Biography
Iprotopop avvakum - ubuntu buqaqambile kwaye buchasile. Umbingeleli, lowo amakholwa amadala amiselwe kwinqanaba leSaint, akazange alale ityesi kwaye athobele. Kwindalo engqongqo kunye nokulungela "" ukuba nokubeka izimvu, bazithiyile iintshaba kunye nabalandeli babezinyelisiwe.
Igunya lakhe kwinkulungwane yakhe yayiyinto enkulu: abalandeli babiza uAvvakum ngamalungisa neNkosi eyayitshutshiswa. I-Velmazi kunye nabambalwa, abanamathela kwi-Frees Sunds siyithiyile i-harsh pop ecaleni. Umbingeleli wabethwa, ephosa iidungdoni ngaphandle kokutya nempahla, wabhekiswa kwi-harsh seberia, kodwa umoya kunye nokugwetywa kuka-Avvaum akazange aphule namnye-nookumkani okanye nookumkani okanye nookumkani okanye uDelmazble.
I-ortox enye kunye nomshumayeli onetalente kunye nomshumayeli, inkxaso yokwenyani ye-Orthodoxy kunye nefilosofi ye-Eright Estate - wabonisa umzekelo, okuthetha ukulwa kude kube sekupheleni.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-AVVAKum Petrovich Petrov yazalelwa kwilali yaseGrigorovo Nizhny Novgorod County ngo-1620. Umzekelo womshumayeli wexesha elizayo kunye nomcebisi wokomoya wamakholwa amadala yayinguMama. UMaria (kamva bendikwi-Nun kwaye ndinegama le-marfa) lazisa uAdwakum kwi-riger kunye nokucoceka ngokomoya. Ukubambelela kwi-Orthodox yakudala ye-Orthodox, ethetha kwimithandazi kunye nezikhundla ngaphandle kwexesha lomsebenzi, umfazi waphakamisa unyana wakhe 'yokoyika uThixo. "
Utata-umfundisi welifa lo palishi - wafa xa unyana wafumana iminyaka eli-15 ubudala. Ngokutsho kweAvkam, uyise wayekuthanda ukusela, eyayingunobangela wokufa kwangoko.
Kwi-22, i-AVVAKum Perov yokukhuthala kokholo kwaye nokubambelela ngokungqongqo kuMthetho kaThixo wawusenziwa ngesandla kwiDeacon.
Ubomi kunye neemfundiso
Emva kweminyaka emi-2, i-avvakum ikhuphe icawa yecawa kwiilopi - ilali yePhondo laseNizhny noVgorod. I-pop, inyanzelisa yena nakumhlambi, imbize imbi yamabi amarhamente, ukohlwaya nangezono ezincinci. Kwakungekho nkqo, akukho hlazo, okanye iinguteli, ezenza imali eninzi etempileni.
Ngenye imini i-Fabhu ye-FaircyA yeza kuvumo lwe-avvaum. Ngokweengcuka zecawe, ucacise ezonweni izono, kwaye ukuba ingqondo ayishiyanga ngumbingeleli, emva koko inyama yavukela. Ukumisa, pop emva kokuvuma i-shifty yenkunkuma ngaphezulu kwamakhandlela amathathu avuthayo. Intlungu iphumelele iminqweno yesono, kunye nabaphandi abamhlonelayo umfundisi-ntsapho, bafikelela kwiAvvakum.
Ukuze amalungisa asebenza kwaye abembelele ekulandeleni imithetho ye-Orthodoxy Avvakum eyabela isihloko soArchphriest - iProphupopa. I-rumor malunga notata onzima, ohlulelwe yindlela egqithisileyo, yaqhuba isithili. Izihlwele zamakholwa zezokulungiselela iingcebiso neentsikelelo ezaziza kuye.
Iprotopop avvakum yaziwa njenge-erickist. Wanikwa ukugula ngengqondo kwaye ephambene, apho kungumonga ongahlambulukanga. Rhoqo wawashiya "unyango" ekhayeni lakhe.
Intsikelelo evela kwi-AVvakum Iprotopopa yayibizwa ngokuba yiyonwabisa kunye nabazali, kwaye zizityebi. Nje ukuba i-voi vasinghethev, eyahamba ecaleni kweWowega emkhombeni, inqwenela ukubona utata osaziwayo. Umfundisi wasiwa kwinqanawa, kwaye emva kwengxoxo ephawulezileyo yeVivo yacela intsikelelo eyayiselula. UMateyu Sherereeva waziswa kwiProtopope AVVakum, kodwa wabona "i-croup" yendoda yakhe (wazama iindevu zakhe), wala ukuyeka ngokuxinana.
