Biography
Igama le-Sakhamidia uSakhamian iqhelekile kuye wonke umntu, nokuba loluphi na uhlobo lomsebenzi. Ingxilimbela enkulu kakhulu yesayensi kunye nenqanaba lezenzululwazi lesayensi alikhokelela nje kuphela ngeendlela ezininzi eziluncedo zesayensi, kodwa kunye nesikhundla sezopolitiko esisebenzayo se-Andrei Dmitevich.
Uninzi lwe-sakharov lwazi njengoMvelisi webhombu ye-hydrogen. Kodwa malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe kwiPolitiki kwintshutshiso yemfuza (ebizwa ngokuba yi "Lysenkovy") kwisiseko sekomiti yeMoscow yamalungelo oluntu, ambalwa kakhulu, kunye nokuba ngumnini we-Nobel Ibhaso ngegalelo lakhe kuthuli lomeleza umhlaba.
Mhlawumbi imeko esebenzayo yoluntu, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinto onomdla lukhokelela kwizinto ezifunyanisiweyo kunye nezithintelo zenzululwazi. Nangona yena ngokwakhe wayethanda ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kweqabane lakhe elimphefumlele ukuba angenise.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Sakharov Andrei Dmitevich yazalwa eMoscow nge-21 kaMeyi, 1921. Utat'omkhulu womgca kaBawo uIkolaevich uSakharov wakhulela kwintsapho yombingeleli, waba ligqwetha. Utata katat'omkhulu waqhubeka notata weDumist ye-Ivanovich ye-Ivanovich. Wathatha inxaxheba kumanyala ezopolitiko, apho yayikuluhlu lwabafundi ngaphandle kweYunivesithi yaseMoscow.
Xa i-Ivanovich ivanovich ephekiweyo, etshatileyo ye-Exaterna Alekseevna. Wafumana utitshala wefizikhi kwindawo yokuqala ye-MOSCOW, emva koko kwiYunivesithi yamaKomanisi, eyayilungiselela izakhelo zolawulo lweqela. Iqabane lakhe, i-Ekaterna Alekseevna (in Maulic Sofiano), kwasekuqaleni kusapho lwemvelaphi yasemkhosini.
UAndrei Dmitevich ukhumbule ukuba umakhulu wakhe kuBawo waseBawo waseTaria Petrovna waba yintliziyo yosapho kunye nomgcini wengcinezelo. Utata wayenomdla kwisayensi, engakwazanga ukudlula u-Andrei nomntakwabo, nangexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo yayinguMsulitis. Usapho lwaluhlala kwigumbi lokudibana kunye kunye nezalamane ezinde.
Ekuqaleni, inkwenkwe yafumana imfundo yasekhaya, kuphela kwibanga lesi-7 eya esikolweni. Ngaphandle kokuvalwa kuka-Andrei kunye nokungafuni ukwazi ukunxibelelana noontanga, amaqabane ammemele kwisangqa sezibalo, isikolo sokuqala, aze emva koko asebenze kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow.
Nangona lo mfana wayephumelele kwiMathematics, wayedla ngokusombulula umsebenzi ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa enomdla, enengcaciso ecacileyo. Kuba kwibanga le-10 i-Andrei lashiya isangqa sezibalo kwaye wathatha i-fiziks. Iinkcukacha zabantu baseSakharov zaziwa kwiinkumbulo zemfundo yaseAkiva Moiseevich YAGLOMA, ofunda no-Andrei Dmitevich.
Inikezwe imicimbi yomfana, kunye neMansicing yePhysics kayise, uAndrei wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow State kwi-faculty. Kwangelo xesha, umlo waqala, abafundi bafuduselwa kwi-Ashgabat. Kwisiqingatha sonyaka emva kokuphumelela kwiDyunivesithi yaseSakharov, wasebenza kwidolophu encinci kwingingqi yeVladimir ngokuhambisa, kwaye ke ihlathi lavunwa yilali yaseMelekess (yanamhlanje, i-Ulynanovsk).
Ukubonwa ngu-Andrey ngelo xesha (ubomi obukhulu ngabantu abalula) bashiye uphawu olunzulu kumphefumlo we-sakharov. Ukusebenza ngokusebenza nzima, lo mfana wayefuna kakhulu ukuba abe ngaphambili kwaye afumane ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lolawulo lweempahla zokubhoboza izixhobo zokubhoboza izixhobo.
