Biography
Umbhali waseRussia Ivan GoNCHAROV wenza iinoveli ezintathu. Yayingulowo wazisa umbhali udumo lwelizwi leLizwi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amagama eencwadi ezintathu aqala ngoonobumba "OB".
Iklasiki yexesha elizayo yazalwa ngehlobo, nge-6 kaJuni, 1812, kwi-Simbirsk. Intsapho sele iphakamise unyana olizibukhulu uNikolai. Abazali bomntwana - uAlexander Ivanovich kunye ne-avdota matveevna- yayiyiklasi yabarhwebi. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokuzalwa kukaIvan, iintombi ezimbini zavela kwintsapho yezinyithi. I-Goncharov enobushushu obufudumeleyo obufunyenwe kubuntwana kwizincoko ze-Autobiographic.
Xa umntwana wayeneminyaka esixhenxe, utata uAlexander Ivanovich usweleke. Ke uNikolay Nikolayevich Targubov uthathe indawo yokukhuliswa kwe-ivan encinci. Uthathe indawo kaIvan utata. Kwaye nangona usapho lwaphulukana nomphathi wesonka, uAvdoti Matveevevna wayenemali eyaneleyo yokungaphuli ekwenzeni kwabantwana.
Utitshala wokuqala wamntwana yayinguTarGubov. Emva koko u-Ivan wathunyelwa kwipenshini yabucala. Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi ubudala, inkwenkwe yatshintshelwa esikolweni apho uMzalwana wayesele ekhona. Apho uGoncharov wayehlala kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala, nangona ndingazange ndiyithande umbhali wexesha elizayo. Igama le-Ivan Alexandrovich lalihlala likhathazekile kwi "Bhodi ebomvu". Kule minyaka, abafana abancinci bavuselela uthando nokubhala. Uhlawule iincwadi ezininzi zokufunda.
Umzekelo wokuxeliswa kweGonarov ithathe imbongi ye-Alexander Sergeeeevich Sunkin. Inoveli "e-Evgeny Owergin" yaba yeyokutyhilwa i-ivan iSityhilelo lokwenyani. Nceda uCungkin, umbhali waphola kubo bonke ubomi. Ngenye imini, uGencharov wayenethamsanqa lokubona isithixo. Intlanganiso ishiye iinkumbulo zemvula.
Ngo-1830, uGoncharov akafakwanga kuluhlu lwabaBhoda kwisicelo sikamama. Ishishini elizithandayo lakhokelela kuMdali wexesha elizayo ukuya kumnqweno wokufumana imfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Ngo-1831, uIvan Alexandrovich wadlulisela uviwo lokungena kwaye waba ngumfundi weyunivesithi. Iminyaka emithathu ezindongeni zeliko lazisa igalelo elibalulekileyo kwibhayiloji yombhali. Ngexesha elinye, i-mingail lermoontov, eKonstantin Aksakov, i-vissarion belinsky, ivan turgenev ifunyenwe eyunivesithi kwangaxeshanye ne-ndoda eyunivesithi.
Ngo-1834, izifundo zahlala ngasemva, kwaye uGencharov waya eSimbirsk ukubona unina noodadewethu. Lo mfana nangexesha lesifundo sakhe wagqiba kwelokuba angahlali kwisixeko sakhe somthonyama. Umbhali utsala ubomi baseMetropolitan. Kodwa ekufikeni kwendenti yemveli, uIvan Alexandrovich wanikwa isikhundla sonobhala. Wacinga kwaye wavuma.
Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wawunento eyoyikisayo ukuba emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinanye ze-goncharov waya eSt. Petersburg, apho wafumana khona imbalelwano evela kwiilwimi zasemzini. Ityala liye lavela lingabinasiseko kwaye lilishiywe. Emva koko uGoncharov wangena usapho lukaNikolai Apollonovich Malumva. Wafundisa oonyana baka-Latin ye-Latin kunye noncwadi lwaseRussia. I-Miken Estate yayithathwa njengeziko lenkcubeko lase-Palmyra. Apha u-Ivan Alexandrovich wangena kwihlabathi laseBhemia.
Uncwadi
Ngo-1838, uGencharov wenza "i-Lychyaya yokucoca." Kunyaka emva koko, umsebenzi wesibini woMdali wabonakala - "Impazamo yoLonwabo". Zombini izincoko zangenisa i-almakies ebhaliweyo "yenyanga ebusuku" kunye "ne-Snowdrop", eyapapashwa kwintsapho ye-maikov. Utyikityo lweGoncharov aluzange lumi phantsi kwemisebenzi. Iinguqulelo zangena ngokungaziwa.
Ixesha elingaphezulu, umsebenzi wombhali wawufumana amandla. Wadibana noBelinsky, batyelela indlu yababhali. Ngo-1846, umbhali we-novice ufunda ukugxekwa kwe "Ibali Eliqhelekileyo", awayehlala evuya. Ngo-1847, umsebenzi wapapashwa "ngexesha eliphilayo".
Ukubonakala kwe-Belinsky kubomi beGonarov ephembelela kakhulu. "Amanqaku ngobuntu baseBelsky", umbhali ofudumeleyo ukhumbula amabhunga kunye neengcebiso zokugxekwa. Kodwa babengabi ngamaqabane. Ngokuthandabuza uGoncharov wawuphathelela i-hobby ye-Belinsky yimibono eguqukayo yaseFransi, kwaye umgxeki wokuphendula umntu obizwa ngokuba yindoda yombhali ngebhotile.
Ngo-1848, kwimagazini i-Sovrennik "yaphuma isincoko" ivan Savvich ".