Umntu ovutha ngumsindo wamyalela ukuba ahambe uAvwakm abe emlanjeni, kwaye ummangaliso wakwazi ukusindisa ubomi - abalobi bafika ngexesha.
I-Ascetic kunye neqela elichasayo lazo zonke iintlobo zokuzonwabisa, iAvvaum yafika iFrenzy, ukubona uluntu kubantu baseLoptutriens. Xa i-riscuschi enezibhengeni kunye nezixhobo zomculo zafika kwilali, ipropotpop yakhawuleza yaya kwinkampani ehlekisayo ene-cists. I-carcus ebulewe, i-cumborine ne-gumbo iqhekezile, enye ibheuble ityumkile, kwaye okwesibini baphelile ebaleni.
Iprotoppop ye-avvakum yayingoyiki ukuhlehlisa amahlwempu, i-sirile nehlwempuzekileyo. Xa umhlolokazi wakhalaza intombi yakhe, umbingeleli, engacingi, wangenahamba phambili. I-venels ibethe i-avwakm petrovich ukuya kwisiqingatha esifileyo kwaye ichithe indlu.
Ngexesha nje elincinci wayesebenza kwi-avvakum protop kunye ne-yugevts-pobesky, apho waguqulelwa khona kwilali yaseLopatinets. Umntu ovuthelayo womshumayeli kwaye apha wayengunobangela weengxabano ngamarhamente angekhe afune ukubambelela kwiikomni ezindala hayi imiyalelo yomalusi. I-AVVAKUMA Ratron Batoga kwaye inyathelwe, yasongela kunye nosapho. Amakholwa amadala ayebaleka eMoscow ngo-1651.
Kwikomkhulu, iProtopop AVvakum, odamlo wokumkani, wenza ubuhlobo kunye nenkosi yelondolozo kunye nekamva elizayo nikon. Emva koko usolusapho uYosefu, umfundisi wathabatha inxaxhebanga ngencwadi yokupapasha. Xa umgaqo-nkqubo we-Ogann Catityraturety weKazan wasuswa kwicawa yecawa, endlwini apho uAvvakum eyeka, umfundisi wakhe wamhlamba.
Kungekudala, ubuhlobo noNikon baguquka baba yintiyo: intanda-bulumko ye-orthokox ye-orthokox yayisekelwe kukholo lwesampulu, kunye noPayrist Nikon, othathe indawo yecawa. I-Arseni Greek yabonakala eMoscow. Ukhetho lweNikon lukhetho lweencwadi zamaGrike, ngelixa uAvvakum waxelelwa kwi-Orthodox yakudala yaseRussia. Iprotopop ka-AVVAUM yajika inkosi kunye noxwebhu lwezikhalazo, apho uNikon agxekwa kwaye amaGrike amaGrike.
Ekwindla ye-1653, iimpahla ezindala zatshutshiswa - wagxothwa waya kwi-vorasteov ye-Andronikov. Kwigumbi elingaphantsi letshizi, uAvvaum wakutsalela iintsuku ezintathu, kodwa akazange oyise. UNikon wayalela ukufunyanwa kwemvukelo, kodwa inkosi ayizange ivume, iphinde ithathe indawo yekhonkco likaSana kwiTobolsk.
ETobolsk, i-PROPPOP AVVVAKM iqhubeka nokwahlukana nokugxekwa kweNikoniatis, awayebhekise kuyo eTransbaikalia. Apho umshumayeli wawugxeka umninimzi wengingqi - i-nerchinsky posiage pashkov. Wabetha uAvvakum kwaye wafaka ububanzi ebusika.
Entwasahlobo, imvukelo yayizimisele kummeli, owafudukela empuma kwi-baikal, i-Emur kunye neshale. Oonyana ababini abancinci baseAvvakum basweleka kule ndlela inzima. Ngo-1663, iprotopop yabuyela eMoscow, apho ubize khona ukumkani. Unobangela wokungalindelekanga yayingu-Opal Nikon. I-Monarch iphakamise amakholwa amadala ukuba abe ngumgcini, kodwa akazange avume, engaboni kukumkani ezindala ze-Orthodoxy.