I-physics
Ngo-1945, uAndreyi uSakharo V wagqiba kwelokuba anxibelelanise ubomi bakhe ngesayensi kwaye angenele isikolo esiphumelele iziko leziko. Igor evgenievich tamm yaba ngumphathi wolwazi oluselula. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, uSakharov wakhusela i-dissertation yakhe kumxholo othi "kwithiyori yohlobo 0 → 0 Inguqulelo yeNyukliya."
Emva koko u-Andrei ekukhuseleni umphathi wesuphavayiza waqalisa ukusebenza kwiZiko leMithombo yeMoscow, apho intshayelelo yocaphucaphu inomtsalane kwinkqubela phambili yezixhobo ze-thermonipuclear. Ngenxa yemeko yemfazwe ebandayo kunye nengalo yomdyarho kunye neUnited States, umsebenzi weSakharov wamelwa ngokwenyani kwaye inzala.
Ngo-1950, ooSupervier kunye ne-tamm ye-tamm baphuhlisa ithiyori ye-themunic ye-thermari, etyhila iinkcukacha ze-therndonuary synthesis synthesis synthesis synthes. Oku kwafunyaniswa kwanceda u-Andrei ukuba abhale i-disserral i-Agestations ngexesha lobudala - inzululwazi yayiphantse iminyaka engama-32 ubudala. Kwangelo xesha, uSakharov wamkelwa njengegorha lomsebenzi woluntu.
Uphuhliso luka-Andrei Dmitrievich luvumele iSoviet Union ukuba inganikeli indlela yabantu baseMelika ekudaleni izixhobo zenyukliya. Nangona kuyilo lweSakharov, ukukhula kwalo kufanele kubekhonze iinjongo zoxolo ezinoxolo - izenzululwazi zithathwa njengokusebenzisa amathuba okuyifumana ipetroli yezityalo zamandla enyukliya.
Emva koko, uSakharov sele edluliselwe ilabhoratri ekhethekileyo ekhethekileyo, apho inani lezazinzulu ezibalaseleyo zasebenza ekudalweni kwezixhobo ezinzima ukuze zilungelelanise amandla eenkokeli zehlabathi. UAndrei Dmitievich ixesha elide ukholelwa ukuba isebenze ukuze kusebenzelwe ukunceda ilizwe.
Ngo-1952, iUnited States yayiqhuba iimvavanyo zokuqala zee-therntonis kwisiqithi esikwiPasifiki. Ukuphendula, i-USSR yazisa uphuhliso lwesayensi ngezixhobo zalo zolu hlobo, ezivavanyiweyo zalo zabanjwa nge-12 ka-Agasti, ngo-1953 kwindawo yedolophu yaseSemipalatinsk (ngoku isixeko saseKazakhstan). Iimvavanyo eziphantsi kweliso labantu baseMelika yayikukukhangela kwe-American, baphanda ngemigaqo yenkqubo ye-therndorsuclear, kunye neSoviet Union, nangona bela i-thermons epheleleyo ye-therndoni.
I-bomb yokuqala ye-hydrogen eveliswe kwi-USSR kunye ne-ICRS-6C yayisisiphumo sezifundo zexesha elide ka-Andrei Sakharov, kodwa wayeneqela lezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifuna uphando olo kunye nokuphuculwa. Olu luyilo olulandelayo lubenjelwe ngu-Andrei Dmitevich lwalubizwa ngokuba yi-Sakhara Puff, kuba uyilo lwebhombu yayisisityholo esinezinto ezine-atomic, irediyo ejikelezwe yimisebenzi enzima.
Ukusebenza kwindalo ye-thermoniclearler, sakharov nangaxesha ngaxeshanye ufunde ikhosi yemixholo yenyukliya kwiZiko leMithombo yeMoscow. Ukwakhiwa kwee-zumbu ze-hydrogen kuphuma kuye ngo-1953, isihloko semfundo sanikwa. Ayisiyo indima yokugqibela kule ibidlalwa ngugqirha odumileyo igor vankevich i-kurchatov.
Ngaphandle kwenqanaba elithile lokufakelwa kwezentlalo, apho uAndrei Dmitevich wayehlala kwaye esebenza, wabukele impumelelo yesayensi yamva kwezinye iindawo zesayensi. Ke uSakharov wayephakathi kwezazinzulu ezityikitya ileta ithunyelwe kwi-Bureau yezopolitiko yekomiti ephambili yekomiti yamaKomanisi yeSoviet Union.
