Biography
Omnye wababhali abadumileyo boBukhosi baseJamani benkulungwane yamashumi amabini yi-Srich Maria intetho. Ubupowelili, onokwazi, omelwe "sisizukulwana esilahlekileyo" - ixesha elizweni elinesibhozo lalinabantu abancinci elalibizwa ngaphambili, kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba babulale. Ngeli xesha kamva waba sesona sizathu siphambili kunye nombono wokudala umbhali.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Erich Maria Darik yazalwa nge-22 kaJuni, 1898 kwiSixeko saseOsnabruck (uBukhosi baseJamani). Utata wombhali wasebenza nge-twist, ke indlu yebhayibhile yexesha elizayo yayihlala izele linani elikhulu leencwadi. Ukususela ebudeni, i-Erich encinci yanomdla. Ngokukodwa uGenius omncinci utsala umsebenzi we-Fyodor Dostoevsky, Johann Goethe kunye neMarseille Andet.
Ukusuka kwi-gegraphy yebhayilojini ye-genius, kuyaziwa ukuba njengomntwana, u-Desurak wayekuthanda umculo, ethanda ukutsala, ukuqokelela ibhabhathane, amatye kunye neempawu. Utata wolwalamano wawolula ngenxa yezimvo ezahlukeneyo ngobomi. Xa i-Etrach yajika iminyaka elishumi elinesithoba ubudala, umama wasweleka enomhlaza, lowo umbhali wayehlala efudumele, ethembele kunxibelelwano.
I-Erich Maria ifundele kwisikolo secawa, ekupheleni kwendoda eselula yangena kwisemina yamaKatolika. Emva koko kwalandela iminyaka yokufunda kwisemina yesikolo sasebukhosini. Apho umbhali waba lilungu lesangqa sencwadi yencwadi, apho wafumana abahlobo kunye nabantu abathandanayo.
Ngo-1916, i-tempmark yaya ngaphambili. Kunyaka kamva, wafumana imikhwa emihlanu kwaye wayesesibhedlele yakhe yonke into. Ukubuyela kwimiphetho yemveli kwindlu ka-Erichie u-Erichie waxhobisa i-ofisi, apho wayenenxaxheba kumculo, epeyintiwe kwaye wabhala. Kwakulapha ngo-1920 umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wenziwe-"Iphupha elikhuselekileyo".
Kuyo yonke loo nyaka, eRich efundiswa kwisikolo sasekhaya, kodwa kamva wangazange avume lo msebenzi. Umbhali watshintsha umsebenzi omninzi ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukufumana umvuzo. Ke ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo wasebenza njengomgcini-zincwadi, umfundisi-ntsapho, i-orkorst kwaye ethengiswa ngamangcwaba.
Ngo-1922, wacela u-Osnkabupck kwaye waya eHannover. Apho wahlala kwimagazini "echo Ilizwekazi i-Conteinental", apho wabhala ii-Stolos kangangeenyanga iinyanga, izicatshulwa zePiran kunye namanqaku ahlukeneyo.
Kuyaziwa ukuba i-Erich iprintwe kwezinye iimagazini. Ke sebenza kwipapasho ethi "Imidlalo eyehlaleyo" yavula ucango kwilizwe elibhaliweyo. Ngo-1925, intatheli yokuzifundisa ngokwakho yaya eBerlin ukuba ngumhleli wemifanekiso yeli phephancwadi.
Ngo-1926, elinye lamaphephancwadi lapapasha iinoveli "kumaxesha okutsha" kunye "nomfazi onamatye egolide." Esi yayisisiqalo sendlela yokuyila yentetho. Ukusukela oko akazange ayeke ukubhala, ukudala ubugcisa obutsha.
Uncwadi
Ngo-1928, inoveli "yema kwi-rionon" yapapashwa. Ngokutsho komhlobo wombhali, yayiyincwadi malunga ne-radiators yokuqala kunye nabafazi abahle. Emva konyaka, ukukhanya kwabona inoveli "kwicala lasentshona ngaphandle kokutshintsha." Intetho kuyo ichaze yonke into eyoyikekayo kunye nokungabikho komlo wemfazwe ngamehlo omfana oneminyaka elishumi elinesithoba ubudala.
Umsebenzi watshintshelwa kwiilwimi ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu, ikhutshwe izihlandlo ezingamashumi amane. EJamani, le ncwadi yenza i-furor (iikopi ezilizigidi ezili-7 ziye zahamba unyaka). Ngeminyaka yee-1930, umsebenzi wasuswa yifilimu.
I-19311 yaphawulwa kukungena ekukhanyeni kwenoveli "ukubuya", ixelele ngobomi babantwana abahamba isikolo ababuya emfazweni. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, incwadi ethi "Amaqabane amathathu" avela kumashelufa. Yapapashwa kwisiDanish nesiNgesi.