Kungekudala iprotoupm ye-AVVAKum, kwaye andizange ndicinge ukuba ndifunda umsindo ongalawulekiyo kunye nomnqweno wokuthetha yonke into acinga ngayo, ngaphandle kokujonga imiphumo, ifikile iintshaba ezintsha. I-Co-i-Co-i-Co-i-Co-i-Co-i-Co-i-Co-i-Co-i-Commergodicalgetictgores yeCawe, yabhaptizwa ngababini, kwaye ayisiyo iminwe emithathu, idlale umnqamlezo wesibhozo. Emva konyaka, inceba yakhe ithathelwe indawo ngumsindo nemvukelo, babhekisa kwingingqi yeKerthangelsk.
Ngo-1666, i-AVVAKum Petrovich iphinde yavela eMoscow enkundleni i-Nikon. Emva kokubhadula okubi, wayelinde abantu, kodwa ubhuti wemi phezu kwakhe. INkundla yeCawa ithumele uAvwakum ecaweni kwaye wathatha isidanga esingcwele, ebangela umsindo kunye nokubekwa kwe-atheema kubunkokeli obuphezulu bebandla.
Unyaka wamanzi odlule wagcinwa kwimonki kufuphi kufuphi kaAlga, kodwa akazange aphule. Ke i-avvakum yathunyelwa kwi-thoptorsk, kwisibetho. Ngomsongo, isiqingatha santywila kwilizwe elikhawulezayo, umfundisi ophazamisekile kangangeminyaka eli-14. Ukushumayela khange ndiphose: Ngaphandle kokufumana ithuba lokuthetha nabalandeli, iNkokeli yokomoya yathumela ilizwe ngabantu abathembekileyo bencwadi. Ke "ubomi" obudumileyo, kamva babizwa ngokuba yi-Autobiography yokuqala.
Ukuhamba kukaMantis kuya kumshumayeli, obizi ngcwele. Ukusuka kuye ngasekhohlo, ukufihla iileta kubasebenzi. Iingxelo zikaSomlomo ziye zagcinwa ngombulelo kule miyalezo iyimfihlo.
Ubomi Buqu
Igama lamakholwa amadala adumileyo linxulunyaniswa nabasetyhini ababini - u-Ofeoyosia Morozova, oqhelekileyo kubantu bexesha elinjengomfana othandana ne-morozov, kunye nenkosikazi yeNastasya marovna.
Eyokuqala ngumfundi wokomoya we-AVvakum iprotopopa, njengaye, echaphazeleka lukholo nasekubonakali. Yena-unomsindo, ngamehlo avuthayo - oboniswa uVasily surikov. Njengomcebisi wokomoya, uMorozova wasweleka, engafuni kutshintsha iinkolelo.
Okwesibini liqabane elithembekileyo elalizale umyeni walo wabantwana abalithoba. Ukucoceka komtshato omkhulu oMtshato kubuxhasa bonke ubomi bakhe. NjengoAvwakum, iNastasya ivumile ukubandezeleka. Babetshatile ngemigangatho yabaNtaba eMncinci yangoku: umyeni wakhe wayeneminyaka eli-17, umfazi wakhe uneminyaka eli-14 ubudala. Kuvela kwilali enye, zombini iintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo, iinkedama eziziinkedama.
Amaqabane ayehlala, njengoko kumiselwe eDomoyroy: Umshumayeli wexesha elizayo wayetshatele kwintombazana ekwiphepha likanina. Kodwa umtshato unikela uthando: Umfazi walandelwa kakubi ngumyeni wakhe kwiibhere kunye nokubhadula. ESiberia, kwindlela eya kwindawo yokubhekisa kwiTobolsk, ngaphandle kokulungiselela iimeko ezinzima, unyana otsha otsha wasweleka.
UAvvakum Petrovich wabona ilungelo labafazi baseOthodoki kumfazi wakhe kwaye babizwa ngokuba nguNastasya "umncedisi onguNastasya" umncedisi wosindiso. " UMarkovna waba ngumzekelo kubafazi bengcali yeenkohliso, abagwetyelwa kwaye bonke abathinjiweyo, kubafazi abaye bakhululwa kubomi bakhe ozolileyo nowalandelwa ngamadoda akhe.
Kwincwadi ethi "Ukohlwaywa Ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho", uAlexander AvdeenK wakhumbula ibali elalifikelela kulo mntu ubonakalisa ubudlelwane besi sibini. Ishiywe ngenye ireferensi, uNastasya wabuza umyeni wakhe, bekuya kubandezeleka ixesha elingakanani ukuba umfundisi waphendula wathi:
- UMarkovna! Kude kube sekufeni."Kulungile, Petrovich, u-IO wade uvuke."