Ileta ivakalise inkxalabo yengqondo ebalaseleyo yelizwe yimeko yophuhliso lwebhayoloji kwi-USSR, ebizwa ngokuba yiGenetics. Iziphumo zeleta yayikukususwa kweTrofim Denisovich Lysennko evela kumsebenzi wesayensi. Ukujonga ukuba umsebenzi weLiynto yayingunobangela wokungenisa i-USSR yeSayensi yeSayensi, igalelo le-sakharov kunye nezinye izazinzulu ekuphuhlisweni kwemfuza kunzima kakhulu ekusebenziseni.
I-valentian ye-valentin ye-valeilovich ye-falin yakho ithi emva kokuba iimvavanyo ze-hydrogen ziyokuqonda isisongelo solu hlobo lwempucuko, inani lomhlaba kunye nendalo kunye ne-emoclogy.
NgoAgasti ka-1963, isiXeko saseSakharov, okokuqala kwibhayiloji yakhe, evulekile ngokuchasene nokuphuhliswa nokuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuqala ukutyikitya kwesivumelwano sokuvavanya inyukliya. Imeko eqaqambileyo yenzululwazi yayingunobangela wengxabano yakhe nabasemagunyeni. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, umfundi waba nomdla kwi-KGB, kwaye uSakharov ngokwakhe wangena kwiinkokheli zeqela le-USSR kwaye wafumana ubuqaqawuli beentonga.
Ngo-1966, uAndrei Dmitievich ngokubambisana neenzululwazi ezingama-24 kunye nenkcubeko kunye neengcali zabhala iileta malunga nokungakwazi ukulungisa kukaJoseph Vissin. Kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-2, emva kopapasho e-US, incwadi ye-Sakharov "Ukucamngca ngenkqubela phambili, inkululeko yokwenyani", iSayensi isuswe kuphando lwento eyimfihlo. Kwangelo xesha, kwisiseko seembono eziqhelekileyo zezopolitiko, uSakharov wadibana uAlexander Isavich Solzhenitsyn.
Ukuqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi yezentlalo nezopolitiko endaweni yesayensi, ngo-1970, iAidemimia iqalise ukudalwa kweKomiti yeMoscow yamalungelo oluntu. Kwangelo xesha, oogxa be-Andrei Dmitievich kwi-Academy yeSayensi ye-USSR igwebile iimbono zikaSakharoV kwiimpapasho kumaphephandaba.
Kuphela ngugqirha wezenzululwazi ze-Igre ye-Igre yeGostislavovich Fifavovich yabhala ileta evulekileyo malunga namaxhoba entshutshiso, apho uSakharov exhaswa njengenzululwazi exabisekileyo. Ngeli xesha, iFenkilemidia iqhubeke ikhokelela kwimisebenzi esebenzayo yezopolitiko kwaye yabhala incwadi ethi "malunga nelizwe kunye nehlabathi", apho kwafunyanwa umthetho woxolo kaNobel kamva.
Ubomi Buqu
Amathuba okwenza imisebenzi yesayensi, uSakharov ejolise kwiinkqubo zezopolitiko ngaphezulu kochaseni, kwelinye lalowo waqhelana no-Elena GeorgieVre, apho watshatayo kamva. Waba ngumfazi wesibini ososayensi odumileyo. Elena Georgievna, isiqingatha samaYuda, isiqingatha semvelaphi yeArmenian, sahlulwa zizimvo zemvukelo. Ndikubona nge-Andrei Dmitevich Elena Georgievna sele ikwazile ukuba ngumtshato no-Ivan Vasneevich Semenov, apho abantwana ababini babelala khona. Unyana nentombi ye-boninere bahlala eUnited States.
Umfazi wokuqala wesikolo yayinguClaudia Alekseevna vichireva, emtshatweni apho uAndrei Dmitevich wazalwa abantwana abathathu. UClaudia Alekseevna wasweleka unyaka ngaphambi kwentlanganiso ye-sakharov nge-elenne pannere. Watshata kwakhona, iMoCICIA ishiya abantwana abancinci kumtshato wokuqala ukukhathalela abadala, kwaye wafuna imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe.