Kwiminyaka emine kamva, uGencharov waya eJapan enama-Adming dasineevich I-Pregmetin ye-Freglatin kwiNdawo yoNobhala. Uhambo oluthathe iminyaka emibini enesiqingatha kwaye lwaphazamiseka ngenxa yokuqalisa kwemfazwe yaseMpuma.
Ngexesha lokuhamba, umbhali wakhokelela kwiirekhodi ezineenkcukacha ezazisekwe kwincwadi ethi "I-Pallada ihlazo". Umjikelo wekati wabona ukukhanya ngo-1858 kwaye waba yinto entsha kwimijikelezo yoncwadi. Abafundi baqonda incwadi njengefestile kwilizwe elingenasiphelo elingenasiphelo, lo mhambi uxelelweyo.
Ukubuya ekuqubhani, ngokukhawuleza kweGoncharov kungekudala emsebenzini. Umbhali wanikwa isikhundla sophando kwiPhepha leMantla le-imeyile, kwaye wavuma. Ngo-1859, "iingongconi ezidumileyo" zaphuma, ekubeni iphumelele kakhulu. Incwadi yayijongwa njengembono yentanda-bulumko. Kungekudala igama elithi "Oblomovshchina" lavela ebantwini.
Ngo-1862, umbhali wayekhokelwa yiposi yasentla. Ngo-1865, wangena kubulungu kubugcisa bangaphambili, kwaye ngo-1867 wathatha umhlala phantsi kunye nenqanaba ngokubanzi. Umbhali wasamkela eso sigqibo, kuba inkathazo ithintele umsebenzi.
Ngo-1869, wayigqiba inoveli yesithathu "i-Obrax". Ngaphezulu kwengqondo yokugqibela ye-goncharov esetyenziswa iminyaka engamashumi amabini, kodwa le ncwadi ayizange iphumelele kunye nabafundi. Emva kokuba egqibile "ukuvula", uMdali ubeke inqaku kwi-soring edalwe nguye. Kwimisebenzi emithathu ye-goncharov, amanqanaba ophuhliso lwaseRussia owenzekile. Ngaphandle kwencwadi yokugqibela, umkhondo wombhali awuyi kukhanya kangako.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu buqu asiphumelelanga. Wayengazange atshate kwaye engakwazi ukuvuya uTata. Ixesha elide uGencharov wayeyithanda i-Yefremov DMerievna, umnyoko u-Ivan Petrovna Makova. Kodwa intombazana ithatha njengomtshato nenye indoda.
Ngo-1855, umbhali uyaziva entsha. Wadibana uElizabeth vasilytevna tolstoy, kufutshane nendlu kaMikey. Umyalezo wombhali ukuya eTolstoy unokuqwalaselwa njengendalo eyahlukileyo indalo, uthando oluninzi nosizi kuzo. Kodwa ngo-1857 wadityaniswa nomtshato no-Alexey Ivanovich munnin-tykin. Oku kwaphula intliziyo yombhali.
I-Goncharov yayingabahlobo kunye ne-Ivan sergeeevich turgenev. Kodwa emva kwe-1860, uGencharov wafunda umgca osuka "kwi-Cliff" ekubunjweni kweTurgenev, ubudlelwane bababhali abakhulu banqunyulwa. U-Ivan Alexandrovich wade wabangela i-turgenev kwi-duel, kodwa emva koko abahlobo bangaphambili babehlukumeza le ntshukumo.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bombhali woyisa uxinzelelo. Waziva elilolo kwaye wayengenakuzinceda. Ngexesha elinye bendifuna ukuhlala kwinoveli entsha, kodwa ndaphosa, kuba ndaqamba kancinci. UGoncharov uqhubeke nokuvelisa amanqaku anobunzima kwiincwadi.
NgoSeptemba 12, 1891, umbhali wabanda. Esi sifo saphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye emva kweentsuku ezintathu umbhali wabulawa kukuvuvukala kwemiphunga. I-Alexan Alexandrovich yalilungisa usapho lwesicaka.
Ukuhlonitshwa kweClaysic, izitrato eMoscow, iPuza, uSaransk, i-chengsary, i-slafespol kunye nezinye izixeko zibizwa. E-Ulyanovsk kunye neDimitrovgrad, umbhali wabekwa kwizikhumbuzo, kwaye kufakwe i-plaque yeSikhumbuzo eMariask-Lazne. Igama lomgxeki libizwa ngokuba yimyuziyam, isikwere, ithala leencwadi, i-Theatre kunye neholide. Ipremiyamu kuncwadi olubizwa emva kokuba kusekwe iGenCharov.
Ngo-2012, ingqekembe yakhululwa ngomfanekiso we-goncharov ngokuzukiswa kwesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-200 yombhali. Ukujikeleza kwakukho iikopi ezingama-5,000.
Ngo-2012, iManga yapapashwa phantsi kwegama elithi "inkulu yezimbiza." Ilinye lamagorha esihlebi ligama ivan GoNCHAROV. Kwifoto umlinganiswa ubonakaliswa ngeenwele ezinde ezinde kwibhanti, emehlweni amnyama, impumlo efudumeleyo kunye nomlomo omkhulu. Intloko yentloko igubungela iibhasi. U-Ivan unendawo "evulekileyo".
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1838 - "LYHAi Coup"
- I-1839 - "Impazamo yoLonwabo"
- 1842 - "ivan savvich podzharbin"
- Ngo-1846 - "Imbali Eqhelekileyo"
- Ngo-1858 - "Fregret" Pallada "
- 1859 - "Oblomov"
- I-1869 - "Vula"
- Ngo-1872 - "isigidi seTorzani" "
- Ngo-1874 - "amanqaku ngobuntu baseBelokinsky"
- Ngo-1875 - "kwakhona" "Hamlet" kwi-Russian Spene "
- Ngo-1891 - "Ukujika kwekamva"