Ngo-1938, kwaqalisa ukusebenzela umsebenzi "wokuthanda kwakhe", nto leyo eyagqitywa ngo-1939. Iphephandaba likaCollier laqalisa ukuprinta indalo yombhali.
NgoMeyi 1946, inoveli "inoveli" i-Triuphishal "iphuma eJamani ngesiJamani, kwaye phakathi ehlotyeni, i-temob iphumelele emsebenzini 'wobomi bobomi". Kunyaka olandelayo, i-Premiere yefilimu entsha yabanjwa ebalini "kwelinye icala" (lo mfanekiso wabizwa ngokuba "nolunye uthando").
Iminyaka yee-1950 yaba ngunyaka wokuqhekezwa kobudlelwane kunye ne-natasha pale (emdaka) emva kweminyaka elishumi yezinye iintlanganiso, iingxabano kunye noxolelwaniso. Kwangelo xesha linye, umsebenzi waqala kwinoveli "umhlaba othenjisiweyo" ("izithunzi eParadesi") kunye "ne-obelisk yenyama".
Ngo-1954, inoveli yemfazwe yemfazwe "yexesha lokuphila nexesha lokufa" lakhululwa, ngo-1959 kwijenali yaseHamburg kristall, ngo-1962, upapasho olwahlukileyo lwenoveli " ILisbon "yabonakala kumashelufa.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1925, kwafikelela i-goblin. Apho kwiphondo elihle, intombi yomshicileli wemagazini engapheliyo yathandana, yasebenza phantsi kwendawo. Kuyinyaniso ukuba, abazali bentombazana bathintela umtshato wabo, ngaphandle kwento yokuba umbhali waqala ukupapasha indawo.
Kungekudala, i-Erich itshatile uMdanisi Ilzet I-ZEAMON, YINDAYI NGAYO iminyaka emine. I-Bolshaya, inenekazi elincinci elincinci laba yiprototype ye-prototype ye-chibis ezimbalwa zoncwadi, kubandakanya i-PAT ukusuka "kumaqabane amathathu".
Emva koko intatheli yeMetropolitan iziphatha ngokungathi ufuna ukulibala ngokukhawuleza okhethekileyo: wayenxibe ngenene, wayenxiba iikonsathi, ehlala etyelele iikonsathi, i-theroonis, i-theronis, ifashoni ye-500 kwi-aristocral.
NgoJanuwari 1933, ngomhla wokufika kuka-Adolf Hitler ukuya kuthi ga, umhlobo wamagqabantshintshi acebise umbhali ngokukhawuleza ukushiya isixeko. Kwangoko i-Erich kwangoko yayihlala emotweni kwaye, yayiyintoni, yaya eSwitzerland. NgoMeyi owonyaka omnye, amaNazi ayingcatsha inoveli "kwintshona engaphambili ngaphandle kokutshintsha" ngemingxunya yoluntu, kwaye umbhali wakhe wahluthwa ubumi baseJamani.
Ngo-1938, umbhali wenza isenzo esihle. Ukunceda umfazi wakho, phuma eJamani kwaye amnike ithuba lokuphila eSwitzerland, waphinda wagqiba ngomtshato opheliswayo ngo-1957.
Owona mfazi ubalulekileyo ebomini bombhali waba yi-movie bhanyabhanya ye-pirlene yokutya, eyiprototype yenoveli "ye-prograhathal arch" - uJoan Madu. UMahluko we-Stark, naye wayishiya iJamani kwaye ukusukela ngo-1930, wabekwa ngempumelelo eUnited States. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ngenjongo yokuziphatha okwamkelweyo, uMarlene akakhange akhanye.
Inoveli yabo yathuthunjiswa ngenxa yombhali. E-France, uMarlene wafika nentombi efikisayo, umyeni nenkosikazi yeqabane. Batsho ukuba umbambisi obonakalayo, owabizwa ngokuba yi-Puma, i-puma kunye nabo bobabini. Emehlweni entetho, wayenxibelelana no-Lesbian osisityebi waseMelika.
Ngenxa yobuqhophololo bakhe, i-Erich yayikulungele ukuxolela umculi, eqala ubomi kwiphepha elimhlophe. Xa lo genius Gesius waqaqadekile uMarlene ukuba atshate, umfazi waxelela iNtaba yeKavalera malunga nokukhupha isisu. Utata womntwana wayengumdlali weqonga uJimmy Stewart, owayekhethwe yinkululeko ekhethiweyo kwifilimu "Dandy kwakhona kwi-sardle."
