Biography
Ipeni ebukhali ye-Irish kunye nesiNgesi isithandi-sobulumko kunye ne-satirik uYonatan Sweft yenza ingxolo enkulu ngexesha lobomi bakhe. Abantu bexeshana Umbhali wakhunjulwa njengombhali wencwadana enemifanekiso enzulu, kwaye emhlabeni wayedume nge-Romani ". I-Sweift ihlala ifihliwe phantsi kwePrudusms okanye ayizange ichaze i-Authoripd konke konke, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo abafundi bayamqonda ngesitayile esikhethekileyo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umbhali wexesha elizayo wazalelwa eDublin ngoNovemba 30, 1667 - kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokusweleka kukaBawo, igosa elincinci lezomthetho. Inkwenkwe ifumene igama lomzali - uYonatan. Umhlolokazi womdala wahlala enabantwana ababini ezandleni zakhe engenantlonelo, ngaphandle koko, umzekeliso osandul 'ukuzalwa wafumana umntwana obuhlungu kakhulu nge-patology.
Uxolo okwethutyana, uMama wagqiba kwelokuba anikele e-Jonathan ekukhuliseni umzalwana oKhuselekileyo weqabane elikhuselweyo, uSwefina wakhawuleza, owayekwimeko entle kwigqwetha.
Inkwenkwe iphumelele ukusuka eIreland I "Killenny", iminyaka yesikolo inexhala-kuye kwafuneka ndilibale malunga ne-Free, kodwa ndiziqhelanisa nokuzivocavoca ezingqongqo. Kwiminyaka eli-14 ubudala, uJonathan wangena kwiKholeji yaseTiniti kwiYunivesithi yaseDublin, ukusuka apho washiya i-bachelor kunye nokuzingcakaza okungapheliyo kwiSayensi.
Uncwadi
I-biography yendalo yombhali yaqala ngexesha lokufuduka eNgilani. Umalume wahlukana, kwaye kwaqhambuka imfazwe yamakhaya kwilizwe lakhe. UJonathan wakhawuleza wafumana imali ngokuzimela, kwaye waqalisa ukuphakamisa unobhala walo unobhala kwitempile etyebileyo neDiplomat William. Umbhali we-novice unikezele isitsiba se-skip kwithala leencwadi lethala leencwadi lomqeshi.
Ukundwendwela itempile yayingamanani abalulekileyo kunye nabameli beBohemia belo xesha, unxibelelwano nabalilungiselele umhlaba ngetalente yokubhala ye-Swefi. Imbongi encinci, ebizwa ngokuba yimbongo kunye nesincoko esifutshane, uYonatan waya kuncwadi, kwixesha elizayo wanceda umncedisi wakhe.
Ukusuka eBritani, ukukhawuleza kubuyelwe kwilizwe lakhe kabini. Ngo-1694, omnye umfana, ephumelele kubudoda kwi-oxford, esamkela iCawa yeSan yeCawa yase-Anglican kwaye waba ngumbingeleli kwicawa yelali encinci yaseIrish. Kwaye kamva yaqhubeka ikhonza kwi-Metroporalral Caredral yeSt. Patrick. Ngokuhambelana, iba ngumbhali wencwadana yezopolitiko eqaqambileyo, ebukhali kwinkangeleko yezopolitiko.
Nangona kunjalo, uxanduva loMbingeleli uYonatan luyadinwa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye waphinda wafika eNgilane. Apha, ukusuka phantsi kwepeni yakhe, kuphuma imibongo, kunye nemizekeliso "kunye nemizekeliso" yedabi yencwadi "kunye" nebala le-Borthk ". Umsebenzi wokugqibela uye wathandwa kakhulu - abantu babemthanda, kwaye iBandla lagwetywa, nangona umbhali engakhange acinge ukugxeka inkolo, nje ikratshi nje.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, ubuchule bombhali bekungayi kupapashwa - yonke imisebenzi yabhengezwa ngokungaziwa. Kwixa elizayo, lo mbono uYonatan uguqukile. Nangona kunjalo, wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba ngubani onguMbhali wale ncwadi ye-satirical, imibongo kunye nee-ups.
I-heyeday yetalente ye-Tyyric yombhali yawa nge-1710s. UJonathan Swift wafumana inkululeko yezemali, echaza isithuba se-dean yekati yekati ye-St. Patrick, kwaye wanandipha uncwadi. Imibongo yakhe, iincwadana zakhe kunye namanqaku azaliswa ngumsindo malunga nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwezentlalo, ulawule eluntwini, ukugxeka amandla kunye nenkolo. Ngo-1720, ingxaki ye-Irenonoy ye-Ireland iba ngumxholo ophambili wobuchule, apho iBritane izama ukonakalisa.
I-Folk uthando kunye nembeko iwele kuJonathan emva kweeleta "zoonobumba" ezingaziwayo yaseSukrobrik ", ezaphuma phantsi koomatshini bakaTypographic ngamawakawaka amawaka. Babiza ukungahoyi imali yesiNgesi kwaye bangazithengi iimpahla eziveliswe eBritane. Imfazwe yerose irhasi, ukuze iLondon yanyanzeleka ukuba itshintshe irhuluneli, eyamisela umvuzo kulowo uza kubonisa ileta "yombhali."
