwizangqa zeBolshevik, ingenise i-olga. Eli bhinqa lawaxhasa iqabane kwimisebenzi yotshintsho kwaye kangangexesha elithile yayinguMkomishinari wePhondo lengingqi.
Ulwalamano kumtshato wokuqala lwalusiya ku-hayi, kwaye i-rigoray winorev utshatile kwakhona. Ngeli xesha umgaqo-nkqubo yayingumgaqo-nkqubo weLilina, owaziwa phantsi kweqela i-proseudony zivin.
ILevin nayo ikwabelana ngeengcinga ezikhuthazwe, ukuba ngumqeshwa wephephandaba "inkanyezi" kunye "yinyani". Kumtshato wesibini, i-Grigotiy Zinoviev yazalwa uStefan. Lo mfana wayehlala ubomi obufutshane - eneminyaka engama-29, uStefano wayedutyulwe.
Iqabane lesithathu le-grigoray chinoviever la laba yi-Evgenia Lasman. Isiphelo somfazi asinomasipala: U-Eugene YokovvV sibanjiwe kwaye sichithe phantse iminyaka engama-20 entolongweni.
Ukufa
NgoDisemba 16, 1934 uGregory Zinovieva wabanjwa. Inguquko ayibandakanywanga kwizikhundla zeqela kwaye zagwetywa iminyaka elishumi ejele. Iileta zikaZinov igcinwe, zibhekiswa kuJoseph Stalin, apho i-ginotion winoviever icele inceba kwaye iqinisekile ukuba iguqukile.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngo-1936, iZinoviever igwetyelwe eyona isohlwayo iphakamileyo. Nge-26 ka-Agasti kwalo nyaka wemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili yatyelwa. Amangqina okuzibonela okwenzekileyo kamva aya kubhala ukuba amandla omntu akhokelwa yinguqulo kwinguqu kwimizuzu yokugqibela: Ukugwetywa ukucima inyathelo.
Ukubulawa kwazo zakhiwe yintloko ye-NKVRY Beroda, kunye nabaqeshwa beSebe elinye uNikolai Ezhov kunye neKarl Puck. La manani mathathu e-irony yekamva aphelise inkulungwane yabo kunye noGregory ZINEVVIV: badutyulwa yiminyaka eliqela kamva.
Igama leGregory ZINIVICVITUVIT ihlaziywe ngoJulayi 13, 1988 ngesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeSoviet Union.
Iifilimu
- Ngo-1927 - "Okthobha"
- Ngo-1951 - "ukungalibaleki 1919"
- Ngo-1983 - "iintsimbi ezibomvu"
- 1992 - "Stalin"
- Ngo-2004 - "Bantwana boArbati"
- Ngo-2013 - "Stalin unathi"
- Ngo-2017 - "Ukuvuna okukrakra"
- Ngo-2017 - "Inguquko yeDemon"
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1918 - "Austria nemfazwe yehlabathi"
- Ngo-1920 - "Imfazwe Nengxaki Yentlalontle"
- Ngo-1925 - "I-Bolshevisation ye-bolshevication"
- Ngo-1925 - "Imbali yeVenkile yokuqala yaseRussia"
- Ngo-1925 - "I-Leninism"
- Ngo-1926 - "Imfazwe, Uguquko kunye noMonhevism"