Impendulo yalo mfazi yaba luhlobo lwesimo sabo bonke abafazi bahlule inkuthalo yamadoda akhe. UAnastasia Marknavna wasweleka phambi kweqabane. Ukufa kwesiqingatha sesibini, umyeni wasinda kunzima: eyona nkxaso iphambili, umcebisi kunye nomhlobo uhambile.
Ukufa
Emva kokusweleka kokusweleka kuka-Alexeiilovich uTron wathabatha unyana kaFyodor Alekseevich, enobuqili. URezero Avvakum, ngethemba lokuba iya kuba nako ukumshenxa inkosi yesiteki esiyikisayo, yambhalela ileta. Uye wathi wabona iphupha malunga neBhatsheshe Alexei Mikhailovic, evutha kwilangatye elivunyiweyo lemfundiso kaNikonia.
Iprotoppop ayibala la mahloodor hees kwaye simtyhola "iHula enkulu kwindlu yasebukhosini" kwaye icawa yahlulwa. Kwamohlwaywa okwethutyana kakumkani owayekhohlakele. Ngo-1682, amakholwa amadala anabahlobo bakaEpiphany, uLazar noFyodor babulawa emehlweni abantu. Babotshelelwe kwiimbopheni zoMdubha, namasebe owomileyo, bawutshisa umlilo kuyo.
Iprotopop AVVVAKum wayesazi ngokulungiselela ukubulawa, enike iincwadi kunye nepropathi enqabileyo, enxibe ihempe emhlophe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba wawubona ucocekile umlilo kwaye waphinda wabiza ukuze azikhusele. Ukusweleka komlilo.
Ukubulawa kwenzeke ngolwesihlanu kwiVeki yeNkundla. Ngokutsho kolwazi olufunekayo, xa idangatye ladubula esibhakabhakeni, uAvvaum waphakamisa isandla sakhe ngomlomo kabini kwaye wancuma:
"I-Orthodox! Ukuba umnqamlezo onjalo uza kuthandaza- akayi kufa kwinkulungwane. Kwaye shiya lo mnqamlezo, kwaye isixeko siya kuyizisa isanti yakho, kwaye isiphelo siya kufika esiphelweni! ".Iinyani ezinomdla
- I-AVVAUM ibizwa ngokuba yi-okhokho ngegama lesimahla, i-prseional kunye noncwadi olufuziselayo. Unikwe ingxelo ngemibhalo engama-43, kubandakanya "iNcwadi yencoko", "incwadi yencwadi yesangqa", "incwadi yengcaciso". Owona msebenzi udumileyo "bubomi", uguqulelo lweencwadi ezithandwayo namhlanje.
- Iprotopop ye-avvakum - iqhawe lefilimu engama-20 ifilimu ifumene "eyahlulwe". Isihloko esiphambili solu ngcelele-uhlengahlengiso olwenziwe ngusolusapho nikon kunye nokuchasana, obephethe i-avvakum protop.
- Amakholwa amadala abizwa ngokuba ngumshumayeli wokuqala wokuzibulala kwiimfundiso zonqulo zehlabathi. Ngexesha leminyaka yokuthandwa kwakhe, inani leediphozidi ezinzima zande. Ekuqaleni kuka-1687, bangaphezu kwama-2 000 abantu abatshiswe ePaleostrovsky. Nge-9 ka-Agasti, kwangalo nyaka kwi-berezov ye-Olonetsky County-ngaphezulu kwe-1000.
- Iicon ezikhoyo ezikholwayo, ezazinqula iAvvakum, zahlulahlulwe ziincwadi ezibhaliweyo emasimini, ubuso obumnyama. Kwinkulungwane ye-Xviii, i-Orthodoxy yaseburhulumenteni ivalwe ukuvelisa ii icon.
- Kwizicatshulwa ze-avvakum zigcine iinkcazo ezibizwa ngokuba "yiprofesi." Ivakala ngokukodwa kwiminyaka ye-Itrealm kunye neQuarlelo yeMfazwe yaseburhulumenteni evela kwi-AVVVAKM: "IRussia eqaqambileyo kaSathana ikhule kuThixo, iyibonisa ngomputha wegazi."
- M. Swif ikwiintetho zakhe "kwiYunivesithi yasebusweni" etolika i-rasputin ye-grigutin njenge "pumes ye-avvaum iprotopopa" kwindlu yaseRomanov.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iCawa yamadoda amadala ayibeka ebusweni babangcwele, kwaye kwilali yaseGrigorovo ekupheleni kwe-XX ifakwe iAvvaum.