Xa ukutya kwafumanisa ukuba intetho ithutha ingqokelela yokupeyinta eMelika (kubandakanya umsebenzi wama-22 wentsimi yeCezanne), uMarlene wayenqwenela ukufumana umfanekiso omnye wobusuku. Emva kokuthobeka okungenakubalwa, intetho yayinomoya owaneleyo wokuphendula ngokwala.
Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba eHollywood umbhali akazange azive i-bandwidth. Imali yakhe ilunge kakhulu. Wayeyinandiphe impumelelo nge-Greta edumileyo, kubandakanya neGreta eyaziwayo Greta Garbo. Kuyinyani, ubuqaqawuli obungalunganga kwefilimu yefilimu ecaphukisayo. Abantu babonakala bengamanga kwaye bekhululeka kuye.
Ekugqibeleni, ukhalela uMarlene, wafudukela eNew York. Apha ngo-1945 i-triuxal arch yagqitywa. Phantsi kwembono yokufa kukadade, waqala ukusebenza kwinoveli 'yobomi "olwenziwa" kwinkumbulo yakhe. Yayiyincwadi yokuqala malunga nento awayengakhange ayifumane - malunga nenkampu yoxinaniso yamaNazi.
Ngo-1951, eNew York, umbhali wadibana nendiza yonyaka, eyayineminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Ookhokho bakhe abavela kwibhodi yamanye bavela kumafama aseMelika, abafuduki baseNgilani, kwaye noonyana botata babengamaYuda.
Ngo-1957, baxoxa ngokusesikweni oqhawule umtshato nge-Uyutta, bawuhlawula i-25 yeedola kunye nokutyumba umxholo wobomi bonke we- $ 800 ngenyanga. Kunyaka olandelayo iqatha kunye no-themdar ngokusemthethweni.
Ukufa
Khumbula uchithe ubusika babini bokugqibela ngenqwelomoya eRoma. Ngehlobo le-1970, umbhali waphinda wayila intliziyo, wabekwa esibhedlele ebonke. Apho, umbhali wafa nge-25 kaSeptemba waloo nyaka. Ingcwaba loMdali woMdali wobomi "we-spark wobomi" ikwindawo yaseSwitzerland yaseSwitzerland yaseRonco.
Kuyaziwa ukuba ngemini yomngcwabo womfazi wangaphambili wathumela umlingane we roses, kodwa u-the the the the the the akazange abeke kwibhokisi.
Kwiminyaka emi-5 yokuqala emva kokusweleka komyeni wakhe, inqwelo moya yazibandakanya kwinkuthalo, iimpapasho, idlala. Ngo-1975, wagula kakhulu. I-tumar esifubeni isuswe kakhulu (bekukho iimbambo ezininzi), kwaye umfazi wadumba.
Umbhali omthandayo wayehlala eminye iminyaka eli-15, kodwa la yayiyiminyaka elusizi. Indiza iba yinto engaqhelekanga, ixhaphaza kwaye ithathe iyeza elininzi. Ngexesha lokudakumba okulandelayo, le nenekazi labingelela i-20 yezigidi zeedola. IYunivesithi yaseNew York, emva koko yaqala ukuthengisa ukuqokelela kwengqokelela eqokelelwa yintetho.
Kukwaziwa ukuba umfazi wangaphambili kaCharles Chaplin wazama ukuzibulala. Umnini wendlu eNew York, apho wasusa indlu, wayengafuni ukuba angahlali ukuze ahambe eSwitzerland.
Ngo-Epreli 23, 1990, iinqwelomoya ezinyanzelekileyo ziyinika isuntswana yekhathalogu apho kuthengiswa khona ubucwebe bakhe ngalo mhla. Intengiso yazisa i-1 yezigidi zeedola, kunye neeyure ezi-3 emva kokuthweswa isidanga, umbanjwa wasweleka. Ndingcwatywe i-Outscar Outscar ecaleni kwendoda yakhe kwindawo yaseSwitry Cemeto.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1920 - "Iphupha elikhuselekileyo"
- Ngo-1924 - "Gem"
- Ngo-1927 - "isitishi kwi-horizon"
- Ngo-1929 - "Kwintshona engaphambili ngaphandle kokutshintsha"
- Ngo-1931 - "Buyela"
- Ngo-1936 - "amaqabane amathathu"
- Ngo-1941 - "Thanda ummelwane wakho"
- Ngo-1945 - "triumphal arch
- Ngo-1952 - "ukuqaqamba kobomi"
- Ngo-1954 - "Ixesha lokuphila kunye nexesha lokufa"
- Ngo-1956 - "i-obelisk emnyama"
- Ngo-1959 - "Kubolekwa"
- Ngo-1962 - "ubusuku eLisbon"