Imizamo yokufumana abaxhamli babengenalo ilize, kwaye iNgilani kwafuneka iqhubeke nemvume yezoqoqosho. Emva kweziganeko, iqela elikhawulezayo lakhiwa kwindawo yeqhawe lesizwe, imizobo yakhe yayihamba yonke i-dublin. Kungekudala esinye isityholo senzekile, ngeli xesha malunga nengxelo ebukhali kwintlupheko. Umbhali ucebise urhulumente, ongakwaziyo ukondla isizukulwana esincinci, thengisa abantwana kwinyama nolusu.
Umsebenzi wenoveli edumileyo malunga nokuhamba kukaGullIvier wahlala phantsi kwi-20s ye-18 yenkulungwane ye-18. Iincwadi ezimbini zokuqala zomsebenzi omnandi, ezibalaseleyo zokungafezeki zoluntu, zaphuma ngo-1726, kwasenyaka kamva, abafundi bafumana imivotelo emibini. Ugqirha wenqanawa kaGulliver udibana neebhasi kunye namasiko amazwe e-lilips, iingxilimbela kunye namahashe aneziqithi, abantu abafihlakeleyo, abantu abafihliweyo kunye nasekupheleni kwabaseJapan.
I-Tetraglogy yayinempumelelo yokwenyama, kwixa elizayo ibe yincwadi ye-classic kunye nenkuthazo yamashumi abalawuli. Kwanase-Russia, iincwadi zawa ngokukhawuleza: Ngo-1772, baguqulela ukusuka kumbhali waseFransi ye-yerofey karkhavin. Ekuqaleni, inoveli yayinegama elijikelezileyo, nangona kunjalo, yinguqu echanekileyo ye-gulliverov eLiliput, eBrodinaga, uLannibarba, i-Guiggong ilizwe okanye i-Guiggong ilizwe okanye i-Guiggong ilizwe okanye ihashe. "
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu be-Jonathan Swift bujongeka bungaqhelekanga. Umbhali onxulumene nolwalamano lothando namantombazana amabini awabizwa nguye - uEsser.
Kwiminyaka yomsebenzi, itempile, umfana othile wadibana nendlu yakhe enomkhonzi wentombazana eneminyaka esi-8 ubudala uEsther Johnson. Umahluko kwiminyaka eli-15 akazange aphazamise ukuba enze nabahlobo: UJonathan waba ngumcebisi kunye nomfundisi wentombazana, eyayibizwa ngokuba yiStella, kwaye intanda. Ngokwahlula-hlula, uMbhali waseGullivier wabhala ithenda yemihla ngemihla, engena kwiileta zokungena, ezijika emva kokuba efile kwincwadi ethi "Iidayari zeStella".
Emva kokusweleka kukanina, i-Esfles, uEstene wafudukela eIreland, enza endlwini yentanda yakhe, nangona le ntombazana yayingabi ngaphezu komfundi. Abaphathi bebhayoloji bathi ngo-1716 isibini satshata, kodwa sasingayifumani le nyaniso.
Elinye ibhinqa enaye lakhawuleza lalibonwa kubudlelwane bothando ukusukela ngo-1707, obizwa ngokuba nguEstere Valofaversi. Intombazana yeenkedama kunye ne-Jonathan Fit Hold wayenxiba i-vanessa nesidlaliso. Unikezelwa ukuchukumisa iileta ezilusizi.
UVanessa wasweleka sisifo sephepha ngo-1723, kwaye emva kweminyaka emihlanu uStella waswelekayo. Umbhali wayenexhala kakhulu ekuphulukaneni nabafazi abathandekayo, ezi ntlekele zisibeka phantsi kwempilo njengengqondo nengqondo. Kodwa le ndoda yayisafuneka ihambe indlela yobomi ende.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokuba kwakhawuleza ukusweleka kukaJonatan ukuba igula. Ngoonobumba, abahlobo bakhalaza malunga nemvakalelo elihlwempuzekileyo kwaye bonke-osebenzisa usizi. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuqhutywa, kwaye ngo-1742 umbhali wasinda ekuhlaseleni kwaye wafumana engenakwaziswa konke - wayengakwazi ukuhamba, intetho elahlekileyo. Indoda yamiselwa umgcini. U-Satiri wasweleka kwilizwe lakhe ngo-Oktobha 1745.
I-Sweyimu elungiselelwe ukufa emva ngo-1731 ngokubhala umbongo "imibongo yokufa kukaGqr. Kwiminyaka engama-40, kwakufikelelwa i-Epitaph kwipeni yombhali, yakrolwa kamva kwiLitye lengcwaba, kwaye nalo lonke ukuqokelelwa kwendlela yokwakhiwa kwesibhedlele. Kungekudala emva kokusweleka kombhali wakhe "isibhedlele sikaSt. Patrick for mbeclov", iingcango zazo zisavulekile.
I-Bibliography
- 1697 - "Imfazwe yeencwadi"
- I-1704 - "Intsomi yeBarrel"
- 1710-1714 - "Idayari yeStella"
- 1726 - "Uhambo lweGullyer"