Unyana woMthobelo we-Dmimmidia Imbaleki entliziyweni yakhe ekuthetheleleni kukayise ngokungcatsha. Kudliwanondlebe, i-Dhiryry yaxelela ukuba emva komtshato e-Elena Bonnere Andrei Sakharov, kwaye unyana wakhe kaBonaner ovela kumtshato wokuqala wazibiza ngokuba yindlalifa kunye nobuthongo boMoya omkhulu.
UAndrei Dmitevich ugxile kwintsapho entsha, ephosa abantwana kumtshato wokuqala ukuze ahlangabezane neengxaki zakhe. I-DMMMMY ikhunjulwe ukuba kwabona baninzi kakhulu amaxesha awasondela. Ifoto yabantwana kunye notata wakhe yiyo yonke into eyenziwa yi-DMMMMYY ishiyekileyo kunye noodadewabo kwinkumbulo yomntu onjalo nomntu omde ngaxeshanye.
Ngo-1980, uAndrei Dmitevich, kunye no-Elena Georgievna bavalelwa kwaye bathunyelwa kwikhonkco. Indawo yokukhonza isivakalisi yayisisixeko saseGorukela (uNizhny Novgorod). Oogxa bangaphambili be-Academy akhangelene ngokufihlakeleyo uSakharov kwi-Sakharov kwiSikhokelo sayo isikhokelo se-US ngesicelo sokuhambisa izixhobo zeathoettani.
Ngo-1986, kwangaxeshanye kunye nokuqala kwethuba lokutsha, iAkharov yahlaziywa yaza yabuyiselwa eMoscow. Emva kokubuya, uAndrei Dmitevich waphinda wafumana isayensi, nangona engazange asebenzise izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ahambe neqela lokuhamba, apho wadibana neenkokheli zaseMelika nase-Europe.
Ukufa kuka-Andrei Sakharov
Ngomhla wokufa kukaSakharov, walungiselela ugwayimbo omkhulu kwezopolitiko, oxinzelelekileyo ukuba le kuphela kwesenzo sokuqala. Le ntshukumo yaba sisizathu sokuthatha ukuthathela ingqalelo ukufa kuka-Andrei Dmirievich onogonyamelo, oko kukuthi, ukubulala ngezizathu zezopolitiko.
Ngokutsho kohlobo lwesibini, olwaluxhaswa ngunyana wosesanezelo, ukusweleka kukaSakharov ukukhawulezisa inkosikazi yakhe yesibini ye-Elena Bonnere. I-Elena Georgievna nangaphezu kwade yakhupha umyeni wakhe ukuba abhale indlala, esazi ngeengxaki zakhe ngentliziyo, iminyaka engavumiyo ukwala ukutya kwe-sakharov kokutya.
Phakathi kweenjongo zeBonnere kuhlala kudluliselwa kumnqweno wokunceda abantwana babo kumtshato wokuqala ohlala eUnited States, kunye nokususa izifundo zezobupolitika, kwaye emehlweni abantu ukuba babe lixhoba Ulawulo lwenkani lwe-USSR.
Ngobusika bowe-1989, uAndrei Dmitievich waziva egula, kwaye ngoDisemba 14, wasweleka. Unobangela waseburhulumenteni wokufa uthathwa njengeyayiyeka intliziyo. Kwinkumbulo yegalelo le-sakharov kwisayensi, igama leMfundo libizwa ngokuba yi-Asteroid, kunye nokuvula nokusebenza kwemyuziyam ebizwa emva kweSakharov.
Unyana we-sakharov uNyanalelani uKwirov-Dmifury-wasweleka eMoscow ngo-2021. Unobangela wokufa kwakhe yayizingxaki zentliziyo.
Amabhaso kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo
- IBhaso loThululo lweNobel (1975)
- Iqhawe lentlalontle
- I-odolo yeLenin
- I-JubileE megali "yabasebenzi bobuphukumelo"
- I-Pomeli "ngomsebenzi onobukrakra kwiMfazwe yeLizwe lika-1941-1945"
- Umsebenzi "weVeteran"
- I-Jubilee Imbasa "Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yoloyiso kwiMfazwe yeMfazwe ka-1941-1945"
- I-Juibhale Medional Medical "Iminyaka engamashumi amane yoloyiso kwiMfazwe enkulu ka-1941-1945"
- Imbasa "yokuphuhliswa komhlaba wentombi"
- IMedical "kwimemori yesikhumbuzo se-800 se-MOSCOW"
- I-odolo ye-vitis yomnqamlezo
- I-Lenninsky Prise
- Ibhaso leStalinsky